持续静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗12例婴幼儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭预后的回顾性分析

目的 探讨持续静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）在救治婴幼儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭的疗效和预后。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年8月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院经体外循环心脏直视术后发生急性肾功能衰竭进行CVVH治疗的12例婴幼儿临床资料,比较CVVH治疗前后尿量、BUN、SCr、PLT、平均动脉压和血管活性药物使用情况及患儿预后。结果 12例患儿年龄1～24月龄,平均（8.8±6.5）月龄;体重3.5～9.5 kg,平均（6.6±1.9）kg。11例先经腹膜透析治疗,后改为CVVH治疗;1例术后出现腹膜炎,直接行CVVH治疗。①12例行CVVH治疗血流量为15～35 mL·min-1,置换液流量为4～10 mL·min-1。12例均采用肝素抗凝。②经过CVVH治疗后7/12例肾功能和尿量均恢复正常,CVVH治疗前后平均BUN分别为（17.8±8.1）和（5.5±2.2）mmol·L-1（P=0.001）,平均SCr分别为（169.6±38.2）和（81.4±25.1）μmol·L-1（P=0.000）,正性肌力药物评分分别为（20.3±8.5）和（19.9±12.0）（P＝0.858）,平均动脉压分别为（59.0±16.2）和（55.2±12.4）mmHg（P＝0.273）。PLT在CVVH治疗后［35.0(21.2~83.7)×109·L-1］较治疗前［147.8(100.2~214.2)×109·L-1］明显下降（P=0.001）,3例在CVVH治疗后因PLT低,出现了消化道或呼吸道出血。③7/12例（58.3％）死亡。死亡患儿正性肌力药物评分明显高于存活患儿,平均动脉压明显低于存活患儿,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 对于先天性心脏病术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的婴幼儿,可采用CVVH进行肾脏替代治疗以减轻液体过负荷、改善肾功能,CVVH治疗前正性肌力药物使用强度及平均动脉压可能是影响患儿预后的重要因素,CVVH治疗时需警惕PLT降低。     

川崎休克综合征致急性肾损伤1例报告

目的探讨川崎休克综合征并发急性肾损伤的临床特征及治疗。方法回顾分析1例川崎休克综合征合并急性肾损伤患儿的临床资料。结果 12岁女性患儿,因发热、呕吐起病,诊断脓毒性休克,逐渐出现急性肾损伤;患儿于发热10天后热退,5次连续性肾脏替代治疗后尿量恢复,血压稳定,尿素氮和肌酐恢复正常。后期复查心脏彩超提示冠脉扩张,修正诊断为川崎休克综合征,加用阿司匹林口服出院。长期随访心脏彩超示冠脉扩张消失。结论川崎休克综合征早期诊断需与脓毒性休克鉴别,一旦并发急性肾损伤,积极采用血液净化治疗可有效改善预后。     

Using NSAID in volume depleted children can precipitate acute renal failure

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are increasingly popular in hospital medicine and general practice and are readily available over the counter. The vast majority of healthy children who ingest therapeutic doses of NSAID for a limited duration tolerate them without any significant adverse effects. However, the risk of renal toxicity is potentially increased in situations where there is stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system such as with volume depletion or in pre-existing chronic renal disease. We describe four cases which illustrate this complication occurring in a children's hospital. We have not proven cause and effect, but further research is needed to define the true risk of the potential renal complications of NSAID in patients at risk of dehydration.     

Acute renal failure after exercise in a child with renal hypouricemia

We describe a 15 year old boy with renal hypouricemia who developed acute renal failure after a school athletics meeting, accompanied by appendicitis. During acute renal failure, the highest level of uric acid was 5.0 mg/dL, creatinine 7.9 mg/dL and urea nitrogen 58.6 mg/dL. After recovery, the serum uric acid fell to 0.9 mg/dL and the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEu_A) exceeded the normal range. The probenecid and pyrazinamide tests showed that the patient had a total defect of uric acid reabsorption. This case suggested that strenuous exercise could be responsible for acute renal failure in patients with renal hypouricemia.     

Perioperative renal failure in pediatric heart transplant recipients: outcome and risk factors

PRF is encountered in 10-13% of adult heart transplants. Only one study of a single center's experience with PRF has been reported in pediatric patients. This study examines the effect of PRF on pediatric heart transplant outcome using the UNOS database. A total of 3598 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 254 (7%) had PRF. The PRF group comprised 31 recipients requiring PRE and 223 recipients requiring POST. Compared with No-PRF patients, PRE patients had similar survival rate and POST patients had decreased survival rate at 30 days, one, five, and 10-yr post-transplant (p < 0.001). PRF patients also had significantly lower graft survival at one, five, and 10 yr (p < 0.001). Risk factors for developing PRF included ECMO, ventilator, and inotropic support at listing and CHD as the listing diagnosis. PRF increased the duration of hospital stay and the incidence of chronic severe renal dysfunction. PRF that requires POST (whether or not it began pretransplant) has a significant negative impact on pediatric heart transplant outcome. Specific characteristics identify patients at particular high risk of developing PRF.     

Acute scrotum in Kawasaki disease: Two case reports and a literature review

Acute scrotum is a rare complication of acute Kawasaki disease (KD), less well recognized than other disease manifestations. We describe the cases of two patients, aged 59 months and 19 months, with hydrocele testis in the acute phase of KD. Scrotal ultrasound and trans‐illumination were used in the diagnosis of hydrocele testis. One patient underwent eventual surgical intervention. We reviewed the literature for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of scrotal symptoms in acute KD and investigated the clinical importance of hydrocele testis. Careful further clinical observation may elucidate the true incidence of this extracardiac symptoms, thereby clarifying the diagnostic value of this possible complication in acute KD.     

Exercise-induced acute renal failure in a girl with renai hypouricemia

A 10-year-old Japanese girl developed acute renal failure following a 100-meter dash during physical training at school. After the run, she experienced intense pain in the loins with nausea and vomiting lasting more than 12 h. On the following morning, she was found to have mild proteinuria and acute renal failure (ARF). Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were elevated, but the serum uric acid level was normal (3.1 mg/dL). With recovery of renal function over the ensuing days, hypouricemia (0.6 mg/dL) became evident in the patient. Although the pathophysiological association between renal hypouricemia and ARF is not known, oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis for ischemic-reperfusion ARF. Superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated by N-formyl methionine leucyl-phenylalanine was normal in the patient both before and following exercise. Pyrazinamide and probenecid tests were undertaken on both the patient and her parents, who had borderline hypouricemia, to determine their renal tubular handling of uric acid. Results showed that the patient and her mother had a subtotal reabsorption defect, while the father had defective postsecretory uric acid reabsorption.     

Evaluation of diagnostic criteria of acute renal failure in premature infants

A prospective study was performed to investigate the validity of renal failure index (RFI) or fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) in preterm infants. The subjects were 128 newborn infants, 72 with oliguria and 56 without renal dysfunction (control). Oliguric infants were divided into two categories: acute renal failure (ARF) and prerenal failure (PRF), according to creatinine clearance (Ccr). Furthermore, all subjects were divided into four groups according to gestation, that is, 38 infants with gestational age of 25–28 weeks (group 1), 28 with 29–30 weeks (group 2), 38 with 31–36 weeks (group 3) and 24 of > 37 weeks (group 4). As a result, differentiation between ARF and PRF was valid when the RFI or FENa was used in infants of > 29 weeks gestation (groups 2, 3 and 4). Although infants of > 31 weeks gestation (groups 3 and 4) who present with an RFI > 3 or an FENa > 3% may be diagnosed as having ARF, infants in group 2 with an RFI of > 8 or an FENa of > 6% may be diagnosed as having ARF. For the infants in group 1, the application of RFI or FENa for diagnosis of ARF may be limited because of some overlap among the groups.     

Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria—a case report

A case of P. falciparum malaria with acute renal failure is reported. The urinary sodium of 42 mEg/L pointed towards a tubular pathology. There was no significant intravascular hemolysis as serum bilirubin was normal and plasma hemoglobin only mildly elevated. The pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis due to heavy parasitemia is discussed. The other interesting feature which the patient exhibited was alternate day fever in the hospital and the peripheral smear showing only gametocytes repeatedly. Gametocytes do not give rise to symptoms. The patient responded well to quinine hydrochloride and the gametocytes disappeared. There is no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon.     

Acute renal failure SNAPPE and mortality

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine, using the score for neonatal acute physiology and perinatal extension II (SNAPPE‐II), whether there is an association with acute renal failure (ARF) and whether it is possible to identify newborns at risk for ARF prior to a rise in creatinine in newborns. Methods: Information on postnatal risk factors and SNAPPE‐II on the first day of life (non‐ARF group, n= 475; ARF group, n= 78) were collected. Renal failure was defined as serum creatinine level >1 mg/dL and >1.3 mg/dL (for ≥33 weeks and <33 weeks, respectively) after 48 h of life. Results: In newborns with ARF (n= 78), the median (range) of SNAPPE‐II and mortality rate were significantly higher than those of the control group. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), SNAPPE‐II, and resuscitation were identified as independent predictors of ARF in infants on forward stepwise logistic regression. Sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, ARF, DIC, and SNAPPE‐II were identified as independent predictors of mortality in infants on the same analysis. Conclusions: SNAPPE‐II on the first day of life was significantly higher among babies with ARF, suggesting a positive association between higher scores and the development of ARF and mortality, but based on receiver operating characteristic curve results, SNAPPE‐II at admission did not enhance the assessment of risk for ARF prior to a rise in creatinine.     

Acute pyelonephritis with renal abscesses and acute renal failure after salmonella infection

Urinary tract infections, renal abscess formation and acute renal failure (ARF) after salmonella infection are rarely reported in children. We present a previously healthy teenager who developed ARF with renal abscess formation after salmonella infection, in whom we believe that acute salmonella pyelonephritis was the main causative factor for ARF and not dehydration, shock or rhabdomyolysis, which have already been described in the literature. With prolonged antibiotic treatment and adequate hydration, the boy’s condition improved, but chronic kidney disease was unfortunately inevitable. Conclusion: Salmonella pyelonephritis has, according to our knowledge, not yet been described to be the main causative factor of ARF in previously healthy children, as was the case in our patient. Long‐term antibiotic treatment of at least 6 weeks is probably a must in such patients, even though chronic kidney disease could not have been prevented.     

Autonomic function in Kawasaki disease with myocardial infarction: Usefulness of monitoring heart rate variability

BACKGROUND: Despite anticoagulant therapy, many patients with Kawasaki disease and giant coronary artery aneurysm develop myocardial infarction. These patients have a high risk of sudden death, but the etiology is not clear. We studied autonomic function and the possibility of malignant ventricular arrhythmia through heart rate variability. METHODS: We studied six Kawasaki disease patients with myocardial infarction and 16 normal controls. Heart rate variability was investigated using a 24 h electrocardiogram. We assessed the standard deviation from the mean of the normal R-R intervals (SDNN), the proportion of adjacent R-R intervals with a difference greater than 50 msec (pNN50) and the root-mean square of successive R-R differences as time-domain analysis (rMSSD). We assessed very low-frequency power, low-frequency power (LF), high-frequency power (HF) and the LF/HF ratio in frequency-domain analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in SDNN, but there was a significant difference in pNN50 and rMSSD. Patients with Kawasaki disease showed lower HF and higher LF/HF than normal controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that patients with Kawasaki disease and myocardial infarction show decreased vagal activity, which could cause malignant arrhythmia.     

Febrile convulsion during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND: Although seizures occur in association with meningitis or encephalitis in Kawasaki disease, febrile convulsions in Kawasaki disease are considered to be extremely rare. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the incidence of febrile convulsion in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease, in Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan. METHODS: The study included 177 patients with Kawasaki disease. Patients ranged in age from 2 months to 10 years (mean age 26.89 +/- 22.44 months). The study included 105 males and 72 females. The clinical records of Kawasaki disease patients were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: Febrile convulsions were not recognized in these 177 patients throughout the course of the disease, despite the presence of a high grade fever and their young age. However, eight of the 177 patients had experienced simple febrile convulsions during other febrile illness except for those with Kawasaki disease. In the acute phase of Kawasaki disease, only two patients showed generalized convulsion associated with prolonged consciousness disturbance and pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSION: The incidence of febrile convulsions in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease might be extremely low, confirming the results of previous reports. Kawasaki disease is characterized by systemic vasculitis and is sometimes complicated by intracranial vasculitis. The incidence of electroencephalographic abnormalities and pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid is higher in patients with Kawasaki disease. However, the reason why febrile convulsions did not occur in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, despite the presence of central nervous system involvement.     

Advances in Kawasaki disease

Recent studies have increased our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD). The inflammatory infiltrate in KD coronary artery aneurysms has been shown to consist of CD8 T lymphocytes, macrophages, and IgA plasma cells, consistent with an immune response to an intracellular pathogen with a mucosal portal of entry. The identification of an oligoclonal IgA response in the vascular wall and the detection of a KD-associated antigen in inflamed KD tissues using a synthetic antibody derived from KD oligoclonal IgA antibodies have provided new approaches to identification of the etiologic agent. Highly effective therapy has evolved for KD, even in the absence of identification of the etiologic agent. The existence of incomplete KD cases remains a significant diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. Conclusion: the development of a diagnostic test, more specific therapy, and ultimate prevention of this potentially fatal illness of childhood are dependent upon continued advances in determining the etiopathogenesis of this fascinating disorder.Abbreviations KD Kawasaki disease - IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin     

新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的探讨新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点、病因、发病机制及预后。方法前瞻性研究新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)22例。冰点渗透压仪测定血浆、尿液渗透压,放射免疫法检测血清抗利尿激素(ADH)、血清及尿液β2-微球蛋白(β2-M);同时检测血钠、尿钠、血肌酐、尿肌酐、血尿素氮;计算钠排泄分数(FENa)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾衰指数(REI)。对照组为同期肾功能正常的轻型病例。结果本组原发疾病为新生儿窒息12例,占54％。非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭组尿/血渗透压0.95±0.34,血β2-M4.51±1.97(mg/L),ADH14.71±5.04(ng/L)明显增高,Ccr10.5±7.3ml/(min·1.73m2),明显降低,尿β2-M改变不明显。结论新生儿窒息是导致非少尿型ARF的最主要病因。非少尿型ARF主要为肾前因素所致,肾小管损害较轻,对ADH有效应,且预后较好。     

新生儿急性肾功能衰竭抗利尿激素水平的变化

目的　探讨新生儿急性肾功能衰竭 (NARF)血浆抗利尿激素 (ADH)的变化及其对肾功能的影响。方法　NARF 3 3例 ,其中少尿型 10例 ,非少尿型 2 3例 ,对照组为同期肾功能正常的轻型病例 2 8例。FM - 6型冰点渗透压仪测定血浆、尿液渗透压 ,放射免疫法检测血清ADH ,同时检测血钠、尿钠、血肌酐、尿肌酐 ,计算出钠排泄分数 (FENa)、肌酐清除率 (Ccr)、肾衰指数 (RFI)、自由水清除率 (CH2 O)。结果　少尿型、非少尿型ARF及对照组的ADH分别为 18.98± 7.65、14.2 3± 6.61、6.5 8± 3 .46ng/L ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。FENa、RFI、Ccr、CH2 O 3组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。 3组尿 /血渗透压无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。ADH与RFI、FENa均正相关 (r=0 .3 6　P =0 .0 0 5 ) ,与Ccr负相关 (r=- 0 .3 6　P =0 .0 0 5 )。结论　NARF有ADH的异常分泌 ,ADH增高与肾小球滤过率降低相关 ,对肾小管有部分效应