晚期非小细胞肺癌PD-1/PD-L1单抗治疗临床转化现状

随着对肿瘤免疫逃逸机制研究的不断深入,通过阻断程序性死亡因子1（programmed cell death 1,PD-1）及其配体l （PD-1 ligand,PD-L1）构成的 PD-1/PD-L1 通路,证实了 PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌（non small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者生存的相关性,以及PD-L1作为疗效预测标志物的价值。在NSCLC的局部晚期维持治疗、二线治疗及部分一线治 疗的临床试验中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗均获得了较好的治疗效果;PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合放化疗、联合细胞因子与其他免疫 抑制剂及联合细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracel lular regulated protein kinase,ERK)通路靶向治疗也有一定获益。本文就PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂用于NSCLC治疗现状及其影响因素作一综述。     

晚期胃癌免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗的研究进展

胃癌是最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在中国其发病率和死亡率均较高，大多数胃癌初诊即已为晚期，预后较差，目前治疗现状仍不理想。免疫逃逸是肿瘤发生发展的一主要机制，细胞程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death-1，PD-1）及细胞程序性死亡配体（programmed death-ligand 1，PD-L1）是导致免疫逃逸的重要分子，PD-1与PD-L1结合是肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的重要发病机制之一，特异性阻断二者结合，可达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可明显改善晚期胃癌患者预后，并且PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗、靶向治疗、放疗等可进一步提高疗效。本文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗在晚期胃癌中的治疗进展进行综述。      

PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂的疗效标志物

[摘要] 以PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs）疗法改变了以往手术、放疗或化疗的常规癌症治疗方法,甚至已成为部分癌症的一线治疗方式。然而,PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂并不能使大部分肿瘤患者获益,甚至部分患者接受治疗后出现了肿瘤暴发性进展现象。在PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂治疗前,对相关疗效标志物进行检测,可以筛选出可能获益的人群,从而有效避免延误治疗无效患者的病情及不必要的经济损失。为进一步指导临床,本文就PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂的疗效标志物作一系统综述。     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期胃癌或食管胃结合部癌的有效性和安全性Meta分析

目的 系统评价免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期GC/GEJC患者的疗效及安全性.方法 通过计算机检索CNKI、万方、PubMed、EMBASE、ClinicalTrials、Cochrane Library等数据库收集免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期GC/GEJC的临床试验,检索时间从建库至2019年11月,结局指标主要包括客观缓解率...     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的Meta分析

 目的 系统评价PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性。方法 通过Web of science等国内外数据库，ASCO会议摘要及杂志筛选文献，进行Meta分析。结果 纳入7项RCT研究，4 101例患者，荟萃分析显示抑制剂联合化疗对比化疗可显著延长患者的PFS（HR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.50~0.70, P<0.00001）、OS（HR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.46~0.92, P=0.02）及ORR（RR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.13~2.62, P=0.01）。亚组分析显示，抑制剂联合化疗可显著延长PFS及OS，且PD-L1表达程度越高，疗效获益越显著。而单药抑制剂对比化疗在延长晚期NSCLC患者的PFS（HR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.57~1.31, P=0.50）、OS（HR=0.82, 95%CI: 0.65~1.03, P=0.09）及提高ORR（RR=1.12, 95%CI: 0.55~2.28, P=0.76）方面两组差异无统计学意义。与化疗相比，单药抑制剂一线治疗PD-L1高表达的晚期NSCLC患者可显著延长OS，但在延长PFS方面未见明显优势。与化疗组相比，抑制剂联合化疗组3~4级不良反应发生率无明显改善（HR=1.09，95%CI: 0.99~1.20, P=0.09），而单药PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂组3~4级不良反应发生率低（RR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.36~0.52, P<0.00001）。 结论 PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗晚期NSCLC患者疗效优于化疗方案；PD-L1高表达者单药PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可作为一线治疗的优先选择，且具有良好的安全性。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期尿路上皮癌中的研究进展

摘 要：含顺铂方案的化疗是晚期尿路上皮癌的一线治疗方式,不耐受顺铂化疗的及一线标准化疗后发生疾病进展的患者可选择的有效治疗有限,平均生存期约5~10个月。程序性死亡受体1（programmed death 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂在大型临床试验中显示出持久的抗肿瘤效应和可耐受的安全性,为改善晚期尿路上皮癌患者预后带来了希望。PD-1抑制剂Pembrolizumab是第一个获得美国食品药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）批准的治疗晚期尿路上皮癌的一线免疫治疗药物。2种PD-1抑制剂Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab,3种PD-L1抑制剂Atezolizumab、Durvalumab和Avelumab,先后获得美国FDA批准作为含铂方案化疗进展的晚期尿路上皮癌患者的二线治疗药物。全文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期尿路上皮癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在恶性黑色素瘤（新）辅助治疗中的研究进展

恶性黑色素瘤是一种具有较高复发率及死亡率的实体肿瘤。目前针对Ⅱ~Ⅲ期黑色素瘤的治疗仍是以外科手术为主,由于缺乏有效的（新）辅助治疗手段,高危黑色素瘤患者的5年生存率仅有30%~70%。程序性死亡因子1（PD-1）和程序性死亡因子配体1（PD-L1）是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与了肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近些年来包括Nivolumab和Pembrolizumab在内的多种PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂研发获批上市,并在晚期黑色素瘤的治疗中表现出显著的疗效。因此多项针对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在高危黑色素瘤患者（新）辅助治疗的临床试验正积极开展。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在黑色素瘤（新）辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗三阴性乳腺癌的研究进展

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂作为免疫检查点抑制剂已经改变了多种肿瘤治疗的现状。在三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）中,以阿替利珠单抗和帕博利珠单抗为代表的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂已经成为晚期患者一线治疗、早期患者新辅助治 疗的标准方案;其是否用于术后高危分型的辅助治疗,目前尚无结论。本文就目前PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在TNBC中治疗的现状及 应用前景的相关进展进行综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1通路抑制剂治疗进展期胃癌的研究进展

胃癌是危害人类健康的恶性肿瘤之一,对于早期胃癌而言,手术联合化疗效果显著,而对于进展期胃癌,其效果并不理想。程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡受体配体-1（prorammed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1）通路的发现为进展期胃癌患者的治疗提供了希望。目前已有部分研究表明,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂单药或联合化疗治疗可使胃癌及胃食管交界癌患者受益,预示着PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合手术及标准化治疗方案可能是提高胃癌患者治疗疗效的突破点。本文将对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗进展期胃癌的研究进展作一综述。     

单药PD-1抑制剂对比化疗二线治疗晚期食管鳞状细胞癌的Meta分析

目的： 系统评价单药程序性死亡受体1 （PD-1）抑制剂对比化疗二线治疗晚期食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）患者的疗效及安全性,以期为临床决策提供最佳循证医学证据。 方法： 计算机检索The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、PubMed、EMbase、CNKI和万方等数据库,同时检索J Clin Oncol 、 N England Oncol 、 Lancet Oncol等杂志以及ASCO、EMSO会议摘要中有关单药PD-1抑制剂对比传统化疗二线治疗晚期ESCC患者的临床随机对照试验（RCT）,筛选文献,提取资料,采用RevMan5.3进行Meta分析。 结果： 共纳入5项RCT研究（1 732例患者）。与化疗组比,单药PD-1抑制剂二线治疗晚期ESCC可显著延长患者的总生存期（OS） （HR＝0.75,95% CI：0.67~0.83,P<0.000 01）。以 PD-L1 不同表达程度进行亚组分析,在延长OS方面,TPS<1%时,单药PD-1抑制剂二线治疗晚期ESCC无明显优势;而 TPS≥1%、TPS<5%、TPS≥5%、TPS<10%、TPS≥10%时,单药PD-1抑制剂二线治疗均可显著延长晚期ESCC患者的OS,且PD-L1表达程度越高,疗效获益更显著。然而,与化疗组比,单药PD-1抑制剂在延长晚期ESCC患者的无进展生存期（PFS） （HR＝0.93,95% CI：0.79~1.10,P=0.41）及提高客观有效率（ORR） （RR＝1.62,95% CI：0.95~2.74,P=0.07）等方面,差异均无统计学意义。但单药PD-1抑制剂组3~5级不良反应发生率低（RR＝0.37,95% CI：0.28~0.50,P<0.000 01）。 结论： 单药PD-1抑制剂二线治疗晚期 ESCC 患者可显著延长患者的OS;PD-L1高表达者PD-1抑制剂可作为二线治疗的优先选择,且具有良好的安全性。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.