脐带血血气分析与乳酸值对围产期窒息的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨脐带血血气分析及乳酸值对围产期窒息的诊断价值。方法对63例足月窒息新生儿与89例足月正常新生儿的脐动脉血进行微量血气分析及乳酸测定，并在出生后第1、7、14、28d进行新生儿20项神经行为测定（NBNA）。结果窒息组与对照组的脐动脉血乳酸、pH值、BE差异有显著性，血乳酸与第1、7d的NBNA呈显著负相关，pH与第1d的NBNA呈正相关，BE与NBNA无明显相关性。结论窒息新生儿脐血乳酸水平高于对照组、pH值低于对照组，可作为围产期窒息诊断的指标，且乳酸值特异性优于pH值。     

宫内窘迫新生儿脐动脉血乳酸检测与新生儿行为神经测定的临床意义

目的探讨新生儿脐动脉血乳酸水平与宫内窘迫的关系及其对新生儿行为神经表现的影响。方法对160例发生宫内窘迫的足月新生儿(出生时无窒息为窘迫I组,出生时有窒息为窘迫II组)和310例正常足月新生儿(对照组)的脐动脉血进行乳酸测定及血气分析,并在生后4～6d、26～28d进行新生儿20项行为神经测定(neonatal behavioral neurological assessment,NBNA)。结果窘迫I组和窘迫II组脐动脉血乳酸值均较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),两组pH值较对照组明显降低(P<0.01);窘迫II组的乳酸值明显高于窘迫I组,pH值低于窘迫I组,差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01)。脐血乳酸值与pH值呈直线负相关关系(r=-0.53,P<0.01),窘迫II组的脐血乳酸值与NBNA评分也呈直线负相关关系(r=-0.78,P<0.01)。三组NBNA评分随日龄增长均升高,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论脐动脉血乳酸检测可协助宫内窘迫的诊断,并可望作为评估、预测新生儿窒息损伤的指标之一。     

窒息新生儿脐血乳酸值的临床意义(英文)

目的：Apgar评分和血气分析作为判断新生儿窒息程度和预后的指标有一定的局限性,为寻找更具敏感性和特异性的指标,该研究探讨脐血乳酸值在新生儿窒息中的临床意义。方法：对31例足月窒息新生儿(分为轻度窒息组22例和重度窒息组9例)和30例正常新生儿(对照组)的脐动脉血进行乳酸测定及微量血液气体分析,并在第14天进行新生儿20项行为神经测定(NBNA)。结果：轻、重度窒息组脐动脉血乳酸值［(6.42±0.14) mmol/L,(10.77±0.12) mmol/L］较对照组［(4.20±0.15) mmol/L］显著升高(P<0.01),pH值［(7.16±0.07),(7.04±0.09)］较对照组(7.18±0.11)明显降低(P<0.01);其中重度窒息组的乳酸值高于轻度窒息组,pH值低于轻度窒息组,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。脐血乳酸值与pH值及第14天NBNA评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.76,-0.85,P<0.01)。结论：脐血乳酸值可作为判断新生儿窒息程度和近期预后的指标。     

脐动脉血气指标诊断新生儿窒息的多中心临床研究

目的 统计新生儿脐动脉血气的正常范围,重点研究临床上诊断新生儿窒息的脐动脉血气指标,为诊断本病增加循证医学依据.方法 组织5省6家医院从2008年3月至2009年9月前瞻性连续纳入单胎、足月、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿共17 978例,统计其中17 645例Apgar 1 min评分≥8分者的脐动脉血气的正常范围;研究脐动脉血pH、BE与高危因素、Apgar评分、脏器损伤的相关性;拟诊窒息的标准:兼备①有导致窒息的高危因素,②1 min Apgar评分≤7分(须含呼吸抑制),③至少1个脏器受损,④排除引起低Apgar评分的其他情况和疾病.重点研究低Apgar评分儿中窒息组和非窒息组脐动脉血pH值(按Eisenberg公式进行临床校正)、BE值的分布特点以及不同pH、BE阈值选点的敏感性和特异性,探索诊断新生儿窒息的脐动脉血气指标.结果 17 978例单胎、足月、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,17 645例Apgar 1 min评分≥8分者的脐动脉血pH值和BE值的统计学正常范围分别为7.20±0.20((-x)±1.96s)和-7.64±10.02((-x)±1.96s).pH与BE呈正相关(r=0.734,P<0.01).脐动脉血pH、BE与Apgar评分呈正相关,1 min0～3分、4～7分、8～10分3组的pH、BE均值±标准差比较,F分别=253.36、160.79,P均<0.001;脐动脉血pH、BE与脏器损伤呈负相关(r均=1,P均=0.000).333例低Apgar评分儿中,窒息组(163例)脐动脉血pH校正值和BE值分别为7.011±0.09((-x)±s)和-14.98±2.99((-x)±s)明显低于非窒息组(170例)的相应值7.18±0.07((-x)±s)和-8.56±4.68((-x)±s),t分别为15.12、10.18,P均<0.001;窒息患儿的脐动脉血pH校正值分布范围为<7.00～<7.20,BE分布范围为<-10～<-18;在窒息组pH和BE值的分布范围中,并无一个敏感性和特异性均强的固定点.结论 新生儿脐动脉血pH值和BE值的统计学正常范围参考值分别为7.20±0.20((-x)±1.96s)和-7.64±10.02((-x)±1.96s).由于个体差异和血气检测值用于评估窒息时需经过临床校正,统计学的正常范围低限值并不完全等同于临床病理学的阈值.新生儿窒息的pH或BE病理学阈值不是一个固定点而是一个范围.新生儿窒息的脐动脉血pH临床校正值分布范围为<7.00～<7.20,BE分布范围为<-10～<-18,在具备其他4项指标的情况下,诊断新生儿窒息的血气指标似可在上述范围内灵活掌握.     

脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分评估新生儿窒息的临床意义研究

目的 了解脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分在新生儿窒息诊断中的临床意义。方法对广东省江门市新会区妇幼保健院2012年4月至2013年1月出生的足月单胎新生儿采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,结合羊水性状、脏器损害及Apgar评分进行统计分析。结果 研究期间共分娩足月单胎新生儿3958例,成功采集脐动脉血3900例。生后1 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血pH值、PO2均呈正相关,与PCO2呈负相关（r分别为0.334,0.219,-0.227,P均〈0.05）。重度窒息新生儿脐动脉血气pH、PO2、BE、HCO-3均低于轻度窒息组和对照组,PCO2高于轻度窒息组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对照组和轻度窒息组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。pH≤7.2组的新生儿窒息发生率、羊水浑浊发生率及脏器损害发生率均高于pH≥7.25组（7.7%比0.3%,68.0%比9.6%,8.3%比1.0%,P〈0.01）。结论 临床联合Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气分析可早期发现新生儿器官功能损害,是提供支持治疗可靠而简便易行的指标。     

新生儿生后早期外周动脉血气分析评估缺氧损伤的意义

目的探讨生后早期外周动脉血气分析对于新生儿窒息病情评判的临床价值。方法选取2012年3月至2013年4月本院新生儿科收治的足月窒息新生儿为观察组,其中1 min Apgar评分4-7者为轻度窒息组,≤3分者为重度窒息组,同期随机选取无窒息的足月新生儿为对照组,各组新生儿均在生后1 h内取右手桡动脉血进行血气分析并比较。将窒息组按外周动脉血气pH值分为〉7.25、7.0-7.25、〈7.0三组,比较各组发生脏器功能受损的比例。结果轻度窒息组98例,重度窒息组24例,对照组86例。各组新生儿性别、胎龄、出生体重、分娩方式、取血时间等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对照组pH值和BE值均高于轻、重度窒息组[pH：（7.38±0.06）比（7.16±0.08）、（7.10±0.09）,BE：（-4.1±0.5）mmol/L比（-11.1±4.6）mmol/L、（-14.4±2.6）mmol/L,P〈0.05],轻、重度窒息组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。窒息组患儿中,外周动脉血气pH值〉7.25组、7.0~7.25组和〈7.0组发生脏器功能受损的比例分别为53.3%、88.9%、100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Apgar评分的轻重程度不能完全代表窒息的程度,生后1 h内外周动脉血气分析检测是弥补其不足的一项客观指标。     

新生儿脐血pH和BE影响因素的研究

目的通过大样本收集新生儿脐血血气,研究脐血血气统计学参考值范围与不同影响因素的相关关系。方法选择2012年5～11月广东省妇幼保健院和新会妇幼保健院产科出生的新生儿进行前瞻性研究,选取其中1rainApgar评分〉7分者的脐血血气结果进行统计分析,了解正常新生儿脐血血气的统计学参考值范围;重点分析影响新生儿脐血pH和BE的因素。结果2000例新生儿中,1min Apgar评分≤7分11例,〉7分1989例,低Apgar评分组pH〈7．2的比例为45．5％,正常Apgar评分组pH〈7．2的比例为3．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;1800例足月单胎、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,1794例1min Apgar评分〉7分者脐血pH和BE的统计学参考值范围分别是7．34±0．14（X±1．96S）和-3．53±6．57（X±1．96s）。单因素分析显示,宫内窘迫组、妊娠期并发症组pH值均低于对照组,剖宫产组pH和BE值均高于阴道分娩组,脐带绕颈组pH值降低,双胎组BE值高于单胎组;羊水性状对pH、BE值均无影响。多因素分析显示,宫内窘迫、分娩方式均对脐血血气有影响。结论足月单胎、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,1min Apgar评分〉7分者脐血pH值和BE值的统计学参考值范围分别是7．34±0．14和-3．53±6．57;Apgar评分与脐血血气分析具有一致性,但单独使用Apgar评分诊断早产儿窒息可能会增加窒息的误诊率;宫内窘迫可能会增加新生儿酸中毒的发生率,不同分娩方式对脐血血气pH、BE值均有影响。     

早产儿Apgar评分与脐动脉血气的关系

目的研究早产儿生后Apgar评分与血气分析的相关性,以指导早产儿临床对窒息的诊断及处理。方法用i-STAT型血气分析仪对新生儿489例生后1 min内脐动脉血进行血气测定,并与Apgar评分进行相关分析。结果早产儿出生脐动脉血pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压分别为7.151、2.052 kPa和7.871 kPa;对照组分别为7.192、2.407 kPa和7.134 kPa。血pH早产儿组为7.151±0.067,足月儿组为7.192±0.043;Apgar评分早产儿组pH 2~7分者占40.0%,对照组为3.38%,两组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论脐动脉血、pH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压与早产儿组低Apgar评分有关系。血气分析结果为诊断早产儿窒息的主要指标之一。     

NBNA评分联合磁共振弥散张量成像在早产儿脑白质发育评价中的作用及相关性分析

目的 探讨早产儿磁共振弥散张量成像中的各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）与新生儿行为神经测定（Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment,NBNA）评分的相关性,从影像学角度评价FA在早产儿脑白质发育中的诊断价值。 方法 前瞻性选择2016年10月至2020年1月生后24 h内入住郑州大学第三附属医院新生儿重症监护室的98例早产儿为研究对象,根据NBNA结果分为异常组（<37分,51例）与正常组（≥37分,47例）,采集两组早产儿10个感兴趣区的FA值,比较两组间的差异,并分析FA值及脐动脉血气pH值与NBNA结果的相关性。 结果 异常组内囊后肢FA值、脐动脉血pH值低于正常组（P<0.05）。内囊后肢FA值、脐动脉血pH与NBNA评分呈正相关（分别r_s=0.584、0.604,P<0.001）;内囊后肢FA值与脐动脉血pH呈正相关（r_s=0.426,P<0.05）。 结论 早产儿内囊后肢的FA值能定量反映脑白质发育情况,其与NBNA评分具有相关性,二者结合能够更准确、更客观评价早产儿脑白质发育情况。 引用格式:     

新生儿窒息血气和电解质变化的临床分析

目的分析新生儿窒息时血气及电解质变化。方法49例窒息新生儿根据Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组(n=20)和重度窒息组(n=29)。采用美国855血气分析仪测定动脉血血气和电解质变化。结果重度窒息组的血pH值、BE值、PaCO2均明显低于轻度窒息组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。窒息新生儿血清K 、Na 均低于正常水平,但轻、重度窒息组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。重度窒息患儿血清Cl-、Ca2 均明显低于轻度窒息者,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论新生儿窒息时血气变化以混合性酸碱失衡为主,重度窒息时血清Cl-、Ca2 明显降低,及时监测血气及电解质变化,有助于了解病情变化,指导治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.