多b值MRI弥散加权成像诊断肺部良恶性肿瘤的价值

目的探讨肺部良性及恶性肿瘤患者MRI弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)不同b值下表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)和DWI信号强度(signal intensity,SI)差异,探讨其在肺部良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法肺部肿瘤患者50例,其中恶性肿瘤34例(恶性肿瘤组),良性肿瘤16例(良性肿瘤组),均于术前行MRI平扫及多b值(b值分别为300、500、800 s/mm~2)DWI检査,比较2组肺部病变实质在不同b值下ADC值及SI值差异;绘制不同b值的ROC曲线,分析ADC、SI值鉴别诊断良、恶性肿瘤的效能以及最优b值。结果 b值为300、500、800 s/mm~2时,良性肿瘤组ADC值[(1.80±0.30)×10~(-3)、(1.60±0.26)×10~(-3)、(1.40±0.23)×10~(-3)mm~2/s]高于恶性肿瘤组[(1.50±0.18)×10~(-3)、(1.32±0.18)×10~(-3)、(1.11±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s](P均0.05),SI值(391.31±77.11、291.34±77.47、202.38±69.21)与恶性肿瘤组(431.23±79.64、313.57±77.70、223.31±68.74)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);ROC曲线分析结果显示,b值为300、500、800 s/mm~2时的AUC分别为0.785,0.794、0.819,且b值为800 s/mm~2时ADC值的鉴别诊断效能最大,鉴别良、恶性肺部肿瘤的截断值为1.37×10~(-3)mm~2/s,敏感性为68.8%,特异性为88.2%。结论多b值DWI检査可用于肺部肿瘤良、恶性质的鉴别诊断,b值为800 s/mm~2时ADC值诊断肺部肿瘤的准确性较高。     

MR DWI在宫颈癌病理分型及分级中的应用研究

目的:探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)产生的表观扩散系数(ADC)值与宫颈癌病理分型及病理分级的相关性。方法:收集经病理确诊为宫颈癌患者86例,其中病理类型包括鳞癌60例,腺癌11例,腺鳞癌15例;鳞癌60例按病理分级包括高分化12例,中分化20例,低分化28例。所有病例治疗前均行常规MRI及DWI检查,b值为0及1000 s/mm~2。采用GE ADW4.5后处理工作站的分析软件测量宫颈癌区的表观弥散系数(ADC)值,重复测量3次,取平均值为最终结果。然后运用SPSS19.0统计软件,对三组不同病理类型及三组不同病理分级的ADC值分别进行单因素方差分析,并进行两两比较,P0.05表示有统计学差异。结果:宫颈鳞癌组平均ADC值(0.72±0.14)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,腺癌组平均ADC值(1.07±0.21)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,腺鳞癌组平均ADC值(0.83±0.16)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,3组之间比较有统计学差异(P0.05);在三组病理类型中鳞癌DWI弥散受限最明显,呈显著高信号,ADC值最低。鳞癌高分化组平均ADC值(1.18±0.13)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,中分化组平均ADC值(0.91±0.12)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,低分化组平均ADC值(0.65±0.11)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,3组之间比较有统计学差异(P0.05);在三组病理分级中低分化鳞癌DWI弥散受限最明显,呈显著高信号,ADC值最低。结论:MR DWI图像及ADC值有助于区分宫颈癌的病理类型及病理分级,对临床的精准治疗提供可靠依据。     

外周带前列腺癌与正常组织的广延指数和单指数模型扩散加权成像的比较

目的:比较前列腺外周带癌与正常组织的广延指数和单指数模型弥散加权成像(diffusionweighted imaging,DWI)参数的差异。方法:25例外周带前列腺癌确诊患者行DWI检查,b值为0、500、1 000、2 000 s/mm2。通过单指数模型计算前列腺癌和正常组织的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),广延指数模型计算分布扩散系数(distributed diffusion coefficient,DDC)和校正系数α值。比较癌组织与正常组织之间ADC值、DDC值和α值(范围0~1)的差异,评价各组织中ADC值与DDC值的差异和相关性,并比较前列腺癌与正常组织之间A D C值和D D C值标准化差值。结果:共3 0个前列腺癌病灶、3 4个正常外周带组织纳入研究。前列腺癌组织ADC值[(0.73±0.14)×10~(-3)mm~2/s]、DDC值[(0.62±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s]和α值(0.65±0.10)均显著低于正常外周带[(1.43±0.25)×10~(-3)mm~2/s、(1.49±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s、0.86±0.09;均P0.05)]。前列腺癌组织的ADC值明显高于DDC值,正常外周带组织的ADC值低于DDC值(均P0.05)。在前列腺癌及正常组织中,ADC值与DDC值均密切相关(R2=0.98、0.98,均P0.05),前列腺癌组织的ADC值和DDC值的标准化差值明显高于正常组织。结论:广延指数模型DWI为鉴别前列腺癌与正常组织提供了更多信息,有助于提高前列腺癌的诊断率。     

磁共振扩散加权成像对前列腺癌患者盆腔淋巴结诊断价值的初步研究

目的初步评价扩散加权成像(DWI)对前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的鉴别诊断价值.方法回顾性分析15例前列腺癌患者(58个淋巴结)及15例良性前列腺增生患者(30个淋巴结)的DWI表现(b=300 s/mm2),分别测量这些淋巴结的表观扩散系数(ADC),将癌与增生患者的淋巴结ADC值进行比较.结果良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的平均ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s]明显大于前列腺癌患者[(1.607±0.256)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.000).前列腺癌患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]与≥1.0 cm淋巴结的ADC值[(1.610±0.254)×10-3mm2/s]无显著性统计学差异(P=0.459).前列腺患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结ADC值[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]小于前列腺增生患者淋巴结的ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.003).前列腺癌患者短径/长径＜0.7的淋巴结ADC值[(1.631±0.205)×10-3 mm2/s)比短径/长径≥0.7的[(1.594±0.283)×10-3 mm2/s]要高(P=0.039).结论DWI有可能用于前列腺癌淋巴结转移的检出.     

3.0T MR扩散加权成像诊断肾透明细胞癌及短期疗效评估

目的 评价3.0T MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及ADC值在肾透明细胞癌(CCRCC)的诊断、组织学分级、肿瘤分期及短期疗效方面的价值. 方法 回顾性分析51例我院手术病理证实的CCRCC患者的术前DWI图像,测量肿瘤及对侧相应部位正常肾皮质的ADC值.以肿瘤ADC值1.8×10~(-3) mm~2/s为阈值进行分组,对两组间肿瘤组织学分级、肿瘤分期、手术方式及随诊1年内肿瘤短期控制率进行统计学检验. 结果 CCRCC及正常肾皮质的ADC值分别为(1.778±0.582)×10~(-3) mm~2/s及(2.314±0.223)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).肿瘤ADC值＜1.8×10~(-3) mm~2/s组24例,ADC值≥1.8×10~(-3) mm~2/s组27例,两组间组织学分级、T分期、临床分期及随诊1年内的短期肿瘤控制率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01). 结论 DWI可以准确地区分CCRCC及正常肾皮质,定量分析ADC值有助于评估CCRCC的组织学分级、肿瘤分期及短期疗效.     

正常脑组织磁共振两b值及多b值扩散加权成像技术变异度对比分析

目的对比评估两b值及多b值扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)技术在正常脑组织中的变异度。材料与方法对29名正常脑组织行3.0 T GE磁共振两b值(0、1000 s/mm~2)及8b值(0、50 s/mm~2、100 s/mm~2、200 s/mm~2、400 s/mm~2、600 s/mm2、800 s/mm~2、1200 s/mm~2)DWI序列扫描,获取两b值参数表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值及多b值参数包括慢速ADC(D)、快速ADC(D*)、灌注相关体积分数ADC(f),应用变异系数评价脑组织各参数。结果脑组织的ADC值、D值、D*值、f值及其变异系数分别为:脑白质:(81.11±7.62)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.094;(78.47±6.72)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.086;(722.7±189.3)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.262;(8.97±3.63)%,0.404;脑皮质:(87.03±9.97)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.115;(81.83±7.51)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.092;(611.9±169.5)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.292;(9.55±3.41)%,0.357;基底节:(76.70±7.17)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.093;(73.72±6.40)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.087;(1221.9±743.4)×10~(-5) mm/s,0.608;(9.72±3.68)%,0.379。正常脑组织的ADC值及D值变异度接近且较低,而D*值及f值的变异度较高。结论多b值DWI技术获得的D值与两b值DWI技术获得的ADC值在正常脑组织具有同样低的变异度,而D*及f变异度较高,进行临床评价时结果需谨慎解读。     

体素内不相干运动成像和扩散峰度成像在下肢良恶性骨与软组织肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨磁共振体素内不相干运动成像(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)及扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)在下肢良恶性骨与软组织肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。材料与方法搜集2016年11月至2018年1月在本院放射科做下肢MRI发现有肿块的患者54例,所有患者均行下肢3.0 T MRI平扫以及多b值(0、10、20、30、40、50、75、100、150、200、400、800、1000、1500 s/mm~2)体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像扫描检查以及多b值(0、100、700、1400、2100 s/mm~2)DKI扫描检查。经Siemens第三方软件(DKI_tool_3_4)分别获得IVIM模型和DKI模型的参数值ADC值、D值、f值、D*值以及MK值、MD值。根据病理结果,将肿瘤分为良恶性骨肿瘤与软组织肿瘤,应用独立样本t检验分别比较良恶性骨肿瘤与软组织肿瘤的IVIM各参数及DKI各参数是否有统计学差异。P0.05认为差异有统计学意义。利用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)评估各参数的诊断效能。利用Logistic回归分析评估联合IVIM和DKI模型参数在鉴别良恶性骨与软组织肿瘤中的价值。结果在54例肿瘤患者中,骨肿瘤28例,其中良性组7例,恶性组21例,软组织肿瘤26例,其中良性组11例,恶性组15例。恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值、D值、MD值分别为(1.23±0.27)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.12±0.22)×10-3 mm~2/s、(1.26±0.46)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,明显低于良性组(1.95±0.39)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.78±0.42)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.91±0.53)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);f值(10.0%±3.98%)明显高于良性组(3.43%±2.99%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MK值为(0.76±0.45)×10~(-3) mm~2/,明显高于良性组(0.36±0.22×10~(-3) mm~2/s),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);恶性组和良性组的D*值分别为(9.72±4.89)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(6.86±3.53)×10~(-3) mm~2/s),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。恶性骨肿瘤ADC、D、f、D*、MK、MD值的ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.935、0.939、0.891、0.701、0.840、0.844。其中ADC值、D值、MK值、MD值的诊断效能较高,以1.64×10~(-3) mm~2/s、1.45×10~(-3) mm~2/s、0.56×10~(-3) mm~2/s、1.86×10~(-3) mm~2/s为诊断阈值时,其敏感度分别为85.7%、85.7%、71.4%、71.4%,特异度分别为95.2%、95.2%、1 0 0%、95.2%。同样的,恶性软组织肿瘤的ADC值、D值、MD值分别为(1.27±0.38)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.04±0.35)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.53±0.55)×10~(-3) mm~2/s,明显低于良性组[(1.90±0.43)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.71±0.45)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(2.24±0.60)×10~(-3) mm~2/s],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MK值[(0.82±0.56)×10~(-3) mm~2/s]高于良性组[(0.45±0.97)×10~(-3) mm~2/s],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);D*值[(15.66±29.66)×10~(-3) mm~2/s]高于良性组[(10.26±5.92)×10~(-3) mm~2/],差异无统计学意义(P0.05);f值(8.20%±3.84%)低于良性组(9.62%±4.47%),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。恶性软组织肿瘤ADC、D、f、D*、MK、MD值的AUC分别为0.876、0.885、0.633、0.552、0.894、0.812。其中ADC值、D值、MK值、MD值的诊断效能较高,以1.33×10~(-3) mm~2/s、1.42×10~(-3) mm~2/s、0.60×10~(-3) mm~2/s、1.71×10~(-3) mm~2/s为诊断阈值时,其敏感度分别为100%、7 2.7%、6 0.0%、90.9%,特异度分别为6 0%、93.3%、1 0 0%、6 6.7%。结论 IVIM参数ADC、D值及DKI参数MK、MD值有助于下肢良恶性骨与软组织肿瘤的鉴别,联合IVIM和DKI能提高临床对下肢肿瘤的诊断准确性。     

DWI定量分析在鉴别肝脏良恶性病变的价值

目的探讨MRI表观扩散系数(ADC值)鉴别肝脏良恶性病变的价值。方法 12例正常人和101例肝局灶性病变患者常规MRI及DWI检查,b0,b1000的ADC图上测量ADC值,各数据间的差异进行统计学分析。结果 不同病变的ADC值为:肝细胞癌(1.0±0.13)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,胆管细胞癌(1.02±0.11)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,转移瘤(0.97±0.24)×10~(-3)mm~2/s;肝血管瘤(1.83±0.35)×10~(-3)mm~2/s;肝单纯囊肿(3.1±0.21)×10~(-3)mm~2/s;局灶性结节增生(1.14±0.14)×10~(-3)mm~2/s。12例正常肝组织(1.16±0.09)×10~(-3)mm~2/s。肝脏良性病变(肝血管瘤、肝囊肿)ADC值明显高于恶性肿瘤(肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌、转移瘤),两组之间有统计学意义(P0.05)。局灶性结节增生、正常肝组织与恶性肿瘤ADC值差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌、转移瘤3者之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 分析病变的ADC值的差异,是鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性病变有价值方法 。     

DWI以及ADC值测量在脑肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨弥散加权成像以及表观弥散系数值测量在脑肿瘤鉴别诊断中的作用.方法回顾性分析44例脑肿瘤的DWI与ADC值特点.结果 44例脑肿瘤表现分为如下五类:DWI高信号ADC值升高(n=19)、DWI高信号但ADC值减低(n=11)、DWI低信号ADC值升高(n=9)和DWI混杂信号ADC值升高(n=5).转移瘤[(1.364±0.468)×10-3 mm2/s]、胶质瘤[(1.396±0.560)×10-3 mm2/s]及脑膜瘤[(0.935±0.182)×10-3 mm2/s]ADC值之间统计学差异不明显(F=3.47, P>0.05).结论 ADC值本身不能鉴别转移瘤、胶质瘤和脑膜瘤, 但DWI和ADC值可用于对脑肿瘤的评价,结合两者可提供肿瘤内部功能信息.     

肾脏MR表观扩散系数与估算肾小球滤过率的关系

目的探讨肾脏扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)所测量表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值与估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)之间的关系。材料与方法 2013年1月至2015年5月,武汉大学人民医院627例受试者在3.0 T磁共振扫描仪上行肾脏扩散加权成像。根据eGFR的不同将受试者分为3组,即eGFR30 m L/min/1.73m~2组、30 mL/min/1.73m~2≤e GFR60 m L/min/1.73m~2组以及eGFR≥60 m L/min/1.73m~2组。测量肾门水平肾皮髓质交界区的ADC值。比较3组间ADC值的差异并分析ADC值与eGFR的相关性。结果 3组肾脏的平均ADC值分别为(1.72±0.10)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.88±0.16)×10~(-3) mm~2/s、(1.90±0.16)×10~(-3) mm~2/s。3组肾脏ADC值间差异具有统计学意义(F=81.24,P0.001)。肾脏ADC值与eGFR之间有显著相关性(r=0.613,P0.05)。结论 ADC值的测量能在一定程度上反映患者肾脏滤过功能,DWI对肾功能的评价具有重要价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.