30例癫痫的血清肌酸激酶测定

在临床上有一部分癫痫患者的脑电图检查是正常的,影响诊断。但强烈的肌肉运动,可使血清肌酸激酶(ＣＫ)增高[1],对1周内有癫痫发作的30例病人,测定血ＣＫ含量。现将结果报告如下。1　资料11　癫痫组:30例均为1周内有癫痫发作。平均年龄(40±16)岁。其中9例来院后仍有发作,发作类型:强直阵挛发作6例,单纯强直发作2例,单纯阵挛发作1例;脑电图:3例正常,6例呈尖慢复合波、棘慢复合波。来院后未见发作21例中,根据家属叙述,患者发作类型也可归纳以下几种:强直阵挛发作17例;单纯强直发作1例,单纯阵挛发作3例。21例中2例脑电图异常,均呈尖慢复合波。1…     

青少年肌阵挛性癲痫20例临床特点分析

目的 研究青少年肌阵挛性癫痫患者(juvenile myoclonic epilepsy,JME)的临床及脑电图特点,探讨JME诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析在宣武医院癫痫门诊就诊的20例JME患者,总结其一般特点、发作类型及脑电图特点.结果 20例患者均有肌阵挛发作,部分合并全面强直一阵挛发作或典型失神发作.16例患者的脑电图可见全导爆发出现的棘慢波或多棘慢波,其中4例合并局灶性的异常.导致漏诊的最主要因素是肌阵挛发作的病史询问欠详.结论 JME的正确诊断主要依据其临床特点,询问肌阵挛发作的病史以得到诊断的关键信息,脑电图只是辅助的诊断工具.     

伴中央颞区棘波的儿童自限性癫痫临床特征及共病分析

目的 总结伴中央颞区棘波的儿童自限性癫痫(SeLECTS)的临床特征及共病注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)情况。方法 纳入2020年7月至2022年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的89例SeLECTS患儿,收集社会人口学资料、临床表现、视频脑电图资料、治疗与预后资料,采用SNAP-Ⅳ量表判断是否存在注意缺陷多动障碍。结果 (1)临床特征:89例SeLECTS患儿男性49例,女性40例;首发年龄平均为(7.22±2.04)岁。发作类型主要为局灶性运动性发作(36例,40.45%)和局灶性进展为双侧强直-阵挛发作(46例,51.69%),7例(7.87%)二者兼具。发作时主要表现为单侧阵挛或双侧强直-阵挛发作、流涎、双眼斜视或上翻、口角或下颌抽动、喉咙发声。(2)脑电图特征:56例患儿视频脑电图背景活动均正常,痫样放电波形主要为尖(棘)波、尖(棘)慢复合波、棘波簇,以及睡眠期癫痫性电持续状态;非快速眼动睡眠期棘波指数为33.00(19.25,53.25)。(3)治疗与预后:37例(41.57%)患儿控制至少6个月无发作,其中23例(25.84%)控制至少12个月无发作。(4)共病...     

额叶癫痫患儿发作期视频脑电图起源部位与症状分析及脑功能预后评价

目的 分析额叶癫痫患儿发作期视频脑电图起源部位与临床症状,并进行脑功能预后评价。方法 选取2018-05—2020-04唐山市妇幼保健院额叶癫痫患儿140例,均行视频脑电图检查,分析视频脑电图发作起源、发作特点及脑电图起源与发作症状相关性,Logistic回归分析额叶癫痫患儿近期预后影响因素。结果 140例额叶癫痫患儿共监测到354次具有明确脑电图起源的临床发作,其中背外侧额部发作155次（43.79%）,近中央额部发作148次（41.81%）,眶额部发作51次（14.41%）;发作症状：偏转性强直219次（61.86%）,姿势性强直146次（41.24%）,怪异动作133次（37.57%）,局部阵挛118次（33.33%）,口咽自动症109次（30.79%）,发声48次（13.56%）,手足自动症39次（11.02%）,情绪症状35次（9.89%）;偏转性强直、姿势性强直、怪异动作在背外侧额部与近中央额部出现频率高于眶额部,发声、手足自动症在背外侧额部、眶额部出现频率高于近中央额部,情绪症状在眶额部出现频率高于背外侧额部、近中央额部（P<0.05）;Logistic回归模型分析...     

额叶癫痫发作临床表现及脑电改变特征的分析

目的 探讨额叶癫痫发作临床表现及脑电改变特征。方法 利用ＺＮ８０００型同步录像脑电图（ＥＥＧ）对１０例额叶癫痫患者进行脑电和行为监测。结果 监测时间内共监测到８９次临床发作,睡眠６２次,清醒２７次,持续时间１０～９０秒。临床表现：单纯部分性发作３例１２次,复杂部分性发作６例７０次,强直－阵挛性发作１例７次;发作期ＥＥＧ：额区或额区为主的癫痫样放电（棘波、尖波、棘慢、尖慢综合波）８例７１次,高极高幅     

26例额叶癫误诊分析

目的分析和总结额叶癫的临床特点、脑电图特点及误诊情况。方法对26例额叶癫的临床特点、脑电图资料进行回顾性分析。结果额叶癫临床发作形式多样,有姿势性发作、躯体自动症、偏转发作、伴发声及迅速进展的全面强直阵挛发作等,长程录像脑电图监测阳性率高。本组患者误诊率73.1%(19/26),主要误诊为颞叶癫、睡眠障碍、全面强直阵挛发作、精神分裂症及癔症发作等。结论额叶癫临床表现复杂多变,极易误诊,临床医生一定要掌握其临床特点及脑电图特点,长程录像脑电图监测对诊断意义重大。     

良性成人家族性肌阵挛癫痫三家系临床特点分析

对三个良性家族性肌阵挛癫痫(BAFME)家系中的31例存活患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.31例患者年龄为16-83岁,平均45.9岁.家系一发病年龄为14～46岁,家系二为15～39岁,家系三为31～50岁.男女发病率无明显差异.所有患者均以皮质震颤、肌阵挛伴或不伴癫痫发作为主要临床表现.28例存活者行脑电图检查,21例显示异常,主要表现为多棘波或棘慢、尖慢复合波的出现.25例存活者行体感诱发电位检查,21例可见巨大电位.丙戊酸钠能有效控制患者的肌阵挛或全身强直-阵挛发作.     

额叶癫痫发作的临床与脑电图特征

目的：分析额叶癫痫发作的临床及ＥＥＧ特征。方法Ｌ经同步录像脑电图（Ｖｉｄｅｏ－ＥＥＧ）监测,对４０例癫痫病人１８１次额叶发作的临床表现及ＥＥＧ进行同步分析。结果：额叶发作频繁而短暂,以睡眠中发作为主。常见的临床表现依次为过度运动、扭转性强直、姿势性强直、发声、假性失神等。发作新时期额区棘、尖波稀少且波形不典型,发作期额 叶限局性或弥漫性的改变与背景活动的差别不明显。结论：临床和ＥＥＧ不典型是导致额叶发作临床诊断困难或误诊的主要原因。认识额叶发作的临床特点,延长ＥＥＧ记录时间及发作期临床－ＥＥ现步分析有助于对额叶发作的诊断。     

青少年肌阵挛癫痫一例

正青少年肌阵挛癫痫(Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy,JME)是一种常见的年龄相关的特发性全身性癫痫综合征,占所有癫痫的2.8%～11.9%~([1]),占儿童特发性全身性癫痫的20%。JME起病年龄在12岁～18岁之间占76%。其典型发作形式是肌阵挛发作,可合并全面性强直-阵挛发作和失神发作,脑电图(EEG)特征为发作间期广泛性棘慢波或多棘慢波发放。治疗上以口服抗癫痫药物(AEDs)为     

31例青少年肌阵挛性癫痫临床表现脑电图特点及误诊分析

目的 回顾性分析31例青少年肌阵挛性癫痫(JME)患者的临床、脑电图特点及误诊原因.方法 收集2008年9月～2011年1月在我院癫痫诊治中心诊治的31例JME患者,对其临床表现、脑电图改变及药物治疗疗效进行总结性分析.结果 31例患者表现单纯肌阵挛发作者12例;肌阵挛伴全身强直-阵挛发作者15例;肌阵挛伴失神发作者4例.长程录像脑电图检查,24例患者于监测过程中出现肌阵挛发作,脑电见与发作同步的对称性、泛化性多棘慢波、棘慢波爆发.既往就诊中诊断为全身强直-阵挛发作者17例,抽动症者8例,部分性发作者4例,正常者2例.依据发作类型给予治疗后肌阵挛症状1w内消失者13人;2w内消失者11人;1个月内消失者6人,每月内均有3～4次肌阵挛发作者1人.继发的全身强直-阵挛性发作,半年内消失者20例;1年内消失者11例.结论 青少年肌阵挛性癫痫,以短暂的、无节律性、不规则的肌阵挛抽动为特点,由于症状不典型容易造成误诊,长程录像脑电图检查,附加闪光刺激、睡眠剥夺等诱发试验,提高阳性诊断率,对症治疗效果好.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.