重型颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析手术后276例重型颅脑损伤手术患者的临床资料。随访6个月后根据脑积水诊断标准,分为脑积水组(47例)和非脑积水组(229例),采用单因素分析和逐步Logistic回归分析,比较两组患者颅内脑挫裂伤、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、硬膜外血肿、颅骨损伤、颅骨线型骨折、脑脊液蛋白水平及压力等因素。结果随访结果显示,重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生率为17.03%(47/276);单因素分析结果显示脑积水组和非脑积水组在年龄、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、昏迷(有无、持续时间)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)、去骨瓣减压术、创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage,tSAH)、加尔维斯顿定位和失忆测试(Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test,PTA)、功能独立性测评(Function Independent Measure,FIM)的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归结果显示高龄、硬膜下血肿、昏迷时间长、GCS低分值,去骨瓣减压术与重型颅脑创伤后的脑积水的发生显著正相关。结论高龄、有硬膜下血肿、GCS评分低、接受去骨瓣减压术是重型颅脑创伤后脑积水的危险因素。     

自发性脑室出血后脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨自发性脑室出血后形成脑积水的相关危险因素,以指导临床治疗决策。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学附属逸夫医院2016-06—2020-05收治的152例自发性脑室出血患者的临床资料,其中脑室出血后发生脑积水67例,未发生脑积水85例。将2组患者性别、年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、原发出血部位、有无脑疝、Graeb评分、受累及的脑室数量和颅内感染等指标进行比较,多因素Logistic回归分析脑室出血后发生脑积水的危险因素。结果与未发生脑积水组相比,发生脑积水组患者GCS评分≤8分、Graeb评分≥6分、受累及的脑室数量和颅内感染比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组性别、年龄、脑疝、原发出血部位差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明GCS评分≤8分、Graeb评分≥6分和颅内感染是自发性脑室出血后发生脑积水的独立危险因素。结论 GCS评分、Graeb评分以及是否并发颅内感染是影响自发性脑室内出血后发生脑积水的重要因素。     

重度脑外伤患者去骨瓣减压后发生脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨重度脑外伤患者接受去骨瓣减压术后发生脑积水的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月入住我院接受去骨瓣减压治疗的重度脑外伤患者的临床治疗。分析变量包括入院时的性别、年龄以及格拉斯哥(GCS)评分、脑室是否有出血、中线移位程度以及骨瓣大小、术后是否发生缺血性卒中、颅内感染等变量,采用逻辑回归对变量分析,探讨发生术后发生脑积水的危险因素。再对危险因素计算曲线下面积以评估其预测发生脑积水的临床价值。结果本组104例接受去骨瓣减压术治疗的重度脑外伤患者入选,其中28在随访过程中罹患脑积水。逻辑回归显示入院时高龄(P=0.003)、低GCS评分(P=0.008)、合并脑室和蛛网膜下腔出血(P=0.0002)、环池受压(P=0.038)以及骨窗大小(P=0.007)均为发生脑积水的危险因素。结论重度脑外伤患者接受去骨瓣手术而言,如果患者有以下情况,高龄、低GCS评分、合并脑室、蛛网膜下腔出血、环池受压以及所需去除的骨瓣较大,则应在术后严密监测,一旦脑积水发生,做好即时处理措施。     

重型颅脑损伤后并发脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年3月至2015年7月去大骨瓣减压术治疗的104例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验脑积水的危险因素。结果出院后随访9个月,104例中,发生脑积水24例(23.08%),未发生脑积水80例(76.92%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁、脑室出血、昏迷、硬膜下血肿、入院时GCS评分3~5分、骨窗面积≥120 cm2、双侧去骨瓣减压术是重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水的独立危险因素(P0.05),而早期颅骨缺损修补术却可以减少脑积水的发生率(P0.05)。结论重型颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水的危险因素众多,包括高龄、脑室出血、昏迷、硬膜下血肿、骨窗面积、双侧去骨瓣减压术、未行早期颅骨缺损修补术等,临床应给予相应措施以减少脑积水的发生率。     

颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液发生的独立危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年2月至2014年2月149例颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料,其中术后发生硬膜下积液47例（积液组）,未发生硬膜下积液102例（非积液组）。对其危险因素进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回顾分析。结果两组患者入院时GCS评分、手术时机、血肿位置、血肿量、基底池受压、中线结构位移≥10 mm、蛛网膜下腔出血及脑积水发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时GCS评分≤5分、血肿量〉40 ml、中线结构位移≥10 mm、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑积水、基底池受压是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜外积液的独立危险因素。结论损伤严重、血肿量大、CT表现为基底池受压和中线结构位移≥10 mm、并发蛛网膜下腔出血及脑积水的颅脑损伤患者在去骨瓣减压术后发生硬膜下积液的风险较高,应给予重视。     

创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑积水的发生及危险因素分析

目的探讨创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑积水的发生率及其发生的临床危险因素。方法回顾性分析301例创伤性SAH病人的临床资料,记录病人GCS评分、年龄、性别、去骨瓣减压术、SAH特征等因素,Logistic回归分析创伤性SAH后发生脑积水的独立危险因素。结果随访2个月,发生脑积水36例(11.96%)。Logistic回归分析表明:年龄、脑室内出血、SAH厚度和SAH分布是创伤性SAH后出现脑积水的独立危险预测因素;而性别、入院GCS评分、SAH部位、去骨瓣减压术与创伤性SAH后并发脑积水无明显关系。结论脑积水是创伤性SAH后的常见并发症,高龄、脑室出血、SAH严重程度是创伤性SAH后发生脑积水的高危因素。     

早期脑室-腹腔分流术和颅骨修补术治疗脑外伤的临床疗效分析

目的观察分析早期脑室-腹腔分流术同期联合颅骨修补术治疗脑外伤伴脑积水的临床疗效、并发症及其预后。方法将收治的50例典型脑外伤患者,分为观察组(25例):入院后3个月内择期行脑室-腹腔分流术及同期颅骨修补术;对照组(25例):择期先进行脑室-腹腔分流术,3个月后择期进行颅骨修补术。回顾性分析两组患者的临床治疗方案、疗效、并发症及预后。结果 50例患者入院时均伴有不同程度的颅骨缺损及脑积水。术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)观察组:为3~5分6例,6~8分19例;对照组为3~5分7例,6~8分18例。治疗后GCS评分,观察组(13.21±1.67)与对照组(10.85±1.92)比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。两组的优良率、并发症比较,均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期脑室-腹腔分流术同期联合颅骨修补术治疗脑外伤伴颅骨缺损和脑积水疗效显著,预后较分期手术佳,术后并发症相对较少。     

创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血并发分流依赖性脑积水危险因素分析及列线图预测模型的构建

目的探讨创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(tSAH)患者发生分流依赖性脑积水(SDHC)的危险因素并构建列线图预测模型。方法选择南京医科大学第一附属医院神经外科自2018年2月至2022年2月收治的269例tSAH患者, 出院后均随访3个月, 随访期间并发SDHC 51例, 未并发SDHC 218例。比较并发SDHC组和未并发SDHC组患者的临床资料, 采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定tSAH患者并发SDHC的独立影响因素, 根据多因素Logistic回归分析结果构建预测tSAH患者并发SDHC的列线图模型, 使用一致性系数(C-index)和校准曲线评估列线图模型的预测效能和符合度。结果与未并发SDHC组比较, 并发SDHC组患者的入院格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分较低, 合并脑疝、tSAH范围弥散、tSAH厚度≥5 mm、脑室内积血、中线偏移>12 mm、行去骨瓣减压术及出院时有硬膜外积液者所占比例较高, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示入院GCS评分13～15分(OR=0.134, 95%CI:0.024～0.740, P=0.02...     

重度颅脑损伤患者术后并发脑积水的相关因素分析

目的分析重度颅脑损伤(severe traumatic brain injury,STBI)患者术后并发脑积水的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月~2015年12月收治的327例STBI患者,均接受头颅CT检查,其中术后并发脑积水者60例,其余267例未并发脑积水,分析并发脑积水的相关因素。结果单因素分析显示,年龄超过50岁、入院时GCS评分为3~5分、未行腰椎穿刺、血肿位置在硬膜下和脑内、行去骨瓣减压、开颅但未行硬膜缝合、SAH为弥漫性的患者术后脑积水发生率高于年龄小于或等于50岁、入院时GCS评分为6~8分、行腰椎穿刺、血肿位置在硬膜外、未行去骨瓣减压、开颅并行硬膜缝合、SAH为局限性的患者,差异显著,P0.05。多因素回归分析显示,STBI术后并发脑积水的保护因素包括行腰椎穿刺和开颅者行硬膜缝合,危险因素包括SAH呈弥散性、行去骨瓣减压与年龄超过50岁,差异显著,P0.05。结论 STBI患者术后并发脑积水的几率较高,且受到多方面因素共同影响,不利于患者的治疗与恢复,临床上应尤其注意高危患者,可采取腰椎穿刺、硬膜缝合措施预防脑积水。     

创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血并发脑积水危险因素分析

目的探讨创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(tSAH)后脑积水发生的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析301例tSAH患者,利用Logistic回归分析分别探讨性别、年龄、是否伴有其他脑损害、开颅去骨瓣减压术以及tSAH的部位、范围、厚度等对创伤性脑积水发生的影响。结果301例tSAH患者36例(11.96%)发生脑积水,Logistic回归显示脑积水的发生与患者年龄、伴有其他脑外伤、tSAH范围、tSAH厚度等因素有关,OR值分别为0.415,1.712,2.968,3.875,而与性别、tSAH的部位及开颅去骨瓣减压术无关。结论该结果有助于分析和预见不同患者tSAH性脑积水发生的危险性,提示对高危患者应采取更加积极的治疗手段,从而减少tSAH性脑积水的发生。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。