肠道病毒71型感染导致重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿临床高危因素分析

目的 探讨肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染导致重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的临床特点,早期发现高危因素,以利于疾病早期认识、早期干预和诊断治疗.方法 收集2010年3月至6月本院重症监护室收治的42例EV71感染导致重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿患儿资料,分析其性别、年龄、白细胞、血小板、血糖、BE、心肌酶谱、乳酸、病程和肺出血等资料,通过生存组(n=26)和死亡组(n=16)对比,分析神经源性肺水肿发生的高危因素.结果 42例患儿中死亡16例,病死率为38.1%.16例患儿均有发热、惊跳及循环功能障碍(休克);15例患儿手足或手足臀部有针尖样散在皮疹,1例无皮疹.死亡组与生存组临床特征相比,出汗、意识障碍、指端凉、肺出血、应激性溃疡、循环衰竭发生率高,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).死亡组和生存组血糖及白细胞计数均升高,死亡组明显高于生存组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);死亡组乳酸升高,生存组乳酸增高不明显,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);死亡组心肌酶CK、CK-MB、肌钙蛋白等指标明显高于生存组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿病死率高,当患儿出现出汗、意识障碍、肢端凉、应激性溃疡、循环衰竭及血糖、白细胞计数明显增高,心肌酶、肌钙蛋白、血乳酸等升高现象为重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的高危因素.     

重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的危险因素分析

目的 探讨重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的危险因素.方法 根据有无并发神经源性肺水肿将79例重症于足口病患儿分为两组,分析两组在临床症状、体征、实验窒检查及脑电图检查结果之间的差异,Logistic回归分析并发神经源性肺水肿的危险因素.结果 两组患儿在肠道病毒71型的感染率,高体温、肌阵挛、肢体麻痹、眼球调节障碍、心动...     

重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的机制

重症手足口病可并发神经源性肺水肿,严重者导致死亡.肺水肿的发生可能与中枢神经系统损伤后神经因素、体液因素、生物活性因子等多方面改变有关.研究重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿的发病机制从而采取积极有效的措施及时阻断并发症的发生具有重要意义.     

EV71感染相关神经源性肺水肿和心肺衰竭

肠道病毒71型（EV71）是手足口病病原之一。大多数手足口病呈良性经过,预后良好,但EV71有明显的嗜神经性,是引起手足口病重症病例的重要病原,可导致无菌性脑膜炎、脑炎、脑干脑炎、脑脊髓炎、脊髓灰质炎样综合征等神经系统病变。少数中枢神经系统受累严重的患者,病情可于短时间内迅速进展,发生肺水肿、肺出血以及循环衰竭等严重并发症,死亡率和致残率高。现重点介绍EV71感染相关神经源性肺水肿、心脏损害以及心肺衰竭的研究现状。     

300例手足口病患儿病原学分析及诊治体会

目的 总结手足口病病原及临床诊治经验.方法 对我院2009年1至12月收治的300例手足口病患儿中的普通病例145例(48.3%)和重症病例(并发脑炎)155例(51.7%)的临床特征、治疗转归及病原学进行了回顾性分析.结果 普通病例粪便送检120例,病原检测阳性90例(75.0%),其中EV71 58例(64.4%),Cox A16 29例(32.2%),Cox A10 2例(2.2%),Cox A4 1例·(1.1%);重症病例粪便送检147例,病原检测阳性115例(78.2%),EV71 67例(58.3%),Cox A16 47例(40.9%),Cox A10 1例(0.9%).普通病例全部治愈出院,平均住院时间为5.27 d;重症病例155例入院后积极给予甘露醇脱水降颅压、短期应用激素,56例加用静脉丙种球蛋自治疗,32例患儿加用甲泼尼龙治疗,12例加用米力农治疗.3例神经源性肺水肿患儿,2例应用机械通气治疗,1例好转,1例治愈出院,1例入院16 h抢救无效死亡.余全部病例体温正常,精神、饮食好,148例临床症状消失治愈出院;6例(均有瘫痪)病情好转出院,出院后继续口服强的松,其中5例在出院2～3周恢复正常,1例失访.结论 手足口病是儿科较常见的肠道传染病,并发中枢神经系统感染者,病情进展快,早期诊断、早期抢救治疗,防止神经源性肺水肿的发生,可最大限度降低手足口病的病死率、致残率.     

重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿机械通气治疗特点及死亡高危因素分析

目的 探讨重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿患儿机械通气治疗特点和死亡高危因素分析.方法2010年3月至6月我院重症监护室收治42例重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿患儿,根据患儿预后分为死亡组(A组)26例和存活组(B组)16例,对两组患儿的机械通气参数及临床资料进行分析.结果A组呼吸机参数呼气末正压、吸入氧浓度及氧合指数分别为(15.68 ±2.26)cm H2O、0.89±0.25、(216.7±156.3)mm Hg,而B组为(9.60±0.98)cm H2O、0.76±0.27、(349.8±120.9)mm Hg.A组呼气末正压、吸入氧浓度明显高于B组(P=0.007,P=0.037),氧合指数明显低于B组(P=0.009).小儿危重病例评分、白细胞计数、血糖、心率、乳酸水平、CK-MB、肺出血、循环衰竭是重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿死亡的高危因素(P＜0.05).结论重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿死亡组患儿机械通气参数较高,提示预后不良.小儿危重病例评分低,心率快,白细胞计数高,血糖、乳酸、CK-MB水平高,肺出血、循环衰竭发生率高是重症手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿死亡的高危因素.     

2008年深圳市80例手足口病重症病例的临床特征分析

目的 总结手足口病重症病例的临床特征,以早期发现重症病例,阻止病情进展,提高救治水平.方法 将我院收治的80例手足口病重症病例进行回顾性分析.根据病情分成4组,分别总结各组病例的临床症状、体征、辅助检查特点,通过统计学分析,发现有价值的重症病例早期临床特征性指标.结果 80例手足口病重症病例中,绝大部分患儿年龄小于5岁(94%),合并中枢神经系统病变70例(87.5%),无菌性脑膜炎21例(26.3%),弛缓性麻痹3例(3.8%),脑炎32例(40%),脑干脑炎9例(8.9%),脑脊髓炎4例(5%).神经源性肺水肿6例(7.5%).肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染51例(64%),柯萨奇病毒A16型感染7例(9%),中枢神经系统病变组EV71感染率明显增高,差异有显著性(X2=4.09,P＜0.05).79例(99%)出现发热,78例(97.5%)手、足、臀、膝出现不同程度皮疹;病情重者,皮疹反而越少.中枢神经系统病变组均不同程度出现精神差或烦躁不安,伴有四肢惊跳67例(95.7%).各组间高血糖的发生率差异有显著性(P＜0.05).中枢神经系统病变组脑脊液白细胞数均不同程度升高,各组之间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).床边脑电图监测提示不同程度背景活动变慢及慢波增加.头颅MRI异常8例.2例患儿死于神经源性肺水肿.结论 我院收治手足口病重症病例中以中枢神经系统病变为主,FV71感染率较高,病情严重的患儿皮疹数目较少.精神差或烦躁不安、四肢惊跳是重症病例的早期临床特征,高血糖是有价值的病情判断指标.神经源性肺水肿是主要死亡原因.     

肠道病毒71型感染致脑脊髓炎3例

肠道病毒71 型(EV71)是新型肠道病毒,是手足口病(HFMD)的主要病原体之一[1].EV71 感染所致重症HFMD的高病死率是值得关注的问题[2].有报道指出,几乎重症HFMD患儿均以神经系统受累为首发表现,EV71 直接侵犯大脑脑干而非免疫反应[3],由此发展为神经源性肺水肿.本研究发现EV71感染致高位脊髓炎,从而发生中枢性呼吸衰竭,亦可能是EV71感染病例致死的重要原因.     

手足口病并发病毒性脑炎20例临床分析

目的 探讨手足口病(hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)并发病毒性脑炎的临床特点及诊治问题,以提高治愈率.方法 回顾性分析2008年和2009年我院收治的20例HFMD并发病毒性脑炎患儿的临床资料及治疗方法 .结果 HFMD并发病毒性脑炎患儿早期主要表现为持续高热、精神差、易惊及呕吐,严重意识障碍及典型抽搐少见,部分患儿的循环系统已被累及.大多数患儿血白细胞总数升高,少数患儿血糖水平升高,脑电图检查可协助早期诊断.经积极脱水降颅压、大剂量丙种球蛋白及甲泼尼龙冲击治疗、改善循环和控制血糖等,所有患儿均达到临床治愈,无一例并发神经源性肺水肿,未遗留神经系统后遗症.结论 HFMD并发病毒性脑炎起病急,病情进展快,早期诊断并积极治疗,可有效阻断神经源性肺水肿发生,降低病死率,且预后良好.     

15例肠道病毒71型感染重症手足口病临床特征及病原基因型分析

目的 探讨肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)感染重症手足口病患儿的临床特征及病原的基因型.方法 采用荧光定量PCR方法对15例重症手足口病患儿的临床标本进行EV71检测,RT-PCR扩增VP1基因目的片段测序,确定基因型.回顾性分析15例患儿的临床资料.结果 15例重症病例EV71核酸阳性,测序系C4型.全部病例均有体温异常,早期有不同程度神经系统受累.起病至出现重症合并症平均时间为1.26d.11例发展为神经源性肺水肿.4例予经鼻持续气道正压通气,11例气管插管呼吸机辅助通气.3例死亡,1例放弃,11例治愈.结论 重症EV71感染起病初期就有不同程度神经系统受累,多数发展为神经源性肺水肿,EV71基因型为C4型.早期识别、及早呼吸支持可降低病死率.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.