婴儿肠道菌群形成与喂哺方式及食物过敏的关系

目的观察健康婴儿在不同喂养方式下肠道菌群的定植过程及其在食物过敏时的变化,分析肠道菌群形成与婴幼儿食物过敏的相互关系及母乳喂养的意义。方法采用荧光定量PCR技术测定细菌16SrRNA,对健康无过敏症131例(其中母乳喂养71例,人工喂养60例)及100例过敏症婴儿粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌进行定量检测。结果婴儿肠道菌群处于动态定植过程。母乳喂养婴儿肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量较人工喂养婴儿高(P<0.05),而大肠杆菌数量较人工喂养婴儿低(P<0.05)。食物过敏婴幼儿肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿低(P<0.05),而大肠杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿高(P<0.05)。结论婴儿期肠道菌群处于动态演替过程。不同的喂养方式对肠道菌群有影响,过敏性疾病婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴幼儿不同,应大力提倡母乳喂养。     

婴儿肠道菌群与分娩方式、喂养方式及胆汁淤积性肝病的关系

目的分析分娩方式和喂养方式对健康婴儿肠道菌群的影响,探讨肠道相关分子微生态在胆汁淤积性肝病中的作用及意义。方法收集37例健康婴儿(其中阴道分娩21例,剖宫产16例;母乳喂养15例,人工喂养22例)及84例胆汁淤积性肝病婴儿粪便,提取粪便中细菌DNA并测量A260值;应用实时荧光定量PCR反应测定粪便中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌及大肠杆菌3种代表菌的数量。结果阴道分娩婴儿与剖宫产婴儿比较,母乳喂养婴儿与人工喂养婴儿比较,粪便标本中细菌DNA A260值和3种代表菌数量差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。健康对照组与胆汁淤积性肝病组粪便标本中细菌的DNA A260值分别为(1.94±0.47)g.L-1和(0.40±0.09)g.L-1,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.91,P=0.00);健康对照组与胆汁淤积性肝病组3种细菌数(lg拷贝数/g湿便)的对数值比较差异均有统计学意义(双歧杆菌9.49±0.59 vs 7.68±0.57;t=15.96,P=0.00;乳酸杆菌8.58±0.32 vs 8.16±0.70;t=3.46,P=0.00;大肠杆菌6.87±0.67 vs 7.26±0.86;t=-2.41,P=0.02)。结论不同的分娩方式、喂养方式对婴儿期肠道菌群无影响;胆汁淤积性肝病婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴儿不同,粪便中细菌总量减少,双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌数量明显减少,大肠杆菌的数量则明显增多,提示肠道菌群失调与婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病的发生、发展有一定关系。     

婴儿早期喂养方式与疾病关系的探讨

为了解不同喂养方式对婴儿疾病的影响，进一步促进母乳喂养，本文对我院近2年1144例4个月内的婴儿就喂养方式与疾病的关系、健康与疾病婴儿母乳喂养率及其关系等进行临床探讨，现报告如下。     

母乳及配方奶喂养对NICU早产儿的影响

目的分析母乳喂养对不同出生胎龄早产儿的重要性。方法 639例出生胎龄28~(+3)~36~(+6)周的早产儿中单纯母乳喂养组(亲乳母乳喂养,未添加强化剂)237例,以及单纯配方奶(液态早产奶)喂养组402例。比较喂养方式对体重增长,白蛋白(ALB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平,以及喂养不耐受发生率、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)等并发症发生率的影响。结果与配方奶喂养相比,母乳喂养的出生胎龄28~30周早产儿日体重增长较快,喂养不耐受、NEC患病率较低,碱性磷酸酶较高,白蛋白较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染患病率及住院时间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄31~33周的早产儿母乳喂养组较配方奶组日体重增长快,喂养不耐受率低,住院时间短,碱性磷酸酶高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间NEC、贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染的发生率及白蛋白的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄34~36周早产儿不同喂养方式组的各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论母乳喂养对出生胎龄28~33周早产儿体重的增长,喂养不耐受率的降低,住院时间的缩短以及NEC发生率的减低有重要意义。     

食物过敏婴儿和健康婴儿肠道菌群的差别

目的检测食物过敏(FA)婴儿和健康婴儿的主要肠道菌群,为食物过敏与肠道菌群关系研究提供线索。方法采用病例对照研究,检测2003年5~12月在重庆医科大学儿童医院儿保门诊体检的52例FA婴儿和100例健康婴儿的大便菌群(双歧杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属、肠杆菌科),大便菌群的分析采用GLM的广义析因法。结果FA婴儿大便双歧杆菌计数减少［(9.61±1.16) VS (10.31±1.20) Log10CFU/g,P<0.001］,肠杆菌计数增多［(9.54±0.60)VS (9.07±0.64) Log10CFU/g,P<0.001］。不同喂养方式下FA婴儿大便的肠道菌群改变相似。结论食物过敏婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴儿的肠道菌群存在显著差别。     

喂养方式对婴儿常见疾病的影响

目的探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿常见病的影响。方法采用问卷调查方式并对资料进行卡方与方差分析。结果3组喂养方式在婴儿上呼吸道感染、肺炎、贫血和佝偻病发病率方面差异有显著性，其中母乳喂养组发病率均低于混合喂养组与人工喂养组。结论积极提倡母乳喂养，能有效预防婴儿常见病的发生和促进婴儿的生长发育。     

新生儿和婴儿肠道菌群的构成及影响因素

肠道菌群与人类健康和疾病的关系成为近年来胃肠道功能研究的热点。本文综述新生儿和婴儿肠道菌群的构成和形成的影响因素,即时间、分娩方式、环境和地域、喂养方式、抗生素的应用和细菌间相互作用。     

婴儿肠道菌群的形成及其与食物过敏的关系

目的　观察健康婴儿肠道菌群的定植过程及其在食物过敏症患儿的变化 ,分析肠道菌群形成与婴幼儿食物过敏的相互关系。方法　采用荧光定量PCR技术测定细菌 16SrRNA ,经与标准曲线对照计算细菌数量 ,对 71例健康无过敏症母乳喂养婴儿和 10 0例食物过敏婴儿粪便乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌行定量检测。结果　婴儿肠道菌群处于动态定植过程 ,随生长发育 ,双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌在肠道定植增加 ,大肠杆菌数量减少。食物过敏婴幼儿肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿低 ,而大肠杆菌数量较健康婴幼儿高。结论　婴儿期肠道菌群仍处于动态演替过程。食物过敏婴儿肠道菌群与健康婴儿不同     

人乳低聚糖对婴儿肠道菌群影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

婴儿期是肠道菌群形成和发展最为关键的时期,作为肠道菌群演替速度较快的重要阶段,稳定的肠道菌群定植对机体健康、免疫系统的建立及完善有着重大且长远的意义。母乳中富含人乳低聚糖(HMOs),能够有效促进婴儿肠道中有益细菌的生长,抑制病原菌的侵袭,改善肠道菌群组成,提高菌种多样性,促进婴儿生长发育。现就HMOs的研究现状及其对婴儿肠道菌群的影响进行综述。     

妊娠期糖尿病对母乳喂养的12周龄婴儿肠道菌群影响

目的 比较妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）及正常孕妇的持续母乳喂养的12周龄婴儿肠道菌群的分布特点,以探索GDM对12周龄婴儿肠道菌群的影响。方法 选择2016年6月—2019年12月入组的母亲及其随访至12周龄的母乳喂养的婴儿,依据母亲孕期血糖检测结果将母乳喂养婴儿分为GDM组（n=13）和对照组(n=27)。采集婴儿12周龄粪便,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对所有粪便样本进行检测,比较两组肠道菌群分布特点。采用Spearman相关分析法分析肠道菌群与孕期血糖、婴儿体重的相关性。结果 共纳入40对研究对象,GDM组13对,对照组27对。两组的优势菌门均为放线菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门,GDM组的疣微菌门相对丰度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（Z=2.233,P <0.05）。在属水平上,GDM组中肠道菌群优势菌属来自放线菌门和厚壁菌门,对照组中肠道菌群的优势菌属来自放线菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门。LEfSe差异分析结果显示,GDM组中疣微菌门/目/科、阿克曼氏菌、劳森氏菌、哈利真杆菌的丰度明显升高（LDA>2）,而在对照组中芽孢杆菌目、孪生球菌属、丹毒梭菌属的丰度明显升高（LDA&...     

Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infants delivered by cesarean section

This report describes a well documented case of Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in a child delivered by cesarean section. The case indicates that infants delivered by cesarean section are still at risk of developing chlamydial infection. Various routes of infection are discussed, with a review of chlamydial disease in infants born by cesarean section.     

Neurological adaptation of infants delivered by emergency or elective cesarean section

The effects of intrapartal asphyxia on neonatal neurological condition have been studied in 17 full-term infants delivered by emergency cesarean section and in 30 full-term infants delivered by elective cesarean section used as controls. A neurological examination consisting of 31 items was performed on days 1, 2 and 5 after birth. A tonus score, an excitability score as well as the number of optimal responses were calculated. A follow-up examination was done at six months of age with a standardized neurological and developmental examination. The results showed that infants born after emergency cesarean section were significantly more hypotone the first two days after delivery than the infants in the elective cesarean section group. In regard to individual neurological items, significant differences were found between the emergency and elective cesarean section in reaction to sound, rooting, patellar, Moro and stepping reflexes with weaker reactions in the elective cesarean section group. Growth, psychomotor development and neurological status at six months did not differ significantly between the groups. Our findings indicate that full-term infants born after emergency cesarean section due to mild intrapartal asphyxia have a delayed neurological adaptation as expressed by poor muscular tonus during their first days of life compared with infants born after elective cesarean section.     

Serum bilirubin levels at 72 hours by selected characteristics in breastfed and formula-fed term infants delivered by cesarean section

The present multicenter study analysed the relative impact of maternal and infant factors on serum bilirubin levels at 72 +/- 12 h in exclusively breastfed vs formula-fed term infants. End-tidal carbon monoxide levels corrected for ambient air (ETCOc), an index of bilirubin production, were measured in exclusively breastfed (B = 66) or formula-fed (F = 210) term infants at 2-8 h of age. Inclusion criteria included cesarean section to ensure a 3 d hospitalization, birthweight > or = 2,500 g, gestational age >37 wk and absence of any illness. The ETCOc for B infants and F infants did not differ significantly (1.3 +/- 0.7 ppm vs 1.3 +/- 0.8 ppm). The serum bilirubin level at 72 +/- 12 h was significantly higher in B infants than in F infants (8.5 +/- 3.4mg dl(-1) vs 6.7 +/- 3.4mg dl(-1) p < 0.001), as was the percentage weight loss from birthweight. Serum bilirubin levels were significantly higher in infants who were male, who did not have meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and in those whose mothers were insulin-dependent diabetics or hypertensive. There was no difference between groups in the need for phototherapy or exchange transfusion. CONCLUSION: Although higher bilirubin levels were observed in group B at 72 +/- 12 h compared with group F, this finding was not of clinical or therapeutic consequence in this study. The lack of difference in ETCOc between the groups may be a factor of the timing of ETCOc measurement in this study, or may suggest that early increased bilirubin production is not a significant contributor to jaundice observed in exclusively breastfed infants. Key words: bilirubin, breastfeeding, jaundice     

Establishment of functional residual capacity in infants delivered vaginally and by elective cesarean section.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured with an open circuit N2 washout method in 20 vaginally born infants and 15 delivered by cesarean section, 30 and 120 min after birth. Umbilical artery blood was collected and analyzed for pH and catecholamine concentration. FRC was significantly higher in the cesarean section infants than in the vaginally delivered infants at 120 min of age (23.8 versus 16.8 ml/kg). The cesarean section infants also tended to have lower tidal volumes and higher respiratory frequencies than infants delivered vaginally. No significant correlation was found between catecholamine levels in umbilical artery and FRC in either group although there was a significant correlation between catecholamine level at birth and the increase of FRC from 30 to 120 min in the cesarean section group. It is suggested that the higher FRC, higher respiratory frequency and lower tidal volume in the cesarean section infants is an adaptation to a higher pulmonary water content to ensure an efficient gas exchange with the least respiratory work.     

Delayed neurological adaptation in infants delivered by elective cesarean section and the relation to catecholamine levels

We have studied the effect of mode of delivery and catecholamine (CA) surge at birth on neurobehaviour 1, 2 and 5 days after birth. Fifteen full-term infants were delivered by elective cesarean section (CS) and 15 full-term control infants were born vaginally. Infants born after elective CS were less excitable and had significantly reduced number of optimal responses during the first 2 days after delivery, compared to the controls. On the 5th day no significant neurological differences were found between the groups. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA) in umbilical arterial plasma were analysed in all infants. The mean values of NA were lower in the CS infants as compared to the vaginally delivered infants. Statistically significant correlations were found between low CA levels and poor muscle tone and/or lower grade of excitability in the CS infants. These results suggest that the high CA surge at birth might be of importance for the neurological adaptation after birth.     

Airway ion transport on the first postnatal day in infants delivered vaginally or by elective cesarean section

To determine airway ion transport in term infants on the first day of postnatal life, and to test the hypothesis that infants born without labor have reduced sodium absorption, we measured nasal potential difference using a modified perfusion protocol suitable for newborn infants. We examined maximal stable baseline potential difference, the change after perfusion with 10(-4) M amiloride (Deltaamil), and the change after perfusion with a zero-chloride solution (Deltazero Cl-) in infants born after elective cesarean section (n = 21) or normal labor (n = 20). Maximal stable baseline potential difference was not different in the two cohorts (-24.0 mV, range -9 to -64 mV versus -25.5 mV, range -6 to -44 mV). The majority of infants in both cohorts showed a substantial fall in potential difference after amiloride perfusion, and there was little capacity for chloride secretion. These results demonstrate a fluid absorptive pattern in the airways on the first postnatal day. In these well infants, the ion transport phenotype was not dependent on the presence or absence of labor.     

Lower body temperatures in infants delivered by caesarean section than in vaginally delivered infants

Clinical experience suggests that infants delivered by caesarean section have difficulties maintaining normal body temperature during the first hours after birth. To test this hypothesis, body and skin temperatures were measured and compared in healthy full-term caesarean section and vaginally delivered newborn infants. The babies were studied during the first 90 min after birth. Axillary and skin temperatures were significantly higher in the vaginally delivered group than in infants delivered by caesarean section. Infants born by non-elective caesarean section were slightly warmer during the first 90 min after birth compared to infants born by elective caesarean section. There were no significant differences in temperatures between infants cared for in a cot as compared to those cared for in an incubator. An incubator creates a physical barrier between babies and parents and incubator care might cause parental anxiety. Thus the routine of putting healthy, full-term caesarean section infants in incubators can be abandoned from a thermoregulatory point of view.