成都市中小学生体质与健康状况调查

目的掌握成都市中小学生体质与健康现状及其存在的主要问题,为促进学生健康成长提供科学依据。方法随机整群抽取20 990名学生进行现场测试,并进行学生体质健康监测问卷调查,对形态、机能、素质、常见病、饮食行为及体力活动水平等指标进行分析。结果与2005年全国学生平均水平相比,城区男、女生,郊县男、女生的肺活量分别提高了484,613,746和703 mL,城区、郊县男生1 000 m跑成绩分别提高了40和37 s,50 m跑成绩分别下降了0.1和0.4 s;城区、郊县女生800 m跑成绩分别提高了33和29 s,50 m跑成绩分别提高了0.6和0.7 s。小学、初中组近视检出率分别提高了3.0和1.2个百分点,高中组下降了2.7个百分点。城区男生超重与肥胖降低了2.2和9.1个百分点,女生降低了2.8和3.4个百分点,郊县男生超重与肥胖检出率降低了2.6和3.7个百分点,女生降低了1.0和1.6个百分点。2.0%的学生从不吃早餐,72.5%的学生偏食,学生每天课堂以外的静坐时间约为4 h。结论学生肺活量、力量素质、耐力素质提高,肥胖检出率下降,近视检出率居高不下。学生中普遍存在不良饮食习惯及体力活动不足现象。     

2010年和2014年陕西省学生体质健康状况分析

目的 分析陕西省2010年和2014年学生身体形态、机能和营养状况的变化以及2014年城乡学生的差别.方法 选取2010年和2014年陕西省学生体质与健康调研数据,对身体形态和机能以及营养状况比较分析.结果 与2010年相比,2014年城乡学生多数年龄组的体重显著增长、肺活量明显下降,其差异具有统计学意义;2014年城区多数年龄组学生身高、体重、肺活量均高于乡村;2014年全省学生营养不良检出率5.0%,比2010年减少3.2%;肥胖学生总体检出率15.5%,比2010年成倍增加.结论 与2010年相比,2014年陕西省学生体重明显增长、肺活量显著下降,肥胖检出率迅猛增加;2014年城区学生的身体形态和机能虽优于乡村学生,但差别正在缩小.     

中国1985-2005年藏族学生身体形态发育及营养状况动态分析

目的 了解1985-2005年中国藏族学生身体形态发育及营养状况的变化趋势.方法 利用1985、1995、2000和2005年中国学生体质与健康调研资料中的藏族学生为研究对象,对不同年度藏族7～18岁学生的身体形态发育及营养状况进行比较.结果 1985-2005年藏族学生身高、体重的生长水平呈现增长趋势,7～18岁男女学生身高、体重分别增长了3.94 cm、5.08 kg和2.25 cm、4.24 kg;胸同有所下降,但变化不明显.藏族学生中较低体重及营养不良检出率进一步下降,营养状况继续得到改善;但超重与肥胖检出率持续增加,成为影响藏族学生营养健康状况的另一大因素.结论 1985-2005年中国藏族学生形态发育水平呈增长趋势,营养状况继续改善,但超重、肥胖检出率持续上升.     

中国1985——2005年藏族学生身体形态发育及营养状况动态分析

目的 了解1985-2005年中国藏族学生身体形态发育及营养状况的变化趋势.方法 利用1985、1995、2000和2005年中国学生体质与健康调研资料中的藏族学生为研究对象,对不同年度藏族7～18岁学生的身体形态发育及营养状况进行比较.结果 1985-2005年藏族学生身高、体重的生长水平呈现增长趋势,7～18岁男女学生身高、体重分别增长了3.94 cm、5.08 kg和2.25 cm、4.24 kg;胸同有所下降,但变化不明显.藏族学生中较低体重及营养不良检出率进一步下降,营养状况继续得到改善;但超重与肥胖检出率持续增加,成为影响藏族学生营养健康状况的另一大因素.结论 1985-2005年中国藏族学生形态发育水平呈增长趋势,营养状况继续改善,但超重、肥胖检出率持续上升.     

南阳市学龄期儿童营养及运动素质状况调查及其对体格发育的影响

目的 探讨南阳市学龄期儿童营养及运动素质状况对其体格发育的影响，以期为超重、肥胖儿童的防治提供依据。方法 随机分层整群抽取2020年9月该地区各小学学龄期入学学生4 032名，分别测量身高、体重、运动素质(50m跑用时、握力、立定跳远、立体前屈),调查其营养摄入情况，记录统计不同营养水平和运动素质状况中肥胖、超重、营养不良检出率。结果 超重、肥胖、低体重的检出率分别为12.28%、7.74%、9.42%,其中男生为13.01%、8.50%、9.47%,女生为11.51%、6.95%、9.38%;所有学生中，运动素质优秀学生的超重、肥胖检出率与运动素质不及格学生比较，明显较低(χ²=216.790、219.578、107.187、102.776,P<0.05);运动素质优秀与不及格学生中营养不良检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);所有学生中，营养过剩学生的超重、肥胖检出率高于营养不足、营养均衡学生，差异有统计学意义(χ²=727.945、918.773,P<0.05);营养不足学生的低体质量检出率高于营养过剩、营养均衡学生...     

单纯性肥胖对儿童形态、生理机能和运动能力的影响

【目的】了解单纯性肥胖儿童的生理功能和素质状况,探讨单纯性肥胖对儿童形态机能和运动能力的影响。【方法】随机整群抽取2所小学,在7~12岁的学生中,按身高标准体重并排除病理性肥胖,筛选出肥胖儿童95名作为病例组,按1∶1配对原则,选择体重正常者95名为对照组。以统一方法检测形态指标、生理机能和运动能力指标。【结果】肥胖组的形态指标中,体重、胸围、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(STR)、肩胛下角皮褶厚度、STR均高于对照组;生理机能指标中,肥胖组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏均高于对照组,肺活量指数和握力指数低于对照组;运动能力指标中,立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈肥胖组成绩低于对照组,50 m跑、400 m跑(50 m×8往返跑)、25 m×4往返跑所需时间肥胖组多于对照组。【结论】肥胖影响儿童的形态发育、生理机能和体育运动能力,对健康构成危害。     

湖北省中小学学生形态机能和肥胖现状调查

目的 了解我国进入全面建设小康社会以来湖北省中小学学生的形态、机能及肥胖现状。方法 用测量法及数理统计法对湖北省中小学学生进行抽样调查。结果 湖北省城乡中小学男生及乡村小学女生的形态发育状况、身体充实程度较四年前显著增长，乡村学生的形态发育状况有所改善。中学女生的身体机能发展状况好于男生，上世纪末“中小学学生身体机能明显下降”的趋势已得到控制。结论 城、乡高中学生及城区初中女生超重和肥胖的比例均高于2000年全国相对应学生超重及肥胖的检出率，尤其是城区高中男生．作者对上述问题提出了对策建议。     

烟台市初中学生形态发育对机能素质的影响

目的研究正处在生长发育突增期的初中学生其形态发育对机能素质的影响。方法对烟台市城乡初中学生1032名进行身高、体质量等形态指标测理,与肺活量、握力、50m跑、立定跳远等机能素质指标进行对比分析。结果男女体质量超标(含肥胖)学生四项机能素质指标成绩均不及正常学生;男女低体质量(含营养不良)学生机能素质状况与正常学生差别不大。结论正处于生长发育高峰阶段的初中学生,超重者机能素质较差。需采取措施改变形态状况,加强体育锻炼,改善体质。     

宁夏1985-2014年中小学生超重肥胖变化趋势及模型预测

了解宁夏地区7~18岁学生1985-2014年超重肥胖变化趋势,并对2019年和2024年学生超重肥胖检出率进行预测,为宁夏地区7~18岁学生超重肥胖防治提出科学依据.方法 对1985-2014年全国学生体质与健康调研宁夏地区的数据资料进行分析,计算超重肥胖率并分析其变化趋势,用GM(1,1)灰色模型进行预测.结果 宁夏7~18岁学生超重肥胖检出率29年间呈上升趋势.与1985年相比,2014年总超重、肥胖检出率平均增长速度分别为9.0%和21.0%;男生分别为13.64%和25.30%;女生分别为6.30%和17.56%,城市学生分别为10.32%和19.19%;乡村超重平均增长速度为7.67%,超重肥胖增长速度表现为肥胖>超重、男生>女生、城市>乡村.GM(1,1)灰色模型预测2019年和2024年超重、肥胖检出率将继续呈上升趋势,到2024年超重肥胖检出率分别将达到16.03%和9.46%.结论 未来数年内如未采取有效干预措施,宁夏7~18岁学生超重肥胖检出率将继续呈上升趋势,尤其是男生和城市学生增长速度更快.应重视开展综合防治措施,降低超重肥胖的发生率.     

湖南土家族学生1985-2005年体质变化及对策分析

目的了解湖南土家族7～18岁学生2005年与1985年的身体形态、机能发育和素质发展的变化趋势。方法随机整群抽取7～18岁的土家族学生,分别测试其相关身体形态指标、机能指标和素质指标,并与1985年的调查结果进行比较分析。结果20年间湖南土家族学生身体形态有明显的增长、生长发育有提前的趋势;血压、肺活量等生理机能指标有所下降;身体素质发展不平衡,耐力和柔韧素质呈下降趋势。结论湖南土家族7～18岁学生20年体质出现滑坡,建议加强学生的体育锻炼和营养的补给。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.