Impact of obesity on atrial fibrillation ablation

Central illustration. Summary of strategies to improve atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation outcomes in obese patients. BMI: body mass index; BS: bariatric surgery; CT: computed tomography; CV: cardiovascular; EAM: electro-anatomical mapping system; EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; PAF: paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; TOE: transoesophageal echocardiography; TTE: transthoracic echocardiography; US: ultrasound; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.

     

肥胖对心房颤动影响的争议

心房颤动(房颤)为临床上最常见的持续性快速心律失常,在美国Miyasaka等[1]报道经年龄和性别校正后房颤的发病率在1980年为3.03％,2000年为3.68％,21年来房颤发病率上升了12.6％.房颤发病率的增加与多种因素有关,已被认知的房颤危险因素包括年龄、男性、高血压、瓣膜性心脏病、慢性心力衰竭、甲状腺疾病等[2],其中一个重要原因在于肥胖的患病率逐年增加.但是肥胖对房颤的影响仍存争议,故本文就肥胖与房颤的相关性作一综述.     

肥胖与房颤的相关性研究进展

心房颤动(简称房颤)是最常见的心律失常疾病,是心源性脑卒中的主要原因。房颤严重影响患者生活质量,且其并发症具有高度致残、致死危害,目前已经成为严重的公共卫生问题。超重和肥胖是心血管疾病的一个重要危险因素,其与房颤的相关性是近年来研究的热点。本文旨在探讨肥胖与房颤的相关性。     

Relation of obesity to recurrence rate and burden of atrial fibrillation

Obesity is associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effect of obesity on AF recurrence or burden has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between AF recurrence, AF burden, and body mass index (BMI). A limited-access data set from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) trial provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was used. Statistical analysis was done with a generalized linear mixed model. In 2,518 patients who had BMIs recorded, higher BMI was associated with a higher number of cardioversions (odds ratio [OR] 1.017, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.005 to 1.029 for a BMI increase of 1 kg/m(2); OR 1.088, 95% CI 1.024 to 1.155 for a BMI increase of 5 kg/m(2); OR 1.183, 95% CI 1.049 to 1.334 for a BMI increase of 10 kg/m(2); p = 0.006 for each). Increased BMI was also associated with a higher likelihood of being in AF on follow-up (OR 1.020, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.038 per 1 kg/m(2) increased BMI, p = 0.0283; OR 1.104, 95% CI 1.011 to 1.205 per 5 kg/m(2) increased BMI, p = 0.0283; OR 1.218, 95% CI 1.021 to 1.452 per 10 kg/m(2) increased BMI, p = 0.0283). In a multivariate analysis, left atrial size but not BMI was an independent predictor of AF recurrence and AF burden. Because left atrial size was correlated with BMI, the effect of BMI on AF can be likely explained by greater left atrial size in subjects with higher BMIs. In conclusion, obesity is associated with a higher incidence of recurrence of AF and greater AF burden.     

超重和肥胖对心房颤动导管消融复发的影响

目的探讨超重和肥胖对心房颤动(简称房颤)导管消融复发的影响。方法回顾性分析连续入院在三维标测系统指导下行环肺静脉线性消融的患者369例,复发定义为消融1个月后发生持续30s以上的房性快速性心律失常,以体重指数≥25.0kg/m2做为超重和肥胖的诊断标准。结果369例中超重和肥胖199例,左房前后径和左室舒张末径在超重和肥胖组显著大于非超重和肥胖组(40.2±6.0mmvs36.6±6.5mm,P<0.001;49.1±7.1mmvs46.9±6.6mm,P=0.003)。随访459±181天,超重和肥胖组复发率为40.2%,非超重和肥胖组的复发率为25.9%,两组间差异有显著性(P=0.004)。单因素分析发现超重和肥胖、持续性/永久性房颤、左房前后径、左室舒张末径是导管消融复发的预测因素。经校正房颤病程、房颤类型、高血压、器质性心脏病,Cox多因素分析显示超重和肥胖是房颤复发的独立危险因素(危险比=1.67,95%可信区间1.13～2.46,P=0.009)。进一步校正左房前后径和左室舒张末径,Cox多因素分析发现只有左房前后径是复发的独立预测因素(危险比=1.04,95%可信区间1.01～1.08,P=0.010)。结论超重和肥胖是影响房颤导管消融复发的重要因素,其机制可能是通过左房增大介导的。     

心房颤动总是"引发"心房颤动吗?

心房颤动(AF)是临床上常见的心律失常,心房重构和AF"引发"AF概念的提出是对AF病理生理机制研究的重大进展,但临床上有关AF的诸多问题并不能都用AF"引发"AF和单纯的心房电重构来解释,本文就AF"引发"AF这一问题结合有关文献作一综述.     

Genetically predicted childhood obesity and adult atrial fibrillation: A mendelian randomization study

Background and aimsIt is unclear whether the association of childhood obesity with adult atrial fibrillation observed in observational studies reflects causal effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of childhood obesity with adult atrial fibrillation using genetic instruments.Methods and resultsWe used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design to evaluate the association between childhood obesity and adult atrial fibrillation. Two sets of genetic variants (15 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] for childhood body mass index [BMI] and 12 SNPs for dichotomous childhood obesity) were selected as instruments. Summary data on SNP-childhood obesity and SNP-atrial fibrillation associations were obtained from recently published genome-wide association studies. Effect estimates were evaluated using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) methods. Other MR analyses, including MR-Egger, simple and weighted median, weighted MBE and MR-PRESSO methods were performed in sensitivity analyses.The IVW models showed that both a genetically predicted one-standard deviation increase in childhood BMI (kg/m²) and higher log-odds of childhood obesity were associated with a substantial increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11–1.34, P < 0.001; OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.14, P < 0.001). MR-Egger regression showed no evidence of genetic pleiotropy for childhood BMI (intercept = 0.000, 95% CI: ?0.024 to 0.023), but for childhood obesity (intercept = ?0.036, 95% CI: ?0.057 to ?0.015). Similar results were observed using leave-one-out and other MR methods in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThis MR analysis found a consistent association between genetically predicted childhood obesity and an increased risk of adult atrial fibrillation. Further research is warranted to validate our findings.     

阵发性房颤随访情况和阵发性房颤进展的危险因素

目的 观察阵发性房颤的随访情况和分析阵发性房颤进展的危险因素。方法 对216例阵发性房颤患者进行随访,观察其主要结局（是否发生房颤进展）和临床事件（卒中、心力衰竭、再住院和出血事件）,再按是否房颤进展分为房颤进展组（n=87）和房颤未进展组（n=129）。采用巢式病例对照研究方法,进行单因素分析和多因素分析（采用多因素Logistic回归模型）,分析影响房颤进展的危险因素。结果 216例阵发性房颤患者经过3.45年（中位数）随访发生房颤进展者87例,其发生进展率为40.2%,年进展率为11.7%。房颤进展组脑卒中、心力衰竭、房颤相关的再住院发生率均显著高于房颤未进展组（分别17% vs. 6%,18% vs. 5%,37% vs. 17%, 分别P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.01）;两组间病死率及出血发生率差异未达到显著水平。多因素分析显示,年龄(OR 1.082,95%CI 1.016-1.392,P<0.05)、左房内径>45 mm(OR 2.339,95%CI 1.445-3.785,P<0.05)、CHADS2评分>3分(OR 1.382,95%CI 1.081-1.987,P<0.05)以及超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平(OR 1.124,95%CI 1.005-2.345,P<0.05 )是房颤进展的独立危险因素。结论 阵发性房颤进展的年发生率为11.6%。影响房颤进展的独立危险因素为年龄、左房内径、hs-CRP水平及CHADS2评分。     

Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify whether obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) independently predict incident atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF). BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for AF, and OSA is highly prevalent in obesity. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with AF, but it is unknown whether OSA predicts new-onset AF independently of obesity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 3,542 Olmsted County adults without past or current AF who were referred for an initial diagnostic polysomnogram from 1987 to 2003. New-onset AF was assessed and confirmed by electrocardiography during a mean follow-up of 4.7 years. RESULTS: Incident AF occurred in 133 subjects (cumulative probability 14%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9% to 19%). Univariate predictors of AF were age, male gender, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, smoking, body mass index, OSA (hazard ratio 2.18, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.54) and multiple measures of OSA severity. In subjects <65 years old, independent predictors of incident AF were age, male gender, coronary artery disease, body mass index (per 1 kg/m2, hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.10), and the decrease in nocturnal oxygen saturation (per 0.5 U log change, hazard ratio 3.29, 95% CI 1.35 to 8.04). Heart failure, but neither obesity nor OSA, predicted incident AF in subjects > or =65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and the magnitude of nocturnal oxygen desaturation, which is an important pathophysiological consequence of OSA, are independent risk factors for incident AF in individuals <65 years of age.     

肥胖对于持续性心房颤动导管消融治疗结果的影响

目的:探讨肥胖对于持续性心房颤动(房颤)导管消融治疗的有效性及安全性影响。方法:选择在本中心接受导管消融治疗并能按计划完成随访的持续性房颤患者为研究对象。根据体质指数(BMI)将患者分为正常体重(24.0kg/m2)、超重(24.0～27.9kg/m2)及肥胖(≥28.0kg/m2)3组。在接受初次导管消融术后,所有患者由固定医生进行随访。通过单变量及多变量回归分析评估肥胖与术后复发间的相关性。结果:342例患者纳入本研究。随访时间为(12.5±9.7)个月,在接受1次消融术后,137例在随访期复发,故本组1次消融成功率为59.9%。根据BMI,分别有109、167、66例属于体重正常、超重、肥胖组。3组间术后复发率差异无统计学意义(P=0.87)。多变量Cox回归分析结果显示左房容积(OR,1.006;95%CI,1.00～1.01;P=0.04)及房颤持续时间(OR,1.06;95%CI,1.03～1.08;P0.001)是术后复发的独立危险因素。结论:肥胖及超重对于持续性房颤导管消融结果无明显影响。仅有房颤持续时间及左房容积可预测术后复发。     

Utilization and in‐hospital complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with obesity and morbid obesity

BackgroundReal‐world data on atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation outcomes in obese populations have remained scarce, especially the relationship between obesity and in‐hospital AF ablation outcome.HypothesisObesity is associated with higher complication rates and higher admission trend for AF ablation.MethodsWe drew data from the US National Inpatient Sample to identify patients who underwent AF ablation between 2005 and 2018. Sociodemographic and patients'' characteristics data were collected, and the trend, incidence of catheter ablation complications and mortality were analyzed, and further stratified by obesity classification.ResultsA total of 153 429 patients who were hospitalized for AF ablation were estimated. Among these, 11 876 obese patients (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11 422–12 330) and 10 635 morbid obese patients (95% CI: 10 200–11 069) were observed. There was a substantial uptrend admission, up to fivefold, for AF ablation in all obese patients from 2005 to 2018 (p < .001). Morbidly obese patients were statistically younger, while coexisting comorbidities were substantially higher than both obese and nonobese patients (p < .01) Both obesity and morbid obesity were significantly associated with an increased risk of total bleeding, and vascular complications (p < .05). Only morbid obesity was significantly associated with an increased risk of ablation‐related complications, total infection, and pulmonary complications (p < .01). No difference in‐hospital mortality was observed among obese, morbidly obese, and nonobese patients.ConclusionOur study observed an uptrend in the admission of obese patients undergoing AF ablation from 2005 through 2018. Obesity was associated with higher ablation‐related complications, particularly those who were morbidly obese.