急性冠脉综合征患者介入治疗分析

目的观察急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）治疗的有效性和安全性。方法回顾分析2008年10月—2011年3月进行PCI治疗的475例急性冠脉综合征患者,其中急性ST段抬高心肌梗死200例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死60例,不稳定性心绞痛215例。分析所有患者冠状动脉的靶血管特点、手术成功率、并发症及术后随访情况。结果经皮冠状动脉内成形术（PTCA）成功率为97.5%,冠状动脉内支架植入术成功率为95.6%,其中A、B、C型病变成功率分别为100%、100%、93.6%。慢性完全闭塞病变血管34支成功率61.8%,严重并发症0.6%。结论 PTCA和冠状动脉内支架植入的成功率均达到95%以上,因此PCI治疗急性冠脉综合征是安全有效的。     

阿托伐他汀钙预治疗在急性冠状动脉综合征患者PCI术中的应用价值

目的探讨阿托伐他汀钙预治疗在急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)中的应用价值。方法随机选取拟行PCI术ACS患者80例,随机分为治疗组(n=40)与对照组(n=40)。其中对照组患者为首次进行PCI治疗且术前未应用他汀类药物,治疗组患者在术前连续口服阿托伐他汀钙片3个月以上,对两组患者术前、术后12h、24h心肌损伤标记物的变化以及炎性反应进行监测,同时观察患者术后20min靶血管前向血流的TIMI血流分级情况,两组患者术后均随访1个月记录心血管事件的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,治疗组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。与对照组比较,治疗组PCI术前、术后12h及24h的超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肌酸激酶同工酶、心肌肌钙蛋白均低于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗组PCI术前及术后的TMPG及TIMI血流分级均优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组术中无复流现象的发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组术后1个月内心血管事件发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀钙预治疗在ACS患者PCI术中的应用不仅可以减轻患者心肌的损伤,降低炎性反应,还能在一定程度上改善患者术后血流灌注并降低近期心血管事件的发生率。     

Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with an Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background

The recent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) recommend DAPT for 1 year in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome, with a Class IIb recommendation for continuation. We aim to assess the evidence for these recommendations using a meta-analytic approach.

Predictors and Implications of Q-Waves in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background

Q-waves in ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes carry adverse implications. We sought to determine the frequency, predictors, and implications of Q-waves in the current era that includes primary percutaneous coronary interventions.

Methods

There were 14,916 patients evaluated in a multicenter observational study. They presented with ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes between 1999 and 2006. Clinical variables were compared between patients with versus without presenting Q-waves, with an additional comparison in the latter group between those with versus without subsequent development of Q-waves.

Results

ST-elevation myocardial infarction occurred in 88.6% of patients. Q-waves were present on the initial electrocardiogram in 3929 patients and developed later in an additional 3085 patients. The incidence of Q-waves at presentation or during hospitalization decreased from 61% to 39% between 1999 and 2006 (linear trend P < .001). Both presenting and subsequent Q-waves were associated with greater likelihood of coronary occlusions and higher cardiac marker elevations (P <.001). Multivariate analysis showed that presenting Q-waves were associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.28), increased age (OR 1.06 per 5 years), diabetes (OR 1.26), smoking (OR 1.11), chronic aspirin (OR 0.79), acute aspirin (OR 0.87), other chronic cardiac medications (OR 0.80), prior heart failure (OR 0.67), and prior coronary artery disease (OR 0.61). Presenting Q-waves were independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality (OR 1.46), but Q-waves at presentation or during hospitalization did not impact 6-month mortality.

Conclusions

Q-waves in ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes are decreasing in incidence. Q-waves are a major determinant of in-hospital mortality, and targeted interventions should be directed to these high-risk patients.     

急性冠脉综合征PCI术前早期应用替格瑞洛对近期预后的影响

【】 目的 探讨替格瑞洛在急性冠脉综合征患者急诊PCI术前应用的临床有效性及安全性。方法 对急救中心确诊急性冠脉综合征的160例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各80例患者。两组均接受急诊PCI术,治疗组于院前即口服负荷量替格瑞洛,对照组口服负荷量氯吡格雷。主要观察：①PCI手术前后梗死相关动脉TIMI血流;②住院期间出血并发症及继发的血小板减少症的发生率;③术后6月的心血管主要不良事件(MACE)发生情况。结果 两组患者临床基本资料无明显差异;替格瑞洛组术前梗死相关动脉TIMI0～1级与氯吡格雷组比较有差异(67.5％比60.0％,P＜0.05),两组PCI术前TIMI3级比较无统计学意义(17.5％比12.5％,P＞0.05),两组PCI术后TIMI3级比较有差异(95.0％比85.0％,P＜0.05);术后1周超声心动图提示氯吡格雷组LVEF低于替格瑞洛组(P＜0.05);术后替格瑞洛组轻度出血事件较对照组略有增多,但两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组近期MACE发生率无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 急性冠脉综合征患者急诊行PCI术前早期应用替格瑞洛能改善术后心肌再灌注,挽救濒死心肌,恢复存活心肌细胞功能,改善心功能,是有效的;未明显增加出血事件及主要心血管不良事件,是安全的。     

急性冠状动脉综合征合并房颤高龄患者抗栓治疗策略新进展

高龄老年急性冠脉综合征患者合并房颤比率高,面临缺血及出血双重高风险.针对该类人群的抗栓治疗方案,尚缺乏统一的共识.本文就目前急性冠脉综合征合并房颤高龄患者的抗栓治疗进行展综述.     

A Comparative Study on Post-intervention Use of Tirofiban or Enoxaparin in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of post procedure use of platelet glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲ a receptor in- hibitor （PGI） or low molecular weight heparin （LMWH） in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS） undergoing dual anti-platelet loading therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods This was a prospective randomized grouping controlled study in 174 patients with ACS received aspirin 300 mg plus clopidogrel 600mg loading before PCI. After procedure, patients were randomized to intravenous tirofiban for 12 -24 hours （tirofiban group） or subcutaneous enoxaparin for 5 days （enoxaparin group）. Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in both groups were investigated. Results Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in tirofiban group were 8.0% , 3.4% , 6.8% , 3.4% , and 3.4% , respectively. In enoxaparin group, aforementioned event rates were 7%, 2. 3%, 6. 0%, 2. 3%, and 5.8%, respectively. No statistical significance was found between two groups. Conclusions In the setting of dual anti-platelet medication loading and PCI for the treatment of ACS, it is effective to use tirofiban or enoxaparin for aggressive post procedure antithrombotic therapy. It comes with a very low major bleeding complication rate. Use of GPI for 12 to 24 hours was comparable to use of LMWH for 5 days in efficacy and safety.     

替罗非班在无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征高危患者介入治疗中的临床应用研究

目的:在无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)高危患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中,观察在标准抗栓治疗基础上加用中等剂量盐酸替罗非班的疗效与安全性。方法:2005年4月-2006年1月接受药物洗脱支架(DES)植入的NSTE-ACS高危患者按有无接受替罗非班治疗分为替罗非班组(26例)和对照组(24例)。比较两组术后支架内血栓形成、不良心脏事件及出血事件的发生率。结果:两组临床、冠状动脉造影及介入治疗基线特征均无显著性差异。替罗非班组一级联合终点发生率有低于对照组的趋势,但尚无统计学意义;替罗非班组二级联合终点发生率在7 d(0％vs 16．7％,P=0．046)、30 d(3．8％vs 25％, P=0．045)和6个月(7．7％vs 33．3％,P=0．035)均显著低于对照组;二级联合终点差异主要来源于需要住院的严重不稳定心绞痛,而心性死亡、急性心肌梗死及靶血管血运重建在两组中无差别。两组7天内出血事件发生率无差别。结论:在植入DES的NSTE-ACS高危患者中,在标准抗栓治疗基础上加用中等剂量的替罗非班可减少6个月随访期间不良事件及支架内血栓的发生、不增加急性期出血并发症。     

Association of Sex with Outcome in Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BackgroundWorse outcomes have been reported for women, compared with men, after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Whether this difference persists in elderly patients undergoing similar invasive treatment has not been studied. We investigated sex-related differences in 1-year outcome of elderly acute coronary syndrome patients treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsPatients 75 years and older successfully treated with PCI were selected among those enrolled in 3 Italian multicenter studies. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the independent predictive value of sex on outcome at 12-month follow-up.ResultsA total of 2035 patients (44% women) were included. Women were older and most likely to present with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), diabetes, hypertension, and renal dysfunction; men were more frequently overweight, with multivessel coronary disease, prior myocardial infarction, and revascularizations. Overall, no sex disparity was found about all-cause (8.3% vs 7%, P = .305) and cardiovascular mortality (5.7% vs 4.1%, P = .113). Higher cardiovascular mortality was observed in women after STEMI (8.8%) vs 5%, P = .041), but not after non ST-elevation-ACS (3.5% vs 3.7%, P = .999). A sensitivity analysis excluding patients with prior coronary events (N = 1324, 48% women) showed a significantly higher cardiovascular death in women (5.4% vs 2.9%, P = .025). After adjustment for baseline clinical variables, female sex did not predict adverse outcome.ConclusionsElderly men and women with ACS show different clinical presentation and baseline risk profile. After successful PCI, unadjusted 1-year cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in women with STEMI and in those with a first coronary event. However, female sex did not predict cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for the different baseline variables.     

Triglyceride-Glucose Index as a Surrogate Marker of Insulin Resistance for Predicting Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nondiabetic Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Aim: The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is proposed as a surrogate parameter for insulin resistance (IR) and, when elevated, is related to increased cardiovascular risks. Whether the TyG index is of great value in predicting adverse prognosis for individuals diagnosed with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), who received elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and without recognized diabetes remains unclear. Methods: Overall, 1,510 subjects diagnosed with NSTE-ACS, who received elective PCI, and without recognized diabetes were enrolled in the current study. All participants received a routine follow-up after discharge. The TyG index was obtained from the following equation: napierian logarithmic (ln) [fasting triglyceride (TG, mg/dL)×fasting blood glucose (FBG, mg/dL)/2]. Adverse cardiovascular events included all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal ischemic stroke, and ischemia-driven revascularization, composite of which was defined as the primary endpoint. Results: Overall, 316 (20.9%) endpoint events were documented during a 48-month follow-up. Despite adjusting for confounding variates, the TyG index remains to be a significant risk predictor for the primary endpoint, with a hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 2.433 (1.853-3.196) ( P ＜0.001). A significant enhancement on the predictive performance for the primary endpoint emerged when adding the TyG index into a baseline model [area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), 0.835 for baseline model vs. 0.853 for baseline model＋TyG index, P ＜0.001; net reclassification improvement (NRI), 0.194, P ＜0.001; integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), 0.023, P =0.007]. Conclusions: The TyG index is an independent risk predictor for adverse cardiovascular events in nondiabetic subjects diagnosed with NSTE-ACS and who received elective PCI. Further prospective studies are needed to verify these findings.     

术前血清白蛋白水平对急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后对比剂肾病的预测价值研究

背景对于对比剂肾病(CIN),目前临床尚无特效治疗方法,因此早期识别并干预CIN高危患者对提高经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)效果、改善患者预后具有重要意义。目的探讨术前血清白蛋白水平对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者PCI后CIN的预测价值。方法选取2018年9月—2019年9月在徐州医科大学附属医院行PCI的ACS患者482例,根据PCI后CIN发生情况分为CIN组(n=52)和非CIN组(n=430),根据术前血清白蛋白水平四分位数间距分为Q1组(≤39.5 g/L,n=120)、Q2组(39.6~42.7 g/L,n=121)、Q3组(42.8~45.3 g/L,n=120)和Q4组(>45.3 g/L,n=121)。比较非CIN组和CIN组患者一般资料、对比剂用量及实验室检查指标,并比较不同术前血清白蛋白水平患者PCI后CIN发生率;ACS患者PCI后CIN的影响因素分析采用多因素Logistic回归分析,并绘制ROC曲线以评价术前血清白蛋白水平对ACS患者PCI后CIN的预测价值。结果(1)非CIN组和CIN组患者年龄、男性比例、体质指数、收缩压、舒张压、吸烟率、高血压发生率、糖尿病发生率及使用β-受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂、他汀类药物、硝酸酯类药物者所占比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CIN组患者AMI发生率、使用利尿剂者所占比例、使用低分子肝素者所占比例及对比剂用量高于非CIN组(P<0.05)。(2)非CIN组和CIN组患者术前三酰甘油、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、白细胞计数、血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素、胱抑素C及估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CIN组患者术前血清白蛋白、血红蛋白水平及术后eGFR低于非CIN组,术前血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)及术后血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素、胱抑素C高于非CIN组(P<0.05)。(3)Q3组患者PCI后CIN发生率低于Q1组,Q4组患者PCI后CIN发生率低于Q1组和Q2组(P<0.05)。(4)多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,术前血清白蛋白水平〔OR=0.765,95%CI(0.700,0.837)〕、血红蛋白〔OR=0.981,95%CI(0.967,0.996)〕、PLR〔OR=1.005,95%CI(1.001,1.010)〕是ACS患者PCI后CIN的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。(5)ROC曲线显示,术前血清白蛋白水平预测ACS患者PCI后CIN的曲线下面积为0.790〔95%CI(0.751,0.826)〕,最佳截断值为40.8 g/L,灵敏度为75.0%,特异度为70.2%。结论术前血清白蛋白水平是ACS患者PCI后CIN的影响因素,且对PCI后CIN具有一定预测价值,有助于早期识别CIN高危患者。     

High-risk Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Definition and Treatment

Introduction  Early risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), unstable angina, or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction ensures patients receive appropriate care. Materials and methods  Many risk-stratification models have been developed to identify high-risk ACS patients who would benefit most from an early invasive strategy and to determine patients at greater risk for bleeding complications. Although high-risk patients seem to benefit most from a combination of aggressive antithrombotic and early invasive therapies, stratification for risk of bleeding also helps in the choice and dosing of appropriate medical therapy. Results  The effective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, in particular, is dependent on accurate risk assessment, whereas the risk-to-benefit ratio of direct thrombin inhibitors in high-risk versus low-risk patients as part of an initial therapy plan requires clarification. Nevertheless, use of the same anticoagulant throughout the care pathway may reduce the rates of death or recurrent myocardial infarction, and bleeding complications.     

Effect of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients

Background

There are little published data reporting the effect of coronary artery chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the prognosis of elderly patients with identified CTOs. We sought to evaluate the clinical effect of CTO PCI on the prognosis of elderly patients with CTOs.