石家庄市PM2.5浓度对居民死亡的急性影响分析

目的 了解石家庄市PM2.5污染特征及其对居民死亡率的影响。方法 收集2013 - 2015年该市逐日大气PM2.5浓度、平均气温、平均相对湿度和居民的死亡数据,利用广义相加模型分析PM2.5日均浓度和居民死亡的关系。结果 研究期间石家庄市日均非意外死亡32人,其中循环系统疾病死亡17人,呼吸系统疾病死亡5人;PM2.5浓度范围为6.3～771.3 μg/m3,平均浓度为118.8 μg/m3。时间序列分析结果表明,该市大气PM2.5浓度每升高10 μg/m3,居民非意外总死亡（lag05）、循环系统疾病死亡（lag05）和呼吸系统疾病死亡（lag1）的风险分别增加0.73%（95%CI:0.42%～1.04%）、1.04%（95%CI:0.64%～1.46%）和0.63%（95%CI:0.07%～1.19%）。结论 石家庄市大气PM2.5浓度的升高可能导致居民非意外总死亡,尤其是循环系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡的增加。     

西安市大气PM2.5短期暴露对人群心脑血管系统疾病死亡的影响

探讨气温与细颗粒物（PM_2.5）对心脑血管疾病死亡影响的协同效应。

收集了上海市浦东新区2013—2018年心脑血管死亡病例以及同期大气污染和气象要素数据。采用以Poisson回归为基础的广义相加模型（GAM）,建立独立效应、双变量二元响应模型以及污染物分层模型,定量评估气温与PM_2.5对心脑血管疾病死亡人数的协同作用。

气温与心脑血管疾病死亡人数的关联性曲线呈现“U”型,最适温度在18.9 ℃。PM_2.5浓度每上升10 μg·m^-3,心脑血管疾病总人群、男性、女性、<75岁和≥75岁人群的死亡风险分别升高0.60%（95%CI：0.30%~0.91%）、0.77%（95%CI：0.34%~1.20%）、0.46%（95%CI：0.05%~0.86%）、0.66%（95%CI：0.03%~1.30%）和0.59%（95%CI：0.26%~0.92%）。随着PM_2.5浓度等级的升高,气温对心脑血管疾病的影响逐渐增大,PM_2.5浓度在>150 µg·m^-3时影响最显著,不同季节的敏感性人群存在差异。

PM_2.5浓度等级在轻度污染及以上时会加大气温对心脑血管疾病的不利影响。

     

2017—2019年慈溪市大气气温及PM2.5对老年呼吸系统疾病发病的影响

目的 探讨2017—2019年慈溪市大气气温及PM 2.5对老年呼吸系统疾病发病的影响。方法 整理2017—2019年慈溪市人民医院、慈溪市中医医院和慈溪市疾控中心门急诊收治的年龄≥60岁的呼吸系统疾病患者发病情况,收集慈溪市气温及PM 2.5相关数据。分析气温、PM 2.5浓度与老年呼吸系统疾病发病的相关性。结果 2017—2019年慈溪市最高气温39.0℃、最低气温0℃、月平均气温5.5～31.5℃,PM 2.5浓度的月平均值为16～63μg/m³,且随着季节变化而变化。PM 2.5与最高气温、最低气温及月平均气温呈负相关(P<0.05),与空气质量指数呈正相关(P<0.05)。研究期间三所医疗机构共收治老年呼吸系统疾病患者88 297例,其中肺炎11 626例、哮喘25 534例、过敏性鼻炎2 266例、急慢性支气管炎5 058例、上呼吸道感染27 051例、其他呼吸系统疾病16 762例。肺炎、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、急慢性支气管炎、上呼吸道感染及疾病总发病情况与气温呈负相关(P<0.05),与PM 2.5呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 ...     

苏州市大气PM2.5浓度与心脑血管疾病死亡的时间序列分析

  目的  探讨苏州市PM_2.5对居民心脑血管疾病死亡的影响。  方法  收集2016年1月1日~2017年12月31日苏州市居民人群死亡数据、大气污染物的数据、气象资料,采用广义相加泊松回归模型分析PM_2.5与居民每日心脑血管疾病死亡人数之间的关系,计算PM_2.5质量浓度每上升一个四分位数间距（interquartile range,IQR）的相对危险度（relative risk,RR值）及其95%可信区间。  结果  2016-2017年苏州市居民因心脑血管疾病死亡总人数为30 200人,平均为41例/d。PM_2.5的日均中位浓度为37.13 μg/m3,IQR为30.75 μg/m3。在最佳滞后条件下,PM_2.5浓度每上升一个IQR,苏州市居民心脑血管疾病单日死亡效应和平均死亡效应RR值分别为1.017（1.001~1.034）和1.055（1.019~1.093）。分层分析结果显示,女性和>65岁老年人群的心脑血管疾病的死亡风险更高。  结论  苏州市PM_2.5浓度的升高可能引起人群心脑血管疾病死亡风险的增加。     

上海市浦东新区大气PM2.5中重金属污染现状研究

目的探讨上海市浦东新区大气PM2.5中重金属的污染状况。方法 2014年9月-2015年8月,采集上海市浦东新区5个采样点大气细颗粒(PM2.5)样品,经微波消解法处理,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定20种重金属元素的含量,并探讨不同采样点、不同季节重金属含量的分布规律。结果方法的检出限为0.001 ng/m3~5.18 ng/m3,标准滤膜的测定值在标准值范围内,加标回收率为80.3%~101.6%,相对标准偏差为1.09%~4.73%。PM2.5的年均质量浓度为80.8μg/m3,元素平均含量由高到低排列为Fe、Al、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Ba、V、Ni、Sr、Cr、Se、Sb、Mo、Sn、Cd、Co、Tl、Ag、Be。结论该方法准确可靠,能满足PM2.5中重金属测定的要求,PM2.5月均质量浓度、重金属总量、主要重金属含量均以冬季最高,对此应予重视,尤其加强冬季污染防治工作。     

无锡市大气主要污染物PM2.5对人群超额死亡风险评估

目的 了解大气主要污染物PM2.5对人群造成的超额死亡风险.方法 收集2015-2019年无锡市户籍人口死因个案资料,采用广义线性模型(generalized linear models,GLM),在控制时间趋势、气象因素和星期几效应等混杂因素基础上,分析PM2.5造成的超额死亡风险.结果 PM2.5对非意外总死亡人数...     

2018-2020年河南省安阳市不同气温下PM2.5对医院门诊量的影响

目的 探讨安阳市不同温度条件下PM_2.5对医院门诊量的影响,为制定人群健康防护措施提供科学依据。方法建立2018～2020年安阳市大气PM_2.5、气象资料与综合医院内科疾病门诊量及呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病门诊量时间序列数据库,利用广义相加模型获得PM_2.5与门诊量暴露-反应关系,进一步通过张量积相互作用函数检验PM_2.5与温度之间交互作用对不同门诊量影响,最后利用广义相加温度分层模型分析高、中、低不同温度层中PM_2.5对不同门诊量的影响。结果2018-2020年安阳市综合医院内科疾病、呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病日门诊量总计为2 911 611、163 473、412 958人次,日均值分别为2 657、149、377人次;PM_2.5的日平均浓度为68.95μg/m³。与不同滞后时间相比PM_2.5当天浓度每上升10μg/m³,内科疾病门诊量、呼吸系统疾病门诊量及循环系统门诊量上升超额危险度(...     

北京市朝阳区大气PM2.5中重金属对居民健康影响的风险评估

目的 评估北京市朝阳区大气PM2.5中的重金属经吸入途径对人群健康造成的致癌和非致癌风险.方法 于2019年在朝阳区采集大气PM2.5并测定其中12种重金属的含量,按照我国《大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范》(WS/T666-2019),评估重金属对居民健康的风险.结果 2019年朝阳区PM2.5平均值为48 μg/m...     

Short-term effects of ambient gaseous pollutants and particulate matter on daily mortality in Shanghai, China

Identification of the specific pollutants contributing most to the health hazard of the air pollution mixture may have important implications for environmental and social policies. In the current study, we conducted a time-series analysis to examine the specific effects of major air pollutants [particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), and nitrogen dioxides (NO(2))] on daily mortality in Shanghai, China, using both single-pollutant and multiple-pollutant models. In the single-pollutant models, PM(10), SO(2), and NO(2) were found to be associated with mortality from both all non-accidental causes and from cardiopulmonary diseases. Unlike some prior studies in North America, we found a significant effect of gaseous pollutants (SO(2) and NO(2)) on daily mortality even after adjustment for PM(10) in the multiple-pollutant models. Our findings, combined with previous Chinese studies showing a consistent, significant effect of gaseous pollutants on mortality, suggest that the role of outdoor exposure to SO(2) and NO(2) should be investigated further in China.     

Time-series analysis of mortality effects of fine particulate matter components in Detroit and Seattle

Background

Recent toxicological and epidemiological studies have shown associations between particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, but which PM components are most influential is less well known.

Objectives

In this study, we used time-series analyses to determine the associations between daily fine PM [PM ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5)] concentrations and daily mortality in two U.S. cities—Seattle, Washington, and Detroit, Michigan.

Methods

We obtained daily PM_2.5 filters for the years of 2002–2004 and analyzed trace elements using X-ray fluorescence and black carbon using light reflectance as a surrogate measure of elemental carbon. We used Poisson regression and distributed lag models to estimate excess deaths for all causes and for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases adjusting for time-varying covariates. We computed the excess risks for interquartile range increases of each pollutant at lags of 0 through 3 days for both warm and cold seasons.

Results

The cardiovascular and respiratory mortality series exhibited different source and seasonal patterns in each city. The PM_2.5 components and gaseous pollutants associated with mortality in Detroit were most associated with warm season secondary aerosols and traffic markers. In Seattle, the component species most closely associated with mortality included those for cold season traffic and other combustion sources, such as residual oil and wood burning.

Conclusions

The effects of PM_2.5 on daily mortality vary with source, season, and locale, consistent with the hypothesis that PM composition has an appreciable influence on the health effects attributable to PM.     

Characterization of fine particulate matter and associations between particulate chemical constituents and mortality in Seoul, Korea

Background: Numerous studies have linked fine particles [≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5)] and health. Most studies focused on the total mass of the particles, although the chemical composition of the particles varies substantially. Which chemical components of fine particles that are the most harmful is not well understood, and research on the chemical composition of PM_2.5 and the components that are the most harmful is particularly limited in Asia.Objectives: We characterized PM_2.5 chemical composition and estimated the effects of cause-specific mortality of PM_2.5 mass and constituents in Seoul, Korea. We compared the chemical composition of particles to those of the eastern and western United States.Methods: We examined temporal variability of PM_2.5 mass and its composition using hourly data. We applied an overdispersed Poisson generalized linear model, adjusting for time, day of week, temperature, and relative humidity to investigate the association between risk of mortality and PM_2.5 mass and its constituents in Seoul, Korea, for August 2008 through October 2009.Results: PM_2.5 and chemical components exhibited temporal patterns by time of day and season. The chemical characteristics of Seoul’s PM_2.5 were more similar to PM_2.5 found in the western United States than in the eastern United States. Seoul’s PM_2.5 had lower sulfate (SO₄) contributions and higher nitrate (NO₃) contributions than that of the eastern United States, although overall PM_2.5 levels in Seoul were higher than in the United States. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in magnesium (Mg) (0.05 μg/m³) was associated with a 1.4% increase (95% confidence interval: 0.2%, 2.6%) in total mortality on the following day. Several components that were among the largest contributors to PM_2.5 total mass—NO₃, SO₄, and ammonium (NH₄)—were moderately associated with same-day cardiovascular mortality at the p < 0.10 level. Other components with smaller mass contributions [Mg and chlorine (Cl)] exhibited moderate associations with respiratory mortality on the following day (p < 0.10).Conclusions: Our findings link PM_2.5 constituents with mortality and have implications for policy making on sources of PM_2.5 and on the relevance of PM_2.5 health studies from other areas to this region.     

Impacts of intercontinental transport of anthropogenic fine particulate matter on human mortality

Fine particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) is associated with premature mortality and can travel long distances, impacting air quality and health on intercontinental scales. We estimate the mortality impacts of 20 % anthropogenic primary PM_2.5 and PM_2.5 precursor emission reductions in each of four major industrial regions (North America, Europe, East Asia, and South Asia) using an ensemble of global chemical transport model simulations coordinated by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution and epidemiologically-derived concentration-response functions. We estimate that while 93–97 % of avoided deaths from reducing emissions in all four regions occur within the source region, 3–7 % (11,500; 95 % confidence interval, 8,800–14,200) occur outside the source region from concentrations transported between continents. Approximately 17 and 13 % of global deaths avoided by reducing North America and Europe emissions occur extraregionally, owing to large downwind populations, compared with 4 and 2 % for South and East Asia. The coarse resolution global models used here may underestimate intraregional health benefits occurring on local scales, affecting these relative contributions of extraregional versus intraregional health benefits. Compared with a previous study of 20 % ozone precursor emission reductions, we find that despite greater transport efficiency for ozone, absolute mortality impacts of intercontinental PM_2.5 transport are comparable or greater for neighboring source-receptor pairs, due to the stronger effect of PM_2.5 on mortality. However, uncertainties in modeling and concentration-response relationships are large for both estimates.     

A time-stratified case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou, China

Objectives

Few studies in China investigate health impact of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) due to lack of monitoring data and the findings are controversial. The aim of this study is to examine the short-association between PM_2.5 and daily mortality in Guangzhou, the economic center of south China.

Methods

In Guangzhou, we measured daily PM_2.5 concentrations between 2007 and 2008 and conducted a time-stratified case-crossover analysis to explore the association between PM_2.5 and daily mortality, and examine potential effect modifiers including age, sex, and education.

Results

The averaged PM_2.5 concentration in 2007–2008 was 70.1?μg/m³ in Guangzhou, which was approximately seven times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for PM_2.5 (annual average: 10?μg/m³). Regression analysis showed that ambient PM_2.5 was associated with mortality from all causes and cardiorespiratory diseases. An increase of 10?μg/m³ in 2-day moving average (lag01) concentration of PM_2.5 corresponds to 0.90% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 1.26%] increase of total mortality, 1.22% (95% CI: 0.63, 1.68%) increase of cardiovascular mortality, and 0.97% (95% CI: 0.16, 1.79%) increase of respiratory mortality. The associations were stronger in the elderly (aged 65?years or more), in females, and in those with low education level, but the differences were statistically insignificant. After adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), however, the effects of PM_2.5 decreased and became statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

Our findings provided new information for the adverse health effects of PM_2.5 in China, and may have some implications for environmental policy making and standard setting in Guangzhou.     

大气细颗粒物对妊娠期血压的急性效应研究

目的 研究大气细颗粒物对妊娠期血压的影响,为进一步探讨妊娠高血压疾病的发病机制提供依据.方法 利用上海市孕产期保健队列研究数据及大气细颗粒物监测数据,采用广义相加混合效应模型等方法分析大气细颗粒物对妊娠期血压的急性和滞后效应.结果 研究于2010年共纳入7 402例孕晚期妇女,结果表明在仅考虑气温、湿度、季节和长期趋势及周末效应的情况下,PM1每增加一个四分位数间距(滞后0天、1天、3天和5天),妊娠期妇女收缩压可分别增加0.509mmHg (95％ CI:0.045 ～0.974)、0.504mmHg(95％ CI:0.047～0.961)、0.456mmHg (95％ CI:0.011 ～0.901)、0.466mmHg(95％ CI:0.028 ～0.904),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);调整气象条件、周末效应、季节因素、产妇年龄、孕产史、高血压家族史、孕前BMI的情况下,妊娠期妇女收缩压可分别增加0.503mmHg(95％CI:0.066 ～0.940)、0.486mmHg(95％CI:0.055 ～0.916)、0.443mmHg(95％ CI:0.022 ～0.865)、0.480mmHg (95％ CI:0.064 ～0.895),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),但PM2.5浓度对妊娠期收缩压的影响差异无统计学意义(均P＞ 0.05).在仅考虑气温、湿度、季节、长期趋势及周末效应的情况下,PMI每增加一个四分位数间距,滞后3天妊娠期妇女舒张压可增加0.402mmHg(95％CI:0.027 ～0.777),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),然而在调整上述因素后,PM2.5水平变化对妊娠期舒张压的影响无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PM1是妊娠期血压增高的独立危险因素,是较有价值的附加空气质量指标,孕期妇女应根据雾霾预警进行及时有效的防护.     

上海市浦东新区居民非意外死亡与日均气温相关性的时间序列研究

目的 了解日均气温对浦东新区居民非意外死亡的影响。方法 收集2005—2019年浦东新区气象资料、居民非意外死亡资料以及上海市大气污染物资料,利用分布滞后非线性模型,评估日均气温对浦东新区居民非意外死亡的影响及累积性与滞后性。结果 高温与低温均导致居民非意外死亡、心脑血管疾病及呼吸系统疾病死亡风险上升。以中位温度(P₅₀, 18.2 ℃)为参照,高温(P₉₅, 30.1 ℃)对居民非意外死亡、心脑血管疾病及呼吸系统疾病死亡累积2 d(Lag0～1 d)效应的RR值及其95%CI分别为1.28(1.23～1.33)、1.32(1.24～1.41)及1.45(1.28～1.64); 低温(P₅, 3.0 ℃)对居民非意外死亡与心脑血管疾病死亡的影响在累积22 d(Lag0～21 d)的RR值及其95%CI分别为1.22(1.11～1.35)与1.37(1.17～1.60),对呼吸系统疾病的影响在在累积15 d(Lag0～14 d)的RR值及其95%CI为1.27(1.01～1.59)。低温对<75岁人群非意外死亡的影响不显著; 高温对≥75岁人群的影响显著高于<75岁人群。小学及以下文化水平人群受高温及低温的影响显著高于中学及以上文化人群。结论 高温与低温均增加浦东新区居民非意外死亡风险。≥75岁人群与小学及以下文化人群对气温的影响更为敏感。     

上海市松江区老龄人口结构与死因分析

目的探究大气污染物PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂与呼吸系统疾病死亡的关联性。方法汇总上海市松江区2011—2012年大气污染数据,并收集户籍人口呼吸系统死亡的全部病例,采用时间分层-病例交叉设计方法分析两者间关系,并对不同年龄别、性别人群的超额死亡风险进行分析。结果SO₂、NO₂与呼吸系统疾病死亡相关,当NO₂浓度每增加10 μg/m³时,在lag0时间点上导致呼吸系统死亡发生率明显提高[OR=1.061(1.000, 1.126)];与女性相比,NO₂明显增加了男性呼吸系统疾病死亡风险[OR=1.109(1.031, 1.194)]。结论大气污染可增加人群呼吸系统疾病死亡的风险,对男性尤甚。