低氧预适应对HT22细胞自噬的影响

目的:研究低氧预适应(HPC)对小鼠海马HT22细胞自噬的影响。方法:将HT22细胞并分为对照组(control)、低氧组(hypoxia)、低氧预适应组(HPC)和低氧预适应与3-甲基腺嘌呤联合处理组(HPC+3-MA)。MTS法检测HT22细胞活性,采用real time RT-PCR检测HT22细胞中自噬及微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)mRNA表达,利用Western Blot检测LC3蛋白的表达及LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ的比值变化,转染GFP-LC3进一步检测LC3Ⅱ表达。结果:HPC可增加低氧状态下HT22细胞的活性,与HPC组相比,HPC+3-MA组HT22细胞活性降低;HPC可以诱导低氧状态下HT22细胞中LC3的mRNA的表达,并增加LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ的比值。结论:HPC通过促进低氧状态下HT22细胞自噬提高细胞活性。     

低氧对大鼠海马神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶Fyn表达的影响

目的:探讨低氧对大鼠酪氨酸蛋白激酶Fyn表达的影响.方法:大鼠随机分为正常对照组和低氧组,低氧组大鼠进行6周常压缺氧饲养.低氧结束后,采用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR方法,分别观察大鼠海马的Fyn蛋白以及mRNA水平的变化.结果:Fyn在两组大鼠海马CA3区均有表达,与对照组相比,Fyn在低氧组大鼠海马CA3区辐射层表达...     

低氧预适应刺激脑海马区内源性神经干细胞的增殖

背景:缺血/缺氧/低氧等刺激均能导致内源性神经干细胞的增殖和分化,起到脑组织修复作用,但低氧预适应能否影响内源性神经干细胞的增殖尚不清楚。目的:探讨低氧预适应对小鼠脑海马区内源性神经干细胞增殖的影响。方法:清洁级Balb/c近交系小鼠随机分为3组,低氧对照组小鼠放入广口瓶内,立即用橡皮塞封紧,以动物出现第1次喘呼吸为低氧耐受极限的标志,完成低氧暴露1次;低氧预适应组小鼠按此法重复操作4次;正常对照组小鼠不进行低氧暴露。通过免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜等技术,测定海马BrdU阳性细胞数和荧光强度。结果与结论:与低氧对照组比较,低氧预适应组小鼠耐受时间显著延长(P0.01)。正常对照组海马区BrdU标记的内源性神经干细胞荧光强度微弱,海马区可见少量BrdU阳性细胞;低氧对照组、低氧预适应组荧光强度及BrdU阳性细胞数均明显增加(P0.01),且低氧预适应组增加幅度大于低氧对照组(P0.01)。证实在低氧预适应过程中,海马区内源性神经干细胞明显增殖,可能参与低氧预适应脑保护机制。     

Genistein后处理介导eNOS激活及其对缺血后神经元的保护作用

 目的 研究Genistein后处理 (Genistein Postconditioning, GPC) 对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马CA1区神经元的神经保护作用,及其对eNOS磷酸化水平的影响,从而揭示GPC神经保护作用可能的分子机制。方法 建立大鼠四动脉结扎全脑缺血模型,采用Western Blot技术检测大鼠海马CA1区eNOS、p-eNOS的表达;NeuN染色和TUNEL技术分别观察海马CA1区神经元的存活和凋亡样损伤。结果 1. Western Blot结果显示,与I/R组相比GPC后再灌注30min和3d p-eNOS水平显著升高,而eNOS蛋白表达在各个时间点没有明显变化。2. 激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术结果显示,GPC组与对照组相比较,海马CA1区存活的神经元细胞明显增加,而凋亡样损伤的神经元显著减少;3. NOS抑制剂L-NAME不但有效降低p-eNOS水平,而且可显著减弱GPC诱导的神经保护作用。结论 Genistein后处理可抑制大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡,其机制可能与p-eNOS表达上调有关。     

CPZ介导急性脱髓鞘小鼠海马中nestin的表达

目的:探讨双环己酮草酰二腙(cuprizone,CPZ)介导急性脱髓鞘小鼠海马中nestin的表达。方法:用掺入0.2%CPZ的普通饲料饲养C57BL/6小鼠6周,制备脱髓鞘模型,然后使用免疫荧光染色、q RT-PCR、Western Blot方法,检测小鼠脑内髓鞘脱失后海马中nestin的表达变化。结果:(1)体重称量结果显示:CPZ组体重明显低于对照组(P0.01);(2)免疫荧光结果显示:CPZ组海马CA区和DG区颗粒细胞层中nestin阳性细胞明显低于对照组分别为:P0.05,P0.01;(3)Western Blot和q RT-PCR实验结果显示:CPZ组海马中nestin蛋白和m RNA含量均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:CPZ介导小鼠急性脱髓鞘后海马内nestin表达降低,提示髓鞘脱失可能会抑制nestin表达。     

运动疲劳损害大鼠空间认知能力并导致海马CA1区L-LTP抑制

目的:探讨运动疲劳对空间认知能力的影响及海马突触可塑性调控机制。方法:采用随机数字法将雄性SD大鼠分为对照组(control)和疲劳组(fatigue),选用3级递增负荷跑台训练方案,建立慢性力竭运动疲劳模型。利用Y迷宫空间识别记忆实验评估大鼠的空间识别和记忆变化,使用Western Blot测定海马组织cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)表达及磷酸化水平,并利用在体电生理记录大鼠海马CA1区晚期时相长时程增强效应(L-LTP),随后通过免疫组织化学染色观察大鼠海马CA1区小清蛋白(PV)的表达。结果:疲劳组大鼠在新异臂的停留时间比和在各臂的总穿梭次数均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。高频刺激后30、60、120直至180 min,疲劳组大鼠海马CA1区场兴奋性突触后电位(fEPSP)斜率较对照组大鼠均显著降低(P<0.01)。Western Blot结果表明,疲劳组大鼠海马组织磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。免疫组织化学染色显示,疲劳组大鼠海马CA1区PV表达下调(P<0.05)。结论:运动疲劳可导致大鼠空间认知能力受损,其机...     

Rac1信号通路在小鼠可卡因情景线索记忆过程中的作用

目的:探讨Rac1信号通路在小鼠可卡因情景线索记忆过程中的作用。方法:将成年雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、可卡因配对的条件性位置偏爱组(CPP)和Rac1抑制剂NSC23766处理组(NSC),利用CPP实验检测可卡因是否可诱导小鼠产生CPP,利用立体定位技术注射AAV-GFP病毒于小鼠海马CA1区并做免疫荧光染色观察海马CA1区神经元的形态;利用Western Blot及GST-pull down方式检测蛋白表达及活性变化;采用Rac1抑制剂NSC23766阻断信号通路探讨其对小鼠可卡因诱导的CPP的影响。结果:可卡因可以诱导小鼠形成CPP,并导致Rac1 GTPase活性增强及其下游信号分子cofilin磷酸化活性升高,并最终导致海马CA1区锥体神经元发生神经可塑性变化。结论:Rac1信号通路通过影响小鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元发生结构可塑性,从而参与调控可卡因情景线索记忆。     

低氧预适应鼠脑海马组织内与cPKCγ相互作用的ERK1/2磷酸化水平降低

目的探讨与经典型蛋白激酶Cγ(cPKCγ)相互作用的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)的磷酸化水平在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的变化。方法用成年雄性BalB/c小鼠制备整体低氧预适应模型,将小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期低氧预适应(H3)和延迟性低氧预适应(H6)3组。应用免疫共沉淀,Western blot等方法检测胞质和膜相关成分中与cPKCγ相互作用的ERK1/2的磷酸化水平。结果小鼠海马组织中ERK1/2能与cPKCγ免疫共沉淀,且与H0组相比,H3及H6组ERK1/2的204位酪氨酸磷酸化水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论小鼠海马组织中,cPKCγ与ERK1/2存在相互作用,且可能参与了脑低氧预适应的发生和发展。     

低氧预适应升高小鼠脑内JNK磷酸化水平和蛋白表达

目的探讨C-JUN氨基末端激酶或应激激活蛋白激酶(JNKs/SAPKs)在脑低氧预适应发生、发展过程中的作用。方法将小鼠整体低氧预适应模型中BALB/C小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期(H1~H4组)和延迟性(H5~H6组)低氧预适应等7组。应用SDS-PAGE和Western bolt方法,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测大脑皮层和海马组织内JNK1和JNK2/3的磷酸化水平及其蛋白表达量的变化。结果在早期低氧预适应形成过程中,随低氧次数的增加,小鼠大脑皮层和海马组织内JNK1的磷酸化水平(未检测到磷酸化的JNK2/3)逐渐升高,且以皮层内(H1和H2组)和海马组织内(H1~H4组)的增高明显(P<0.05,n=6);而JNK1和JNK2/3只在延迟性低氧预适应(H5~H6组)发展过程中明显上调(P<0.05,n=6)。结论JNK1的激活以及JNK1和JNK2/3蛋白表达量的增高可能分别参与了脑早期低氧预适应和晚期延迟性低氧预适应的发生和发展。     

TLR4与TNF-α在脑缺血再灌注小鼠海马CA1区神经元中的表达

目的:探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)在脑缺血再灌注损伤炎症反应中的作用。方法:采用抗TLR4抗体封闭阻断TLR4,应用HE染色观察小鼠海马CA1区组织病理学改变、Western Blot和RT-PCR检测海马TLR4蛋白和mRNA表达量,免疫组化方法检查TNF-α表达。小鼠随机分为3组,即假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I组)和TLR4阻断组(T组),各组又分12,24,48和72h4个时间点组。结果:缺血再灌注组TLR4蛋白、TLR4 mRNA和TNF-α表达水平明显高于假手术组表达水平(P0.05),而TLR4阻断组TLR4蛋白、TLR4 mRNA和TNF-α表达水平明显少于缺血再灌注组(P0.05)。相关分析表明,TLR4 mRNA表达水平与TNF-α含量呈显著正相关(P0.01)。结论:本结果提示缺血再灌注可激活TLR4,TLR4在脑缺血再灌注损伤中起重要作用;炎性因子TNF-α的产生、分泌可能与TLR4 mRNA表达存在密切联系。     

七氟烷预处理抑制缺氧诱导的脑损伤

目的:观察七氟烷预处理对缺氧小鼠脑损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:将60只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为对照(C)组、缺氧(H)组、2%七氟烷预处理30 min组(S1+H组)、2%七氟烷预处理60 min组(S2+H组)和4%七氟烷预处理30 min组(S3+H组),每组10只。缺氧即持续吸入O2体积分数为(6.5±0.1)%的氮氧混合气体24 h构建缺氧模型;预处理即以O2体积分数为(21.0±0.5)%的氮氧混合气体为载气,分别吸入2%七氟烷30 min、2%七氟烷60 min和4%七氟烷30 min,洗脱15 min后进行缺氧处理。用光学显微镜及透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察海马CA1区形态学改变;比色法检测血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;ELISA测定脑组织促红细胞生成素(EPO)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)含量;同时测定脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性。结果:缺氧24 h后,光镜下可见海马CA1区细胞水肿或固缩;各预处理组病理改变轻于H组。TEM下S2+H组细胞超微结构最为完整。H组血清LDH活性及脑组织EPO、VEGF、MDA含量显著高于C组,脑组织的SOD及GPx活性较C组明显降低。七氟烷预处理后血清LDH活性及脑组织EPO、VEGF含量较H组降低,以S2+H组最为显著;脑组织MDA含量及SOD活性降低,而GPx活性有所升高。结论:七氟烷预处理能减轻缺氧引起的脑组织损伤,其机制可能与调节抗缺氧蛋白合成及降低氧化应激有关。     

慢性低压低氧暴露对小鼠海马CA1区神经元树突棘形态及细丝蛋白A表达的影响

目的:探讨低压低氧暴露对小鼠海马CA1区神经元树突棘形态及细丝蛋白A表达的影响。方法:6～8周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠分为常氧暴露7 d组、常氧暴露14 d组、低压低氧暴露7 d组和低压低氧暴露14 d组。低压低氧暴露组置于低压舱模拟6 000 m海拔高原进行低压低氧暴露。Golgi染色法观察小鼠海马CA1区树突的分支数,以及基树突棘和顶树突棘长度和密度的变化; Western blot方法检测小鼠海马细丝蛋白A表达水平的变化;免疫组织荧光染色法检测小鼠海马CA1区细丝蛋白A的表达及分布变化。结果:与常氧暴露组相比,低压低氧暴露后,小鼠海马CA1区树突分支数的差异无统计学显著性,但基树突棘和顶树突棘的长度显著增加(P 0. 05),密度显著降低(P 0. 01)。低压低氧暴露后,小鼠海马细丝蛋白A表达水平低于常氧暴露组(P 0. 01或P0. 05)。免疫组织荧光染色显示细丝蛋白A在小鼠海马CA1区表达,低压低氧暴露后,海马CA1区细丝蛋白A表达水平降低(P 0. 05)。结论:慢性低压低氧暴露可影响小鼠海马CA1区细丝蛋白A表达,并导致海马CA1区神经元树突棘形态发生改变。     

FOXO3a蛋白在缺氧小鼠脑组织中的表达

目的:探讨叉头框蛋白O3a(FOXO3a)在缺氧小鼠大脑组织中的表达.方法:16只SPF级3月龄C57小鼠随机分为对照组(control)和缺氧组(hypoxia).两组小鼠分别接受常氧浓度环境及低氧环境处理1 h,应用Western Blot法定量检测FOXO3a蛋白的表达水平;应用免疫荧光染色技术检测FOXO3a蛋...     

The Role of High-Conductivity Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-Activated Potassium Channels in the Preconditioning Effects of Hypoxia and Posthypoxic Hyperexcitability of Neurons in Hippocampal Field CA1 in Vitro

The effects of the specific high-conductivity Ca²⁺-activated potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin on processes induced in rat hippocampal field CA1 slices by transient episodes of hypoxia were studied, i.e., 1) the suppressing effect of hypoxia on pyramidal neuron activity during hypoxic episodes, 2) the preconditioning action of hypoxia, and 3) posthypoxic neuron hyperexcitability. These experiments showed that iberiotoxin (10–20 nM) produced a tendency to decreases in the effectiveness of hypoxic episodes in depressing the amplitudes of population spikes recorded in hippocampal field CA1 during hypoxia. The high-conductivity Ca²⁺-activated potassium channel blocker significantly decreased the preconditioning effects of the first two episodes of hypoxia on the ability of the third episode of hypoxia to suppress neuron activity. Iberiotoxin also suppressed the posthypoxic hyperexcitability of pyramidal neurons. It is suggested that high-conductivity Ca²⁺-activated potassium channels play an important role in the mechanisms of development of types of neuroplasticity induced by transient episodes of hypoxia such as rapid hypoxic preconditioning and posthypoxic hyperexcitability.     

Decreased phosphorylation and protein expression of ERK1/2 in the brain of hypoxic preconditioned mice

Accumulated reports have suggested that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms may involve the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the neuronal response to hypoxic stimuli. We have previously demonstrated that the membrane translocation or activation of conventional PKC (cPKC) betaII, gamma and novel PKC (nPKC) varepsilon are increased in the early phase of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning in mice. However, the role of ERK1/2 in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning is unclear. In the current study, we used Western blot analysis to investigate the effects of repetitive hypoxic exposure (H0-H6, n=6 for each group) on the levels of phosphorylation and protein expression of ERK1/2 in the frontal cortex and the whole hippocampus of mice. We found that the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, not protein expression of ERK1/2, decreased significantly in both cortex and hippocampus of the early hypoxic preconditioned mice (H1-H4), when compared to that of the normoxic group (p<0.05). In addition, a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the ERK1/2 protein expression, not the phosphorylated form of ERK1/2, was found both in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of mice followed hypoxia with previous hypoxia (H5 and H6). These results suggest that the decreased phosphorylation and downregulation of protein expression of ERK1/2 might be involved in the development of hypoxic preconditioning.     

One- and three-time mild hypobaric hypoxia modifies expression of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 in hippocampus of rat

Our previous study demonstrated that preconditioning by 3-times repetitive mild hypoxia significantly augmented expression of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx-2) at 3 h after subsequent acute severe hypoxia in rat hippocampus. However, it was unclear whether this augmentation was due to build up of Trx-2 by mild hypoxia before severe hypoxia or by modification of reaction to severe hypoxia itself. To answer on this question we study the expression level during and after preconditioning without subsequent severe hypoxia. Trx-2 expression was studied by immunocytochemistry 3 h and 24 h after first session and 3 h and 24 h after last session of 3-times (spaced at 24 h) mild hypobaric hypoxia (360 Torr, 2h). At 3 h after 1-time hypoxia (first session of 3-time hypoxia) the total number of Trx-2-immunoreactive cells (Nt) was significantly decreased in contrast with control in CA2, CA3 and DG. The number of cells with intensive expression of Trx-2 (Ni) was reduced in CA1 and CA3. At 24 h after the same 1-time hypoxia Nt was lower than in control and at 3 h time-point in all hippocampal areas studied (CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG); Ni was decreased only compared to control in CA1 and CA3. At 3 h after last session of 3-times hypoxia Nt and Ni were significantly down regulated in comparison with control only in CA1. At 24 h after it Nt was significantly decreased compared to control in CA1, CA2 and CA3 (in DG the decrease was not statistically significant) but in all areas was higher than at 24 h after 1-time hypoxia. Dynamics of Nt changes from 3-hours after single to 24-hours after triple moderate hypoxia had the wave phase character. These findings indicate that Trx-2 expression in most areas of hippocampus was decreased to 24 h after 3-time mild hypoxia. Thus the augmentation of Trx-2 expression in hippocampal neurons of preconditioned animals in response to subsequent severe hypoxia is caused obviously not by Trx-2 accumulation during preconditioning sessions but by modification of reaction to severe impact.     

Apamin,a selective blocker of SKCa channels,inhibits posthypoxic hyperexcitability but does not affect rapid hypoxic preconditioning in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apamin, a selective blocker of SK_Ca channels, on the repeated brief hypoxia-induced posthypoxic hyperexcitability and rapid hypoxic preconditioning in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. The method of field potentials measurement in CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slices was used. Application of apamin (50 nM) to the hippocampal slices during hypoxic episodes significantly abolished posthypoxic hyperexcitability induced by brief hypoxic episodes. However, in contrast to our previous results with iberiotoxin, a selective blocker of BK_Ca channels, apamin significantly enhanced the depressive effect of brief hypoxia on the PS amplitude during hypoxic episode and did not abolish the rapid hypoxic preconditioning in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Present results indicate that SK_Ca channels, along with previously implicated BK_Ca channels, play an important role in the development of posthypoxic hyperexcitability induced by brief hypoxic episodes in CA1 pyramidal neurons. However, SK_Ca channels, in contrast to the BK_Ca channels, are not involved in the rapid hypoxic preconditioning in CA1 hippocampal region in vitro.