小脑脑桥角内窥镜手术的应用解剖

目的：探讨内窥镜在小脑脑桥角手术中的应用。方法：在内窥镜下对１５具成人尸头小脑脑桥角神经血管解剖结构进行观察,测量乙状窦后缘中点至各神经根的距离。结果：不同视角的内窥镜可以观察到因神经、血管襻及小脑绒球等遮挡而难以在手术显微镜下观察的神经根周围组织结构;乙状窦后缘中点至三叉神经根、面神经根、听神经根、舌咽神经根及内耳门后缘、颈动脉管内口后壁距离分别为３９．３６±２．０９ｍｍ、４０．９６±２．１１ｍｍ、３８．６５±１．７５ｍｍ、３５．８６±２．９３ｍｍ、３１．３８±１．６３ｍｍ、５２．７８±４．２４ｍｍ。结论：结合内窥镜用于小脑脑桥角手术可以提高手术的成功率,降低手术的危险性。所测得的数据为临床应用提供了参考。     

乙状窦后经路小脑脑桥角手术并发症

目的：探讨经乙状窦后径路小脑脑桥角手术并发症的类型及处理方法。方法：对近10年来施行乙状窦后径路小脑脑桥角手术36例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：36例患者除2例神经性聋未愈外，其余并发症均治愈。结论：了解手术并发症的类型及发病机理对预防和处理并发症是重要的。     

微创手术切除小脑脑桥角肿瘤治疗继发性三叉神经痛

目的：探讨小脑脑桥角肿瘤与三叉神经痛的关系以及手术方案的选择。方法：采用耳后小切口乙状窦后入路进入小脑脑桥角切除小脑脑桥角肿瘤56例,对三叉神经进行减压。结果：55例一次性彻底切除肿瘤,1例切除2／3,术后三叉神经痛均立即消失,无严重并发症及死亡病例。结论：小脑脑桥角肿瘤压迫三叉神经根是引起三叉神经痛的原因之一,手术切除肿瘤可消除三叉神经痛。耳后小切口乙状窦后入路小脑脑桥角肿瘤切除术是理想的手术方式。内镜的使用可提高肿瘤的全切率,防止并发症。     

小脑脑桥角肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的 通过分析各种小脑脑桥角肿瘤的MRI表现，评价MRI在鉴别诊断方面的价值。方法回顾性分析139例经临床病理确诊的各种小脑脑桥角肿瘤的MRI图像资料，其中听神经瘤81例，三叉神经瘤23例，脑膜瘤15例，胆脂瘤11例，血管母细胞瘤2例，蛛网膜囊肿4例，脉络丛乳头状瘤、髓母细胞瘤和Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤各1例。结果小脑脑桥角肿瘤中，脑外肿瘤占96．4％，脑内肿瘤占3．6％；本组肿瘤中良性肿瘤占98．6％，恶性肿瘤占1．4％。发生于小脑脑桥角的前三位肿瘤分别为听神经瘤(58．2％)、三叉神经瘤(16．5％)和脑膜瘤(10．8％)，该区肿瘤大多具有特征性的MRI表现，术前定位、定性诊断准确率分别为100％和93．7％。结论MRI是小脑脑桥角肿瘤有效的补充检查方法，对该区肿瘤的诊断和鉴别具有重要的价值。     

声导抗测试提示蜗后病变手术后证实为小脑脑桥角脑膜瘤1例

1 临床资料 患者女，49岁。因左耳听力下降，伴耳鸣半年余，就诊于耳鼻咽喉科。检查见双耳鼓膜完整，标志清楚。纯音测听显示右耳平均听阈为20dBHL以内，左耳低频平均听阈为25dBHL-30dBHL，中高频均为20dBHL以内；声导抗测试双鼓室图呈A型曲线，蹬骨肌反射测试：刺激右耳1000Hz时同侧     

桥小脑角脑神经病变显微手术510例病因分析

目的 总结桥小脑角脑神经病变510例显微手术的经验，并对病因进行分析。方法 经乙状窦后入路进入桥小脑角，在手术显微镜下对有关神经构成压迫和各种病灶分别给予相应的减压等处理。结果 桥小脑角脑神经病变510例全部治愈。术中发现因责任血管压迫者466例，占91．37％；肿瘤15例，占2．94％；蛛网膜粘连者29例，占5．69％。结论 桥小脑角脑神经病变510例，致病因素以责任血管压迫为主，部分为肿瘤压迫，而蛛网膜粘连致病者亦占相当比例；蛛网膜粘连是引起舌咽神经痛的重要因素。     

桥小脑角脑膜瘤手术后的面听神经功能

颅内肿瘤约10％原发于桥小脑角(CPA),其中大部分为前庭神经鞘瘤,脑膜瘤则居CPA肿瘤的第二位,占10％～15％。手术切除是治疗CPA脑膜瘤的可     

成人尸头乙状窦后入路观察小脑脑桥角区神经和血管

目的研究乙状窦后进路小脑脑桥角区神经和血管显微位置关系。方法应用47具（94侧）10％甲醛固定的成年人尸头标本,模拟临床乙状窦后手术进路,观察小脑脑桥角区神经和血管。结果三叉神经、面听神经复合体、舌咽神经和迷走神经与相关血管接触和压迫率分别是17。02％、72。34％、39．36％,主要责任血管是小脑上、前下和后下动脉,接触或压迫神经的主要位置位于神经远离脑干的外1／3。副神经未发现有血管接触和压迫。面听神经复合体的接触或压迫血管中有89．83％成袢,穿行于神经之间。舌咽和迷走神经接触或压迫血管中有44％穿行于神经之间。结论小脑脑桥角区神经和血管关系密切,上述研究为该区手术提供较可靠的解剖学基础,对于此区的手术有一定参考价值。     

岩斜区脑膜瘤显微外科治疗

目的探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年12月采取不同手术入路治疗的66例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床、影像、手术及随访资料。结果肿瘤全切46例（SimpsonI III级）,次全切20例（SimpsonIV级）。1例患者术后死于颅内感染,25例患者术后出现新的神经功能障碍,其中19例在末次随访过程中明显改善或消失。结论手术治疗目标是最大限度的切除肿瘤并减少术后并发症,针对累及不同区域的肿瘤选择不同入路,实现岩斜区脑膜瘤的个体化治疗,有助于疗效的提高。     

岩骨尖斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：通过对32例岩骨尖斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤显微外科治疗的疗效分析，达到提高显微手术的全切率，降低死亡率，改善手术效果。方法：回顾性分析32例岩骨尖斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤病人的临床资料，将乙状窦前迷路后幕上幕下联合入路与其它入路的显微外科手术进行比较，总结32例岩骨尖斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤的显微手术方法，手术结果和术后处理。结果：肿瘤全切除18例（56.3％），死亡2例（6.3％）。经乙状窦前迷路后幕上幕下联合入路22例，全切除18例（81.8％），无死亡。结论：选择好手术入路及运用显微外科技术可以提高岩骨尖斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤的切除率，降低死亡率，对切除困难者，为保证病人术后生存质量，可行次全切除，术后建议行伽玛刀治疗。     

Transcochlear transtentorial approach for removal of large cerebellopontine angle meningiomas.

Meningiomas of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) most often arise from the posterior surface of the petrous pyramid and may extend along the dura to involve the tentorium. Petroclival meningiomas often involve Meckel's cavity and the tentorium. It is impossible to completely remove these large lesions with extension to the supratentorial region by conventional surgical approaches to the CPA such as the suboccipital, middle fossa, or translabyrinthine routes. If total tumor resection is not accomplished, recurrence inevitably follows. A transcochlear approach and actual excision of a large portion of the tentorium allows wide exposure to these large CPA and petroclival meningiomas with supratentorial extension. Thirty-three CPA meningiomas were reviewed from 1976 to 1991. Fourteen patients had tumor extension not only into Meckel's cavity but to the supratentorial region. Ten patients had complete tumor removal, whereas subtotal removal was associated with cavernous sinus invasion. The surgical technique is described in detail with accompanying illustrations. Preoperative symptoms, medical imaging scans, results, and complications are discussed.     

Auditory and facial nerve function following surgery for cerebellopontine angle meningiomas

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the postoperative auditory and facial nerve function results after cerebellopontine angle meningioma removal. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients undergoing surgical removal of cerebellopontine angle meningiomas by the senior author (R.J.W.). INTERVENTIONS: Translabyrinthine or retrosigmoid approach for tumor extirpation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative auditory (pure-tone average and speech discrimination score) and facial (House-Brackmann scale) function within 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-three operations were performed on 21 patients. Hearing preservation through the retrosigmoid approach was attempted in 11 patients (48%). Normal hearing (class A) was preserved in 9 of 10 patients. Normal postoperative facial nerve function (House-Brackmann grade I) was conserved in 11 (65%) of 17 patients. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that successful hearing preservation is possible with meningiomas. Therefore, the retrosigmoid approach should be used whenever serviceable hearing is present preoperatively. Normal facial nerve function can also be preserved in the majority of patients.     

Bilateral cerebellopontine angle lipomas

Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) lipomas are extremely rare lesions and usually unilateral. We describe a case of a 36-year-old man with bilateral aural fullness that was discovered to have bilateral CPA lipomas associated with an abnormal hindbrain segmentation appearance. The patient was evaluated with 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. MRI demonstrated the presence of bilateral CPA masses partially extending into the internal auditory canals. These lesions were hyperintense on both T1- and T2 weighted images. Facial and vestibulo-cochlear nerves together with tortuous vascular structures and fibro-connective septa were identified on T2-weighted 3D Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition (FIESTA) sequences as areas of lower intensity coursing through the masses. Gadolinium administration yielded no enhancement. Conservative management was adopted.     

耳内镜辅助下桥小脑角手术

目的探索耳内镜在桥小脑角(CPA)手术中的应用.方法自2002年11月以来采用耳内镜结合显微镜开展CPA微创手术12例,手术均采用全麻下乙状窦后入路,并行面神经肌电位和听性脑干诱发电位术中监测.听神经瘤7例,桥小脑角面神经肿瘤2例,三叉神经鞘瘤1例,对肿瘤病例内镜主要用于检查内耳道底部有否残留病灶,探查面神经位置和走行,分离残留瘤体.舌咽神经痛1例,内镜下显露CPA和内听道口,显露后组颅神经,并确认舌咽神经,将其游离,用微型剪将之切断.半面痉挛1例,用30°内镜观察内听道口的解剖和后组颅神经的位置,在不牵拉小脑的情况下寻找对面神经形成压迫的责任血管.面神经功能按House-Brackmann分级标准评价.结果所有病例均顺利完成,无死亡病例,无并发后组颅神经损伤.听神经瘤7例,6例全切,1例绝大部分切除,残留脑干表面和内听道内的少许囊壁;均保留面神经解剖结构完整,术后一周面神经功能Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级3例(术后3个月Ⅰ级),Ⅲ级2例(术后3个月分别为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级).面神经鞘瘤2例,肿瘤均全切,1例保留面神经解剖结构完整,术后面神经功能Ⅲ级,术后3个月Ⅱ级,另1例面神经连同肿瘤一起切除,一期面神经-舌下神经吻合,术后1年面神经功能Ⅱ级.三叉神经鞘瘤1例,肿瘤全切,术后一周面神经功能Ⅲ级,术后3个月Ⅱ级.听神经瘤7例术前有残余听力4例,术后有1例保存术前听力;面神经肿瘤2例,术后保存残余听力1例;其余肿瘤病例术后均未保存听力.舌咽神经切断术后症状完全消失,随诊6个月未复发.面神经微血减管压并梳理术后症状明显好转,间断轻度抽搐,面神经功能Ⅱ级,随访1年仍只为轻度抽搐.结论耳内镜与手术显微镜有机结合,达到桥小脑角手术微创的目的,既可清除病变,又能最大限度地保存功能.但耳内镜目前还只是一种辅助的手段,仍有一定局限性,需进一步完善.     

Lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle

Lipomas of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) are unusual tumors that typically present with hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness, and occasionally facial neuropathies. We describe the case of a healthy 42-year-old woman who presented with left-sided hearing loss and facial synkinesis. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing lesion of the left CPA with no signal on fat suppression sequences. Despite conservative therapy, the patient developed progressive hemifacial spasm, and a suboccipital craniotomy approach was used to debulk the tumor, which encased cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI. Surgical histopathology demonstrated mature adipocytes, consistent with lipoma. Two years after surgery, the patient remains free of facial nerve symptoms. Cerebellopontine angle lipomas are rare lesions of the skull base and are reliably diagnosed with T1-weighted and fat suppression magnetic resonance sequences, which we recommend in the routine radiologic workup of CPA tumors. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is crucial because most CPA lipomas should be managed conservatively. Partial surgical resection is indicated only to alleviate intractable cranial neuropathies or relieve brainstem compression.     

Management of cerebellopontine angle meningiomas and the posterior part of the temporal bone. Report on 44 cases

OBJECTIVES: To review and study the management of CPA meningiomas through the experience of an otoneurosurgical team. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourty-two patients (44 meningiomas) were considered. Seventy-seven per cent of tumors (34 cases) were operated on; 6 tumors (14.6%) were exclusively irradiated using fractionated radiation therapy (FRT) and four only surveyed (9,8%). RESULTS: transpetrosal approaches were exclusively used. These were translabyrinthine (TLA) in 47%, widened retrolabyrinthine (WRLA) in 41% of cases, transcochlear approach (TCA) in three cases and a middle fossa in one. A transtentorial approach was combined in 35% of cases (8 TLA, 4 WRLA). Surgical removal was incomplete in 11,8% of cases; in 3 cases growing tumor was treated by FRT included one case of anaplasic tumor Postoperative complications were: 1 meningitis, 1 wound abscess, 2 hydrocephalus (6%) and 4 CSF fistulas (12%). No complications have been observed during the last 7 years (21 cases). House and Brackmann Grade 1 or 2 facial function was obtained in 59% of cases (but 10 patients had a preoperative facial nerve paresis). A normal or subnormal AAO-HNS Class A-B Hearing could be preserved in 57% of WRLA. Radiation therapy allowed tumor shrinkage in all cases. In 3 cases this regression was of more than 50%. CONCLUSION: Surgery is the gold standard in treating CPA meningiomas. Transpetrosal approaches and particularly WRLA pure or combined to a transtentorial approach are for us the best way to remove these tumors in preserving hearing and facial nerve function. When hearing is poor or when tumor extension to the clivus or the premeatal area is consistent a TLA is either planned preoperatively or obtained from a WRLA.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the cerebellopontine angle

Two unusual cases of cholesterol granuloma of the temporal bone manifested as cerebellopontine angle tumors. To our knowledge, cerebellopontine angle extension of this lesion has not previously been reported. Obstruction of ventilation and drainage of any air complex in the temporal bone may produce cholesterol granuloma. Asymptomatic involvement of the mastoid air cell system is common in chronic otitis media. Surgical management of cholesterol granuloma with cerebellopontine angle extension is recommended. Total excision of the lesion is preferred; marsupialization into the mastoid air cell system is an alternative if excision would produce a major neurologic deficit.