稳心颗粒对家兔左心室内、外膜电生理特性的影响

目的通过研究步长稳心颗粒对家兔左心室内、外膜电生理特性的影响,探讨步长稳心颗粒抗心律失常的机制。方法应用浮置玻璃微电极记录技术,在不同频率刺激下,记录应用步长稳心颗粒前后家兔左室游离壁内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位（TAP）各种参数的变化。结果①步长稳心颗粒延长内、外膜心肌细胞的动作电位时程（APD）,当基础周长（BCL）为1000 m s时,使用步长稳心颗粒后心内膜层肌细胞的APD90由216±15 m s延长为（243±8）m s（P<0.01）,外膜层肌细胞的APD90由（182±11）m s延长为（228±10）m s（P<0.01）。②步长稳心颗粒能显著缩短心室跨壁复极离散度（TDR）,当BCL为1000 m s时,用药后TDR由（33±9）m s减小为（21±10）m s（P<0.01）。结论步长稳心颗粒可延长内外膜心肌细胞的APD,使左室TDR缩短。     

胺碘酮、索他洛尔与d-索他洛尔对犬心室肌细胞电生理作用的实验研究

目的分析胺碘酮、索他洛尔与d-索他洛尔对犬心室肌细胞电生理作用.方法采用标准玻璃微电极技术,观察胺碘酮、d,l-索他洛尔(即索他洛尔)与d-索他洛尔对犬心室肌细胞动作电位时程(APD)及跨壁复极离散(TDR)的作用,以研究三种药物不同的促心律失常发生率的机制.结果胺碘酮(5μM)对心室壁三层细胞APD作用不一,使M细胞的APD90缩短,而内、外膜的APD90延长,TDR降低.索他洛尔(100μM)使心室壁三层细胞APD90均延长,对M细胞APD延长更明显,使TDR增加.d-索他洛尔(100μM)使心室壁三层细胞APD90均增加,但以M细胞APD90增加最为显著,而且随着d-索他洛尔诱发早期后除极、APD交替变异发生,而在心室肌内、外膜细胞则未见上述变化.结论胺碘酮、索他洛尔及d-索他洛尔三种药物的不同促心律失常作用与其对心室TDR的作用不同有关.     

胺碘酮对家兔急性心肌缺血左室跨壁复极离散度的影响

目的:探讨胺碘酮对家兔急性缺血左室心肌楔形组织块电生理特性和跨壁复极离散度（TDR）的影响及其抗缺血心律失常的机制。方法: 建立冠状小动脉灌注家兔左室心肌楔形组织块模型,应用浮置玻璃微电极和心电图同步记录技术,观察急性无灌流心肌缺血时,胺碘酮对内外层心肌细胞的动作电位时程（APD）、TDR和心律失常的影响。结果: ①左心室楔形组织块停止灌注后,胺碘酮组内、外膜心肌细胞的APD较对照组明显延长[(228±19) ms vs.(212±6) ms,P<0.05］,且外膜APD的延长更明显[(203±15) ms vs.(180±5) ms,P<0.05］。②急性缺血各时间段,APD较缺血前均缩短,以外膜APD缩短更明显,导致TDR增大。用药后TDR明显短于对照组。结论: 胺碘酮可延长内、外膜心肌细胞的APD,且外膜APD的延长明显,并可减小急性缺血心肌的TDR,这可能是其抗心律失常机制的细胞电生理基础。     

胺碘酮对肥厚心肌钙调蛋白激酶活性的影响

目的观察口服胺碘酮对肥厚心肌细胞钙调蛋白激酶(CaMK)活性的影响,探讨胺碘酮抗心律失常的作用机制。方法30只家兔随机分为假手术组、心肌肥厚组和胺碘酮组,每组10只,喂养3个月,制备兔左室楔形心肌块。同步记录楔形心肌块容积心电图和内、外膜心肌细胞跨膜动作电位(TAP),程序电刺激诱发室性心律失常,并观察各组QT间期、跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)、早期后除极(EAD)和尖端扭转型室性心动过速(Tdp)的诱发率。利用放射免疫法测定心肌细胞CaMK活性。结果胺碘酮组和心肌肥厚组QT间期、内外膜心肌细胞TAP复极90%时程(APD90)和TDR均较假手术组明显延长(P<0.01),胺碘酮组QT间期和内、外膜心肌细胞APD90与心肌肥厚组相比进一步延长(P<0.05),但对TDR无明显影响。与假手术组比较,心肌肥厚组EAD和Tdp的发生率较假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),胺碘酮组EAD和Tdp的发生率较心肌肥厚组降低(P<0.05)。心肌肥厚组心肌细胞CaMK活性较假手术组明显升高,胺碘酮组CaMK活性较心肌肥厚组降低(P均<0.05)。结论胺碘酮抗心律失常的作用机制可能部分与抑制CaMK活性有关。     

胺碘酮和索他洛尔对家兔不同部位心室肌细胞电生理特性的影响

目的　观察胺碘酮和索他洛尔对家兔跨左心室壁不同部位心肌细胞电生理特性的影响 ,从组织水平探讨两种药物致尖端扭转性室性心动过速 (torsadedepointes,TdP)发生率不同的原因。方法　采用标准玻璃微电极记录技术 ,记录心外膜心肌、中层心肌和心内膜心肌的跨膜动作电位 (trans membranceactionpotential,TAP)。在不同基础周长 (basiccyclelength ,BCL)刺激下 (2 50～ 2 0 0 0ms) ,分别观察 0 3～ 3 0 μmol·L- 1 浓度的胺碘酮和 1 0～ 1 0 0 μmol·L- 1 浓度的索他洛尔对 3种心肌TAP的影响。结果　胺碘酮频率依赖性和浓度依赖性地延长 3种心肌的动作电位时限 (actionpotentialduration ,APD90 ) ,由于 3种心肌的APD90 延长程度近似 ,用药后跨心室壁复极离散度 (transmuraldispersionofre polarization ,TDR)无明显增加。索他洛尔呈逆频率依赖性和浓度依赖性地延长 3种心肌的APD90 ,与心外膜心肌和心内膜心肌相比 ,中层心肌的APD90 延长更明显 ,使TDR明显增加 ,且随着剂量的增加这种作用更为显著。在 2 0 0 0msBCL刺激时 ,1 0 0 μmol·L- 1 浓度的索他洛尔诱发早期后除极 (earlyafterde polarization ,EAD) ,胺碘酮无此作用。 结论　胺碘酮和索他洛尔对跨心室壁不同部位心肌细胞电生理特性产生不同的     

慢性压力超负荷兔左室心肌细胞电重构与结构重构发生的非同步性

目的探讨慢性压力超负荷兔中层心室肌细胞电重构与结构重构发生的非同步性及其意义。方法新西兰兔64只,随机分为缩窄组和假手术组,采用肾上腹主动脉缩窄术制备兔左室压力超负荷模型。术后2周和8周胶原酶两步消化法分离获取左室中层单个心肌细胞,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术测定中层细胞体积和蛋白含量,全细胞膜片钳技术记录中层细胞膜电容、动作电位(AP)。结果与假手术组比较,术后2周缩窄组中层细胞体积、蛋白含量及膜电容无明显改变,但基础刺激周长(BCL)为2 s时,缩窄组AP复极达90%时程(APD90)较假手术组延长13.7%(P<0.05);与假手术组比较,术后8周缩窄组中层细胞体积、蛋白含量及膜电容分别增加28.0%、38.3%、34.0%(P<0.05或0.01),APD90延长30.6%(P<0.01)。术后2周和8周,与假手术组比较,缩窄组中层细胞APD呈现更明显的频率依赖性,且更易发生早期后除极(BCL=2 s,EAD)。结论左室慢性压力超负荷过程中,中层心肌细胞电重构的发生明显早于结构重构,且可能具有潜在致心律失常危险。     

胺碘酮慢性作用对兔心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流和跨壁动作电位相关性研究

目的 从单个心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流时间常数(τ)和组织块跨壁动作电位复极90%时程(APD90),探讨胺碘酮慢性作用抗心律失常的可能细胞电生理机制.方法 健康兔口服胺碘酮80 mg·kg-1·d-1共4周,记录离体兔带血管心室肌组织块跨膜心室肌细胞动作电位后分离心室肌细胞,记录单细胞L型钙通道电流τ,比较对照组、胺碘酮组及索他洛尔组干预下τ与APD90比值(τ/APD90)变化.结果 对照组τ为(98±8)ms(n=10)、APD90为(220±10)ms(n=5)、τ/APD90为0.44±0.03.与对照组相比,胺碘酮组τ明显延长[为(164±8)ms,n=8,P＜0.05],APD90亦明显延长[为(321±12)ms,n=5,P＜0.05],τ/APD90较对照组增加(分别为0.51±0.03与0.44±0.03,P＜0.05).索他洛尔(3×10-5mmoL/L)组与对照组相比,τ明显延长[为(128±7)ms,n=8,P＜0.05],但因APD90延长较著[为(405±13)ms,n=4,P＜0.01],使τ/APD90较对照组明显减少(分别为0.32±0.05与0.44±0.03,P＜0.05).索他洛尔+胺碘酮组的τ为(150±12)ms、APD90为(355±11)ms(n=4),与索他洛尔组比较,τ/APD90增加(为0.44±0.02,P＜0.05),与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 心室肌细胞膜L型钙通道电流的τ/APD90大小与胺碘酮慢性作用相关,这为胺碘酮慢性作用的安全性提供了一种可能解释.     

口服胺碘酮对家兔扩张型心肌病跨室壁复极不均一性的影响

目的　研究口服胺碘酮对扩张型心肌病 (DCM)跨室壁复极不均一性的影响及与抑制室性心律失常的关系。方法　用家兔进行实验研究 ,随机分成DCM治疗组、DCM对照组和正常对照组。用阿霉素制作DCM模型 ,DCM治疗组口服胺碘酮 ,然后离体灌流心脏 ,同步记录三层心肌的单相动作电位。结果　DCM对照组、DCM治疗组的三层心肌单相动作电位时程复极 90 %的时限 (APD90 )均较正常对照组相应延长 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,DCM治疗组心外膜、心内膜APD90 又较DCM对照组延长 (P <0 0 5) ,但中层心肌APD90 与DCM对照组相似 (P >0 0 5) ,DCM治疗组ΔAPD90 的跨室壁复极离散度较DCM对照组明显缩小 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　口服胺碘酮能延长DCM心外膜、心内膜APD90 ,对中层心肌细胞APD90 无影响 ,缩小复极离散度 ,降低了三层心肌复极不均一性 ,所以致心律失常作用较小。     

反复正加速度暴露及普罗帕酮干预对兔心室肌细胞复极离散度的影响

目的：观察反复正加速度（＋Gz）暴露及普罗帕酮干预对兔心室肌细胞跨壁复极离散度（ TDR）的影响,探讨＋Gz诱发心律失常的细胞电生理机制及普罗帕酮的拮抗机制。方法30只雄性新西兰大白兔随机均分为对照组、＋Gz组和普罗帕酮干预组。应用单相动作电位（ MAP）记录技术,同步记录左心室3层细胞MAP,测量复极达90％振幅的单相动作电位时程（ MAPD90）及跨壁复极离散度（ TDR）。结果与对照组相比,＋Gz组左心室内、外膜MAPD90均缩短,左心室TDR增大,P均＜0．05;与＋Gz组相比,普罗帕酮干预组左心室内、外膜MAPD90均增大,TDR减小,P均＜0．05。结论心室肌细胞MAPD90缩短及TDR增大,可能是＋Gz诱发快速性心律失常的细胞电生理机制;普罗帕酮可以拮抗这种改变。     

局部给药跨室壁氯化钾单相动作电位记录电极的研制

目的研制局部给药跨室壁氯化钾单相动作电位(MAP)记录电极(KC lMAP电极),探讨模拟在体犬交感神经不均一的致心律失常机制。方法由5F动脉鞘管和0.2 mm的绝缘银丝,组构成3对MAP记录电极,鞘芯腔内注入含30%氯化钾琼脂糖凝胶即制成KC lMAP电极。用自制的电极记录犬左室前壁跨室壁MAP,观察局部异丙肾上腺素对三层心肌细胞动作电位时程(APD)及跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)的影响和心律失常的诱发情况。结果KC lMAP电极能稳定记录三层心肌MAP 120 m in以上,随时间的延长动作电位振幅逐渐降低但不影响复极特性的分析;局部给予异丙肾上腺素(10-5mg/m l)能显著降低中层心肌细胞的APD90(236.9±3.8 m s vs 226.3±3.0 m s)和TDR(35.7±4.8 m s vs 24.9±3.9 m s),中层心肌细胞易于诱发早期后除极及触发活动并引起室性心律失常。结论KC lMAP电极可理想地用于跨室壁心肌复极特性的研究;异丙肾上腺素降低正常犬的TDR,其诱发室性心律失常的机制与后除极和触发活动有关。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.