儿童脓毒症生物标记物的研究进展

脓毒症是机体对感染的反应失调而导致危及生命的器官功能障碍,是当今危重病医学所面临的焦点和难点问题.目前世界范围内儿童脓毒症的发生率仍居高不下,若治疗不及时可发展成脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征,严重威胁人类健康.因此脓毒症的早期识别、诊断、治疗对降低病死率有重要意义.而生物标记物在脓毒症的早期诊断、病情及预后判断,疗效评估中发挥重要作用.本文就近年来脓毒症的生物标记物进行总结.     

降钙素原与脓毒症诊断治疗

脓毒症及其导致的脓毒性休克和多脏器功能不全目前仍然是儿科ICU最主要死因,其发生率呈上升趋势.降低小儿脓毒症病死率的关键是早诊断、早治疗.小儿脓毒症中,细菌感染是重要病因.血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)作为一种有效的监测细菌感染的生物标记物,在脓毒症患儿早期诊断、病情及预后判断、疗效评估中有重要意义.PCT作为早期诊断脓毒症的炎症指标已被广泛应用于临床.     

脓毒症时机体免疫机制变化及意义

脓毒症是感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,发生机制涉及炎症、感染、免疫、凝血及组织损伤等,其中免疫功能紊乱导致的促炎反应/抗炎反应动态失衡是其发展的重要原因之一.本文扼要介绍Toll样受体、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞和调节性T细胞等因素在免疫反应中的作用机制,以及在脓毒症发病中的变化与意义.     

核因子-κB与脓毒症肝损伤

脓毒症是创伤、烧伤、休克、感染等临床急危重患儿的严重并发症之一.也是诱发脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征的重要原因.脓毒症是指由感染引起的全身炎症反应,其诊断标准同全身炎症反应综合征.目前认为其发生的根本原因在于机体细胞因子和炎性介质过度释放导致的炎症反应失控和免疫机能紊乱.     

血小板减少在脓毒症严重程度和预后判断中的意义

脓毒症是由于感染引起宿主反应失调导致的危及生命的器官功能障碍,进一步可发展为脓毒性休克。现今,在世界范围内,脓毒症仍是导致儿童死亡的重要原因,因此,早期评估脓毒症的疾病严重程度和预后具有极其重要的意义。然而,目前并无敏感性和特异性均较好的指标用于脓毒症的疾病严重程度和预后的评估。近年来,大量研究发现血小板在脓毒症中发挥重要作用。已有研究表明血小板计数为影响脓毒症患者疾病严重程度及预后的独立因素。到目前为止,脓毒症引起血小板计数下降的具体机制仍未完全明确,现就血小板减少对脓毒症患者疾病严重程度及预后的预测价值进行阐述。     

危重症细菌与病毒感染的异同与诊治决策

从定义上看,由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征都称为脓毒症,而感染可以是细菌、病毒、真菌及原虫等病原引起.     

脓毒症早期诊断的生物标志物研究进展

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征.脓毒症可加重发展为严重脓毒症、脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍.由于抗菌药物的使用、液体复苏以及生命支持的发展,脓毒症的治疗水平已较过去有了明显的提高,但其病死率仍居高不下.对脓毒症早期、迅速、准确作出诊断是降低脓毒症高病死率的一项关键因素.近年来,医学界发现一些生物标志物与脓毒症早期诊断有密切关系,且有助于临床治疗.这些与脓毒症早期诊断相关的生物学标志物包括Presepsin(sCD14-亚型)、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1、中性粒细胞CD64、可溶性CD163、微小RNA和肽素等.这些生物标志物的单独或联合检测为早期确诊脓毒症带来新的机遇,且有望拓宽脓毒症的治疗思路.该文就上述新兴的脓毒症早期诊断的生物标志物作一综述.     

蛋白质组学在SIRS和脓毒症中的应用

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应,是ICU中患者死亡的重要原因.如果能够实现脓毒症的早期诊断,并采取积极有效的治疗,则有望改善脓毒症的预后.蛋白质组学的方法能检测未知的蛋白质,该特点尤其适合于Sepsis研究,以期寻找到脓毒症的早期诊断的生物学蛋白标记.该文就蛋白质组学在脓毒症中的应用作一综述.     

蛋白质组学在SIRS和脓毒症中的应用

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应,是ICU中患者死亡的重要原因.如果能够实现脓毒症的早期诊断,并采取积极有效的治疗,则有望改善脓毒症的预后.蛋白质组学的方法能检测未知的蛋白质,该特点尤其适合于Sepsis研究,以期寻找到脓毒症的早期诊断的生物学蛋白标记.该文就蛋白质组学在脓毒症中的应用作一综述.     

脓毒症致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发病机制及乌司他丁的治疗作用

脓毒症是指由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,常导致脓毒性休克、多器官功能不全综合征,是儿童最常见的致死原因,是现代儿童危重病医学研究领域的热点和难点.严重脓毒症常并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征,是导致病情恶化及死亡的重要原因.本文就脓毒症所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发病机制及乌司他丁的治疗作用作一综述.     

小儿急性白血病脑脊液细胞离心检查

用细胞玻片离心法对７８例急性白血病患儿４１８次脑脊液标本进行了细胞学检查，阳性率分别为６０．３％和３７．８％。这是一种简单、快速、有效的方法，对儿童中枢神经系统白血病检查比传统的测压、白细胞计数、蛋白定量三项指标敏感、可靠，可用于中枢神经系统白血病的早期诊断、疗效观察。     

Severe combined immunodeficiency signalized by eosinophilia and lymphopenia in rotavirus infected infants

BACKGROUND: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of several different subtypes. Most subtypes present during infancy and without treatment, infections usually lead to early death. Diagnosis of SCID can be difficult as new subtypes are expected to be discovered soon. Late diagnosis is associated with a poorer outcome. Infections like rotavirus enteritis cannot be cleared in children with SCID due to impaired immunity. The aim of our study was to identify clues in children with rotavirus enteritis that aid to diagnose SCID early. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Total white blood counts in a cohort of SCID patients with persistent rotavirus infection at diagnosis (n=18) were compared to total white blood counts in matched control patients without SCID but with rotavirus infection. RESULTS: Relative and absolute lymphopenia and eosinophilia were more common in SCID patients (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: In infants with rotavirus infection, a full blood count should be performed: Eosinophilia and/or lymphopenia raise a high suspicion of SCID.     

Neonatal sepsis

Neonatal sepsis is a cause of significant mortality and morbidity. It can be early (less than 72 h) or late onset (more than 72 h age). Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). Risk factors include maternal sepsis, prolonged rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis and GBS colonization. Risk-based predictive models are used to identify and screen infants. Late onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) is largely caused by gram positive organisms. Risks for LONS include prematurity, low birth weight and common neonatal interventions and procedures. Signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis are often subtle leading to over and under treatment. Standard investigations include blood cultures, full blood count, C Reactive Protein and lumbar puncture. Procalcitonin is being investigated as a sensitive and specific biomarker of bacteraemia in aiding diagnosis and management. Physiological monitoring can be used to monitor the early signs of sepsis on the neonatal unit and facilitate prompt intervention. EONS is treated with benzylpenicillin and an aminoglycoside antibiotic, and most LONS can be managed with narrow spectrum antibiotics, in addition to supportive management as required. Antibiotic duration is best determined by culture results, biomarkers and clinical response to treatment. This article will discuss the evidence for treatment of neonatal sepsis and offers practical advice and guidance for a clinician faced with this important clinical dilemma.     

Diagnosis of HIV infection in children

Many advances have been made in the area of HIV diagnostics. Commercially available virologic assays are sensitive and specific for the early detection of HIV in perinatal infection. The timing of the transmission of HIV from mother to child (in utero, at the time of birth, or postnatally by breast-feeding) is a critical consideration in the appropriate diagnosis of infants. Several algorithms can be used to define early infection and the potential timing of acquisition of infection that combine different assays and timing of specimens. The use of virologic assays, including HIV DNA PCR and HIV RNA detection methods and culture, can define and rule out infection in infants less than 18 months of age. Serologic diagnostic methods, including HIV ELISA, immunofluorescence, and western blot assays, can be used to diagnose infants more than 18 months of age, when transplacental antibody has disappeared in uninfected HIV-exposed infants. The challenge of the early and accurate diagnosis of perinatally HIV-exposed infants is the use of new assays to detect different HIV subtype infections that are prevalent in developing countries. Rapid, simple, and inexpensive serologic and virologic assays are being developed for worldwide use.     

降钙素原对新生儿感染的诊断价值

新生儿感染是引起新生儿死亡的重要原因.目前感染检测指标对新生儿感染的诊断在灵敏性、特异性等方面各有差异.近年来,降钙素原( procalcitonin,PCT)被广泛用于各种感染性疾病的诊断,对新生儿感染的早期诊断的灵敏性、特异性均较高,与新生儿感染的严重程度、感染的发展及疾病的预后具有相关性,可用来衡量治疗效果及预后评估.血清PCT在新生儿期不受母体血清PCT水平高低和窒息缺氧损伤引起的急性炎症反应的影响,仅与新生儿自身细菌感染严重程度有关,对新生儿感染的诊断具有特殊意义.     

Renal abscess in children

As in adults, renal abscess in children mimicks a tumoral syndrome. Renal abscess, although infrequent, should however be kept in mind because it is important to make an early diagnosis. The reason is simply that the treatment of the two conditions is so different. Furthermore, an early accurate diagnosis avoids unnecessary investigations, such as arteriography, as well as unnecessary surgery. Four cases are reported in which the diagnosis of abscess was obtained by correlating both clinical and radiological findings. In only one case was arteriography performed and this was after treatment and it was normal.For an early diagnosis intravenous urography is of paramount importance. It shows a tumoral radiological pattern; in the context of clinical signs of suppuration (high fever, high leucocyte count and variably a urinary tract infection). The radiological findings suggest the diagnosis of abscess. On treatment the rapid regression and disappearance of the various clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings confirms the diagnosis of renal abscess.     

新生儿败血症外周血中性粒细胞CD64的表达及其意义

目的探讨外周血中性粒细胞CD64表达在新生儿败血症早期诊断中的价值.方法89例疑似败血症患儿,通过临床表现、血培养及5项非特异性指标白细胞、血小板、血浆C反应蛋白、微量血沉和未成熟中性粒细胞与中性粒细胞总数比值,分为败血症组39例和非败血症感染组50例.另设对照组19例.采用流式细胞仪检测外周血中性粒细胞CD64表达.结果败血症组患儿外周血中性粒细胞CD64表达率为(75.6±8.9)% ,显著高于非败血症感染组(29.1±6.2)%和对照组(5.1±1.1)%(P均<0.05) ,非败血症感染组与对照组比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05);革兰阴性菌败血症患儿CD64表达率(79.5 ±3.5)%高于革兰阳性菌败血症(76.4±4.6)%,但二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05) ;败血症组经抗感染治疗后CD64表达水平下降.中性粒细胞CD64对新生儿败血症诊断的敏感性97.4%,特异性84.0%,阳性预测值82.6%,阴性预测值分别为97.6%.CD64检测阳性率62.9%(56/89)高于血培养19.1%(17/89)和5项非特异性指标29.2%(26/89)(P均<0.05).结论外周血中性粒细胞CD64测定可作为新生儿败血症早期诊断的指标,并可以判断疗效.     

肝素结合蛋白对儿童重症感染诊断价值的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨肝素结合蛋白(heparin-binding protein,HBP)对儿童重症感染的诊断价值.方法 该研究系前瞻性观察研究.收集2019年1月到2020年1月因感染入住儿童重症监护室患儿的临床资料,按照严重脓毒症与脓毒症诊断标准分为严重脓毒症组(49例)、脓毒症组(82例)和非重症感染组(33例),比较3组...     

Value of rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection on management of small infants

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of infection in infancy and early childhood. A presumptive diagnosis of RSV infection can frequently be made on clinical grounds. Confirmation can be made by viral culture, which may take 3 to 7 days. Immunofluorescent assay (IFA) is a specific and sensitive test that can provide laboratory confirmation of RSV infection the same day. Rapid diagnosis of RSV infection may have implications regarding prevention of nosocomial spread of RSV, early initiation of anti-viral therapy, use of antibiotics, and duration of hospital stay. Data are presented regarding the use of RSV-IFA and its effect on patient management.     

Early diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome.

Infants with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS) have a greatly improved prognosis if diagnosed and treated before they develop overwhelming infection. Clinical and laboratory data on 45 patients with SCIDS were retrospectively reviewed to assess the value of absolute lymphocyte counts in making an early diagnosis. Ninety infants matched for age, sex, and presenting symptoms were used as controls. Thirteen (29%) infants with SCIDS were diagnosed at birth as previous siblings had been affected; 32 (71%) were diagnosed after the development of symptoms. Eighteen (56%) of these remained undiagnosed until after 6 months of age. The first symptoms occurred at a median of 5 weeks (range 1 day to 8 months) and the first admission to hospital was at 4 months (range 1 week to 16 months). Symptoms included respiratory infection (91%), vomiting and diarrhoea (81%), failure to thrive (88%), candidiasis (50%), and skin lesions (28%). The mean lymphocyte count was 1.71 x 10(9)/l compared with 7.2 x 10(9)/l in controls. Excluding one child with Omenn's syndrome (lymphocyte count 23.3 x 10(9)/l, all symptomatic infants with SCIDS had lymphocyte counts less than 2.8 x 10(9)/l at presentation. The median delay between the first abnormal lymphocyte count and diagnosis was seven weeks (range one day to 13 months). Twenty eight (88%) of 32 infants would have been diagnosed before 6 months of age if investigated after the first low lymphocyte count. These data indicate that low lymphocyte counts are predictive of SCIDS. Paediatricians are urged to pay attention to the absolute lymphocyte counts in all infants in whom a full blood count is performed. Those with lymphocyte counts persistently less than 2.8 x 10(9)l should be investigated for SCIDS.