2009-2011年医院妇产科分娩室空气质量监测分析

目的 评价和比较不同消毒方法对医院妇产科分娩室空气质量的影响,加强医院感染和消毒质量控制.方法 调查医院2009-2011年妇产科分娩室空气质量的监测数据,采用紫外线灯照射法或醋酸氯己定喷雾法或动态消毒机法对分娩室进行消毒,空气质量检测采用平板暴露法,评价空气中的菌落数.结果 3年共采集样本120份,合格93份,合格率为77.50％；紫外线灯照射法、醋酸氯己定喷雾法和动态消毒机法的空气消毒合格率分别为66.04％、78.13％、94.29％,其中以动态消毒机法的消毒质量最高,醋酸氯己定喷雾法次之,紫外线灯照射法最差,3种方法比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；共分离出127株病原菌,革兰阳性菌62株占48.82％,革兰阴性菌38株占29.92％,其他病原菌27株占21.26％.结论 医院妇产科分娩室空气质量总体上令人满意,动态消毒机法消毒能获得更优的空气质量、消毒更加彻底.     

普外病区医院感染管理监测

医院感染管理是当前医院管理中的一个重要内容，涉及患者健康及生命。除外感染科统计医院感染率及外科伤口感染率等外，普外病区培训了３名检测员，对３个病区消毒隔离及预防交叉感染措施进行监督和检测。合格率在９０％以上的有高效消毒液、无菌物品、一次性用物、紫外线灯、隔离制度及卫生用物墩布。但空气培养、无菌物抽样及卫生用物小毛巾有待继续改进和加强。     

几种消毒措施对结核诊室内空气消毒效果的比较

目的 比较不同消毒方法对结核诊室内空气消毒效果.方法 通过自然沉降法采样和细菌检测方法,对空气消毒机、紫外线灯和过氧乙酸喷雾等不同措施消毒结核诊室内空气的效果进行了检测.结果 空气经紫外线灯和过氧乙酸喷雾消毒处理后,结核诊室内空气中细菌总数存在不同程度的超标.而经臭氧空气消毒机、动态空气消毒机消毒后,室内空气质量符合环境要求,但是臭氧对人体有毒.结论 所试验的4种空气消毒措施,只有动态空气消毒机可用于诊室内人在情况下空气消毒,消毒效果良好.     

母婴同室病房空气消毒效果观察

[目的]了解动态空气消毒机对母婴同室病房消毒效果。[方法]随机抽取设施和物品相同的6间母婴同室病房,其中3间病房安装动态空气消毒机并根据病区需要和人流选取3个消毒时间段,其余3间未安装动态空气消毒机作为对照,用空气平皿暴露法进行细菌计数。[结果]安装动态空气消毒机消毒前和未安装动态空气消毒机的母婴同室病房细菌均数无差别(Z=-0.424,P=0.68﹥0.05);安装动态空气消毒机母婴同室病房消毒前后细菌均数差别明显(Z=-2.253,P=0.02﹤0.05)。[结论]动态空气消毒机能在人员活动情况下对母婴同室病房消毒效果可靠。     

医院消毒工作情况调查

为了解医院消毒现状,我们于1998年7月对辖区内部分医院做了调查。 采样,检验和评价均按GB15982—1995《医院消毒卫生标准》规定进行。调查的内容为紫外线灯、空气、消毒剂、医疗器物、压力蒸气灭菌器、医护人员手及物体表面的消毒情况。 共调查8所医院,其中三级2家,二级2家,一级4家。所有医院场均建有消毒隔离制度,共检测样品466份,合格398份,总合格率85.2％。其中三级医院合格率91.9％(148/161),二级医院合格率88.0％(125/     

评价紫外线、三氧消毒机、循环风空气消毒机对门诊采血室的空气消毒效果

目的观察紫外线、三氧消毒机、循环风空气消毒机对门诊采血室空气消毒的效果。方法应用紫外线、三氧消毒机、循环风空气消毒机分别对医院门诊采血室内空气进行消毒,采用自然沉降法分别对消毒前、消毒后及工作后1、2、3、4 h进行空气采样,评价3种消毒方法的效果。结果静止状态下3种消毒方法消毒后平均菌落数比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.317),紫外线灯和三氧消毒机两种消毒方法在人员进入后空气中细菌平均菌落数快速升高,工作2 h后空气菌落数不符合Ⅲ类环境卫生标准要求;循环风空气消毒机在人员进入后可持续进行消毒,工作1、2、3、4 h后空气平均菌落数经监测均符合Ⅲ类环境卫生标准要求;不同消毒方法间空气菌落数比较差异有统计学意义(F=211.00,P0.001),不同采样时间空气菌落数比较差异有统计学意义(F=272.95,P0.001)。结论工作状态下循环风空气消毒机对门诊采血室空气消毒均能达到Ⅲ类环境卫生标准,适于门诊采血室空气消毒。     

纯动态消毒机对母婴同室病房空气消毒的效果评价

目的:探讨对巨光牌KT-G120型纯动态消毒机的空气消毒效果.方法:采用实验组(纯动态消毒机)和对照组(紫外线灯静态)分别对母婴同室病房消毒,每组20次,共40次,组间条件基本相同,30、60、90min及时进行空气采样培养,并进行统计学处理.结果实验组(动态消毒组)在消毒后即刻进入后90min均能达到2000年国家医院消毒技术规范空气含菌量≤200cfm/m3的标准;而紫外线消毒(静态消毒组)只在一定时间内达到要求.经统计学处理:两种方法消毒后即刻进入后30minp＞0.05,而两者无特殊差异;进入后60min和90minp＜0.01,两者均有显著差异.结论:纯动态消毒机比起紫外线灯管消毒具有更大的优越性,能更好地满足临床医学的需要.     

基层医院产房空气消毒方法的调查

1　方法1.1　产房空气消毒方法1.1.1　化学药物消毒法　喷洒过氧乙酸、双氧水或葡糖酸洗必泰。应用 GM- 1型气溶液喷雾器 ,喷药量为 5ml/ m3 。1.1.2　紫外线灯照射法　 30 W紫外线灯管 ,按房间 10 m2 面积悬挂一支进行消毒。1.1.3　动静态高效臭氧消毒机消毒法　按产房实际工作情况规定消毒机型号 (动态型或静态型 )。动态型。适用于病员及医护人员在场而不影响医护人员正常工作时同时开机进行消毒 ,而且对人体无任何副作用。静态型 :必须在无人情况下进行开机消毒。可达到房间空气消毒净化的效果。2　结果2 .1　化学药物方法消毒的效果…     

上城区2010-2012年医院消毒监测结果

目的：通过对杭州市上城区医院消毒效果监测,了解医院消毒工作质量。方法2010-2012年采用现场随机采样方法,对省、市、区级医院室内空气、物体表面、医务人员手以及紫外线灯的消毒效果进行监测。结果共采集样品1436份,合格1295份,合格率为90.18％;其中省级医院样品合格率为94.52％;市级医院样品合格率为92.29％;区级医院样品合格率为85.57％。空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒产品和紫外线灯采集样品合格率分别为82.93％、87.41％、94.83％、98.14％和84.44％。结论上城区医院消毒效果监测合格率较高。     

紫外线灯的安装使用与食品经营场所消毒效果的相关分析

目的通过对食品经营场所高风险专间内紫外线灯安装使用情况和消毒效果进行分层比较分析,反映紫外线灯与该类场所的卫生状况之间的关系。方法对食品经营场所高风险专间中空气和操作台面的微生物指标进行监测,同时调查该专间内紫外线灯安装使用情况。结果共监测78家食品经营场所84间高风险专问中空气和操作台面的微生物指标,其中细菌总数合格率分别为52．4％和73．8％,紫外线灯安装符合率仅为11．9％,消毒效果随着紫外线灯安装符合卫生要求程度的提高而提高。结论如何合理使用紫外线灯,提高紫外线灯安装使用符合率,对改善食品经营场所卫生状况有重要意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.