某三级综合医院住院患者多药耐药菌感染分析

目的 分析2011年度某三级综合医院住院患者多药耐药菌感染的情况,为减少多药耐药感染提供有效数据.方法 采用回顾性方法分析某三级综合医院住院患者2011年1-12月送检标本中多药耐药菌所占比例、标本来源及感染科室分布.结果 共检出6种多药耐药菌2543株,占全院总分离菌的8.93％,73.41％的多药耐药菌来源于痰液,其次是尿液；铜绿假单胞菌及鲍氏不动杆菌成为主要的多药耐药菌,分别占多药耐药菌的31.81％及30.00％；多药耐药菌感染科室分布以ICU为主,占48.72％,其次呼吸内科,占34.13％.结论 多药耐药菌导致医院内难治性感染的比例不断上升,使抗菌药物面临选择的压力与挑战,加强多药耐药菌的监测、减少多药耐药菌的发生及流行具有重要意义.     

肿瘤专科医院住院患者病原菌分析及临床干预

目的 了解2011年肿瘤专科医院住院患者医院感染病原菌的临床分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据,并为加强控制医院感染的临床干预提供指引.方法 对该院2011年1-12月所分离出的病原菌及其耐药性进行回顾性统计分析.结果 送检标本共1277份,合格标本1207份,合格率94.52％;阳性标本429份,阳性率为35.54％;在送检标本中,以痰培养标本检出率最高,为61.54％;检出病原菌451株,检出率37.37％,其中,革兰阳性菌71株占15.74％,革兰阴性菌238株占52.77％,真菌142株占31.49％,前3位原菌依次为白色假丝酵母菌120株、大肠埃希菌68株、肺炎克雷伯菌64株,分别占26.61％、15.08％、14.19％;检出的病原菌中,多药耐药菌65株,检出率14.41％,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌、多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌分别为12、33、20株,未检出多药耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌;革兰阴性杆菌和葡萄球菌属对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,且呈多药耐药.结论 重视病原学检查及药敏监测,对合理选择抗菌药物、降低肿瘤患者感染发生率和死亡率、减少耐药菌株产生和控制医院感染暴发及流行均有重要价值.     

多药耐药菌感染分析及控制对策

目的 为了解多药耐药菌耐药性变化趋势,以达到预防和控制多药耐药菌感染的目的.方法 对某院2009年11月-2011年8月住院患者多药耐药菌感染的变迁进行回顾性调查分析,针对不同感染部位分别采取痰、咽拭子、尿、分泌物、引流液等标本进行细菌培养.结果 35 016例住院患者送检微生物标本16 802份,送检率47.98％；分离病原菌5489株,检出率32.67％,其中多药耐药菌检出663株,占12.08％；住院患者多药耐药菌感染率为1.89％;663株多药耐药菌中革兰阴性菌569株占85.82％,以产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌为主,分别占42.99％、21.27％、11.01％；革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌94株,占14.18％；标本类型以痰标本为主,占51.28％,其次是尿液标本,占20.21％;多药耐药菌感染患者最多的科室是ICU,占24.59％、其次是神经外科、泌尿外科、神经内科和呼吸科,分别占18.10％、9.50％、9.05％、6.79％.结论 为有效控制多药耐药菌的产生和流行,保障患者安全,医院建筑布局和工作流程要符合感染控制的要求；职能科室应加强医务人员多药耐药菌知识的培训、监测和消毒隔离工作的督导检查；微生物实验室要加强和临床的沟通合作,做到早发现、早诊断、早隔离；临床科室对多药耐药菌感染患者要严格执行无菌操作、手卫生、合理使用抗菌药物.     

2009-2011年肝胆外科ICU病原菌分布及多药耐药趋势分析

目的 研究医院肝胆外科ICU感染病原菌分布及多药耐药菌的变迁,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物.方法 对2009年9月-2011年9月肝胆外科ICU感染患者送检2257份标本分离的病原菌进行鉴定及多药耐药菌分析.结果 共检出病原菌1576株,其中革兰阴性菌745株占47.27％,革兰阳性菌430株占27.29％,真菌401株占25.44％;标本主要来源于痰液、腹腔引流液、血液及胆汁;鲍氏不动杆菌、屎肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的多药耐药菌检出率高居前3位,其中鲍氏不动杆菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的多药耐药率由67.44％、50.00％升至70.59％、61.7％,屎肠球菌多药耐药率则由58.82％降至46.00％;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌产ESBLs检出率2009年9月-2010年9月分别为70.0％、48.08％及12.12％、2010年9月-2011年9月分别为45.61％、9.38％及0.结论 肝胆外科ICU患者感染的主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌及真菌感染率有上升趋势;加强病原菌及其耐药性的检测、指导合理应用抗菌药物,对降低细菌耐药率至关重要.     

2007-2011年医院感染主要病原菌的耐药趋势分析

目的 了解医院2007-2011年临床分离的主要病原菌变化趋势,并对其耐药性进行监测分析,为临床更合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药性的产生提供参考依据.方法 对2007-2011年临床送检标本经VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对所分离的主要病原菌构成比以及耐药率分别进行统计.结果 2007-2011年主要病原菌检测总数总体呈上升趋势,前5位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(ECO)、金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)、铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)、肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)及鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA),2007年5种病原菌分离和构成比分别占26.5％、23.2％、12.6％、6.3％及5.9％;而在2011年则分别占15.2％、10.3％、23.4％、6.8％及15.4％;检出的ECO、SAU构成比呈逐年下降趋势,从2007年的26.5％、23.3％下降至2011年的15.2％、10.3％;而PAE的构成比逐年上升,从2007年的12.6％上升至2011年的23.4％,后两年构成比连续居于首位;KPN的构成比整体较稳定;而ABA构成比波幅较大,但整体呈上升趋势;ECO、PAE、KPN、ABA这4种革兰阴性菌均对青霉素类抗菌药物产生较高的耐药率,约100.0％,对头孢菌素类抗菌药物耐药率也逐渐上升;KPN对各类抗菌药物耐药率变化不大;PAE和ABA两种非发酵菌对亚胺培南耐药率在近5年中上升迅速;SAU对青霉素类和大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药率较高,对万古霉素未出现耐药菌.结论 医院感染以革兰阴性菌为主,其中PAE和ABA构成比逐渐上升,青霉素类药物已经不适合于临床对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的治疗,亚胺培南可能在控制ECO和KPN的医院感染中发挥了重要作用,但不能有效控制PAE和ABA的传播,临床上需重视住院患者病原菌标本培养,加强抗菌药物合理使用,控制耐药菌株的出现.     

神经外科监护病房分离病原菌特征与耐药性分析

目的回顾性研究神经外科监护病房分离的常见病原菌的分布变迁,及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为合理使用抗菌药物、控制病原菌耐药率、有效控制感染提供依据。方法选取2011年1月-2016年12月期间医院神经外科监护病房的送检标本1 316份,收集分离的各类病原菌种类和耐药性信息,回顾性分析这些病原菌的分布变迁及耐药率的变化。结果 1 316份送检标本中共分离出病原菌846株,以痰液标本为主,共495株占58.5%;菌种以革兰阴性菌为主,共489株占57.8%;革兰阴性菌呈上升趋势,革兰阳性菌呈下降趋势,真菌波动不明显;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺保持较高的敏感;革兰阴性菌总体耐药率升高,尤其是对头孢曲松的耐药性逐年升高,甚至超过90.00%。结论医院分离自NICU的病原菌仍以革兰阴性菌为主,且呈逐年升高趋势;病原菌的耐药率变化依其种类的不同而不同,了解病原菌的分布及耐药性变化,利于合理选择抗菌药物,以帮助有效及时地控制感染。     

多药耐药菌监测分析及预防控制对策

目的 了解医院多药耐药菌(MDROs)的分布状况,促进抗菌药物合理应用,为医院感染控制措施的制定提供依据.方法 对2010年1月-2011年12月住院患者送检标本中分离出的多药耐药菌株进行统计分析.结果 共分离出病原菌2538株,其中多药耐药菌株841株,占33.14％,主要来自痰液,占48.75％,其次为尿液及分泌物,分别占26.87％、14.03％;耐药菌株中大肠埃希菌居第1位,占38.05％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌占25.21％,铜绿假单胞菌占18.19％;ICU MDROs感染比例最高,共分离出287株,占34.13％,其次是泌尿外科及烧伤科,分别占8.68％和6.54％.结论 在多药耐药菌感染预防控制中,应加强细菌耐药性监测,重点关注ICU及呼吸系统多药耐药菌感染的预防控制工作,规范抗菌药物应用,制定并执行切实可行的综合性预防控制措施.     

医院感染多药耐药菌的临床调查与药敏分析

目的 了解医院感染多药耐药菌的分布及耐药性,提高预防感染水平,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 对2011年1-7月临床标本按常规进行病原菌分离,采用VITEK IMS全自动细菌鉴定与药敏分析仪,对病原菌进行鉴定.结果 共检出病原菌230株,其中多药耐药菌129株,检出率为56.1％;革兰阳性多药耐药菌检出率为4.8％,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌占0,9％,屎肠球菌占3.9％;革兰阴性多药耐药菌检出率为45.0％,主要为大肠埃希菌占16,9％、肺炎克雷伯菌占13.0％.结论 医院分离的多药耐药菌分布与卫生部公布的主要多药耐药目标菌有一定差异,提示临床医师在使用抗菌药物时应根据病原菌的分离株种类、耐药性特点及药敏试验,合理选用抗菌药物.     

PICU多药耐药菌感染现状分析

目的 了解儿童重症监护病房(PICU)多药耐药菌的感染现状,为其有效控制提供对策.方法 回顾性分析2011年1-12月武汉市儿童医院PICU临床标本病原菌培养结果及其药物敏感性.结果 2011年PICU共收治患儿1408例,临床送检各类标本8534例次;培养出各种病原菌769例,阳性率为9.01％;其中多药耐药菌126例,占16.38％;在多药耐药菌的分布构成中,鲍氏不动杆菌检出率最高,占63.0％,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占20.0％、12.0％、4.0％、1.0％;分析多药耐药菌感染来源,其中社区感染占40.0％,细菌定植占34.0％,医院感染占26.0％.结论 PICU多药耐药细菌感染现状日趋严峻,医院内获得性多药耐药菌感染日渐增多,医护人员应加强对PICU多药耐药菌的监测,严格手卫生和消毒隔离防控措施,合理应用抗菌药物,以有效防止耐药菌株的流行和传播.     

ICU医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供可靠的理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2011年医院ICU住院患者送检标本中分离的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共分离出病原菌454株,其中革兰阴性杆菌280株占61.7％,真菌112株占24.7％,革兰阳性球菌62株占13.6％;前4位革兰阴性菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;主要标本来源为痰液91.0％,其次为尿液21.6％、血液7.1％,其中痰液标本中病原菌285株,占62.8％,其他病原菌169株占37.2％;分离的革兰阴性菌大多有多药耐药性,其中以鲍氏不动杆菌更为显著.结论 ICU感染的病原菌主要存在于下呼吸道,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且耐药较严重,对疑有感染的患者应及时留取标本进行细菌鉴定,并依药敏结果调整用药,有效控制医院感染.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.