外科手术切口感染的病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨外科手术切口感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,旨在为防治外科手术术后切口感染提供参考。方法回顾性分析2 478例外科实施手术患者临床资料,分析引起切口感染的病原菌分布及耐药性。结果 2 478例手术患者术后发生切口感染者78例,感染率为3.15%;切口局部分泌物病原菌培养阳性率73.08%,共分离出病原菌64株,其中革兰阴性菌39株占60.94%、革兰阳性菌23株占35.94%、真菌2株占3.13%;革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢曲松耐药率较高,≥50.0%,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因耐药率较低,≤25.00%,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星耐药率较低,≤22.22%,肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、氨曲南耐药率较低,≤33.33%;革兰阳性菌对头孢唑林、环丙沙星、青霉素G、克拉霉素耐药率较高,≥50.0%,金黄色葡萄球菌对分呋喃妥因、万古霉素、莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率较低,≤45.45%,表皮葡萄球菌对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率较低,≤37.50%。结论引起外科手术切口感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,工作中应予以重视。     

消化内科长期住院患者医院获得性肺部感染病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的研究消化内科长期住院患者医院获得性肺部感染的病原菌分布与耐药性,为合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2014年7月消化内科长期住院患者发生医院获得性肺部感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性。结果监测417例患者中发生医院获得性肺部感染82例,发生率19.67%;检出病原菌91株,其中革兰阴性菌57株占62.64%,革兰阳性菌21株占23.08%,真菌13株占14.28%,主要革兰阴性菌包括铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌,其对亚胺培南敏感性较低,为18.75%~11.11%,而对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、庆大霉素及环丙沙星的耐药性均较高88.89%~25.00%,主要革兰阳性菌有金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌,其对青霉素G耐药率100.00%,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株;白色假丝酵母菌对抗真菌药物仍多为敏感。结论消化内科长期住院患者的医院获得性肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,存在耐药性较高的状况,应根据药敏试验合理选择抗菌药物。     

神经内科住院患者并发下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解引起神经内科住院患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床预防医院感染及用药提供科学依据.方法 采集2009年1月-2011年12月医院神经内科并发下呼吸道感染的住院患者的下呼吸道分泌物并送检,应用法国生物梅里埃公司Bact/Alert 3D120全自动血培养仪及VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定、药敏分析系统进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏分析.结果 2009年1月-2011年12月神经内科住院患者并发下呼吸道感染207例,共培养出菌株516株；检出的病原菌中,以革兰阴性菌为主437株占84.69％,主要以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主；革兰阳性菌85株占11.24％,主要以金黄色葡萄球菌为主；真菌21株占4.21％,主要以白色假丝酵母菌为主；其中,肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南等抗菌药物敏感,敏感率分别为98.14％、100.00％、100.00％,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林等抗菌药物耐药,耐药率为98.76％、70.19％,铜绿假单胞菌主要对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛酯、头孢呋辛钠敏感,敏感率均为100.00％,对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药,耐药率为98.65％,金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星敏感,敏感率为78.05％,对红霉素、克林霉素等药物耐药,耐药率均为100.00％,真菌对氟康唑、两性霉素B等抗真菌药物普遍敏感,敏感率均为100.00％.结论 医院感染是神经内科常见的并发症,引起神经内科住院患者下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,加强神经内科患者及抗菌药物的管理,监测感染病原菌的构成及耐药性,对预防医院感染非常重要.     

下呼吸道感染患者痰培养结果及病原菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨下呼吸道感染患者常见病原菌分布特点及其耐药性分析的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析5917例住院患者的痰培养结果及主要病原菌的药敏资料.结果 下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占65.43％;前3位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、乙酸钙不动杆菌;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率为100.00％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南比较敏感,耐药率分别为1.58％、6.96％;铜绿假单胞菌对四环素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、氯霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟耐药率均为100.00％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、多黏菌素敏感性较好,耐药率分别为1.19％、1.98％;乙酸钙不动杆菌对氨苄西林、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林耐药率均为100.00％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦完全敏感,对多黏菌素的耐药率仅为1.37％;鲍氏不动杆菌对氨苄西林、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、哌拉西林耐药率均为100.00％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、多黏菌素完全敏感.结论 下呼吸道感染与细菌耐药性有关,合理使用抗菌药物,延缓细菌耐药性对降低医院感染有重要意义.     

骨折复位内固定切口感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨骨折复位内固定术后切口感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据.方法 对2006年1月-2012年3月行骨折复位内固定术后,切口感染的68例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 深部感染16例,浅部感染52例,分别占23.53％,76.47％;共培养出病原菌73株,其中革兰阳性球菌24株占32.88％,革兰阴性杆菌49株占67.12％;常见感染病原菌对10种常用抗菌药物耐药率≥50.00％,金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌属及表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药性均较高＞75.00％,鲍氏不动杆菌对多数抗菌药物100.00％耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、哌拉西林、氨曲南耐药率＞50.00,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢唑林、米诺环素耐药率达100.00％,阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、哌拉西林、米诺环素的耐药率＞80.00％,大肠埃希菌除对亚胺培南敏感为100.00％外,对其他9种抗菌药物已经完全耐药.结论 骨折内固定术后患者切口感染病原菌较为复杂,对临床常用药物耐药性普遍高,应依据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物控制耐药菌的进一步发生.     

下肢开放性骨折后患者医院感染的诱发性因素及病原学特点分析

目的探讨下肢开放性骨折患者医院感染的诱发性因素,分析其病原菌分布特点,以期临床预防与治疗提供依据。方法选取2011年2月-2016年8月医院接诊的下肢开放性骨折患者537例为研究对象,所有患者创口分泌物实施细菌培养,分析下肢开放性骨折医院感染的诱发性因素,并统计病原菌分布特点。结果 537例患者中发生医院感染26例,感染率为4.84%,单因素和Logistic法显示:受伤至手术时间≥7d、Gustilo分型Ⅲ型、合并糖尿病、外固定、抗菌药物使用剂量不足均为下肢开放性骨折医院感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05);26例感染患者共分离病原菌49株,以革兰阳性菌27株占55.10%,革兰阴性菌20株占40.82%,革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌对头孢唑林耐药率为87.50%,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率为100.00%,大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林耐药率为100.00%;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌对利福平耐药率为88.89%,粪肠球菌对亚胺培南与美罗培南耐药率为100.00%,表皮葡萄球菌对阿莫西林与氨苄西林耐药率为100.00%。结论下肢开放性骨折患者医院感染与多种因素有关,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床医师应合理使用抗菌药物,提高疗效。     

心血管疾病患者肺部感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨心血管疾病患者肺部感染常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法选取2014年1月-2015年1月收治的240例心血管疾病患者为研究对象,观察患者肺部感染发生情况;采用西门子Walkaway全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析仪,对肺部感染患者痰液分离的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏分析,数据采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 240例心血管疾病患者发生肺部感染21例,感染率为8.75%;肺部感染患者共分离出病原菌32株,其中革兰阴性菌21株占65.62%,革兰阳性菌10株占31.25%,真菌1株占3.13%;革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南以及哌拉西林的耐药率为0,对头孢吡肟、头孢唑林、甲氧苄啶、环丙沙星及左氧氟沙星的耐药率≥50.00%;革兰阳性菌对青霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率均达100.00%,对头孢唑林、红霉素、克林霉素和甲氧嘧啶耐药率均≥60.00%。结论心血管疾病患者应严格掌握抗菌药物的药敏性,合理选用抗菌药物。     

整形外科手术患者感染的病原学及耐药性分析

目的 探讨整形外科手术患者术后感染的病原学分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床整形外科手术术后感染提供治疗依据和参考.方法 选取整形外科手术后感染患者186例,取感染部位的分泌物行病原菌培养和药敏试验.结果 共分离出病原菌237株,其中革兰阴性菌159株占67.09％;革兰阳性菌59株占24.89％;真菌19株占8.02％,检出排名前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌及阴沟肠杆菌,分别占28.69％、12.66％、10.13、9.28％和8.02％;革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美岁培南以及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性相对较高,且除了鲍氏不动杆菌外均对亚胺培南敏感,革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦及头孢唑林表现出了较高的耐药性;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株,同时对于呋喃妥因的敏感性也较高,金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肠球菌属对呋喃妥因的敏感率分别为90.00％、100.00％和91.67％.结论 整形外科手术患者发生感染的因素复杂,一旦发生感染,应立即给予经验性抗菌药物应用,并进行细菌培养和药敏试验,根据药敏结果选择敏感抗菌药物.     

肝癌患者肝移植术后医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解肝癌患者肝移植术后医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性,以期为预防控制肝移植术后患者医院感染提供参考。方法调查114例肝癌肝移植术患者资料,并对病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK细菌鉴定系统,药物敏感试验采用K-B纸片法,结果依据美国临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)标准进行判断。结果 114例肝癌患者肝移植术后发生医院感染93例,感染率为81.58%,感染部位主要为呼吸道及胆道,分别占44.09%及24.73%;共培养出病原菌204株,其中革兰阴性菌124株占60.78%,革兰阳性菌63株占30.88%,真菌17株占8.34%;主要革兰阴性菌对临床常用多数抗菌药物高度耐药,其中铜绿假单胞菌对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为100.00%、86.21%、82.76%,主要革兰阳性菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性高低不一,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因耐药率均>50.00%,对克拉霉素、万古霉素、米诺环素耐药率均<50.00%。结论肝癌患者肝移植术后医院感染率较高,感染部位主要为呼吸道及胆道,感染病原菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,并且对临床常用抗菌药物普遍耐药,合理应用抗菌药物治疗医院感染十分重要。     

手术患者医院感染病原菌的耐药性研究

目的探讨手术患者医院感染病原菌耐药性及临床特征,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供参考依据。方法收集2012年2月-2015年2月在医院行手术的950例患者临床资料,采集发生医院感染患者各类标本分离并鉴定病原菌,分析病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,数据采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行分析。结果 950例手术患者中共有80例发生医院感染,感染率为8.4%;共分离出93株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌25株占26.9%、革兰阴性菌61株占65.6%、真菌7株占7.5%;革兰阳性菌对青霉素G、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、环丙沙星耐药率均>50.0%,对利福平敏感性最高,其次是克林霉素和米诺环素;革兰阴性菌对头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、哌拉西林、氨曲南、头孢唑林、妥布霉素的耐药率达50.0%~100.0%,对亚胺培南、米诺环素敏感性较高。结论手术患者医院感染的主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,病原菌对抗菌药物显示出较高的耐药性;采取针对性措施,严格控制抗菌药物使用是降低医院感染的关键。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.