ICU患者鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染的耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU患者鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)医院感染的分布特征及耐药性,为指导临床预防感染与合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法选取2013年1-12月ICU患者分离的医院感染性ABA82株,对其分布与耐药性进行统计分析。结果 ABA在ICU患者的检出率较高,其中86.58%标本来源于下呼吸道;该菌多药耐药现象严重,82株ABA只有对多黏菌素耐药率为0,对阿米卡星耐药率12.20%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率33.33%,对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、他唑巴坦/哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、克拉维酸/替卡西林耐药率均>90.00%;泛耐药ABA检出10株,占12.19%。结论 ICU患者医院感染ABA多药耐药严重,医院应加强对ABA耐药性的监测,实施有效预防与控制措施,尽可能减少并延缓泛耐药株及多药耐药株的产生,防止多药耐药ABA医院感染暴发流行。     

重症监护病房804株鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的分析ICU鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)耐药性和临床特点,为预防和控制ABA的感染提供依据。方法对医院2008年1月-2010年12月ICU患者送检标本中分离的鲍氏不动杆菌在病区分布与耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 ICU 2008-2010年鲍氏不动杆菌的检出率逐年增加,共分离出804株鲍氏不动杆菌,主要来源于痰液,占92.8%;ABA对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率日渐增高,从2008年的14.4%和28.9%上升至2010年的91.7%、94.4%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均明显上升。结论 ABA在ICU的感染较为严重,而且耐药性很高;必须采取相应的防治和监控措施,预防ABA的高耐药性和多药耐药性造成的医院感染。     

ICU鲍氏不动杆菌的感染现状及耐药性分析

目的 探讨ICU中鲍氏不动杆菌的感染现状及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供必要的病原学依据.方法 对ICU 2008年1月-2010年7月医院感染的799株鲍氏不动杆菌及其耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 鲍氏不动杆菌分离率为20.6％,且呈逐年升高趋势;鲍氏不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率非常严重,对多黏菌素耐药率最低为0,除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为49.7％外,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均＞50.0％,其中对亚胺培南耐药率＞90.0％.结论 ICU中鲍氏不动杆菌的感染及耐药问题日益严重,需要加强ICU医院感染的检测和耐药菌监控,预防医院感染暴发流行.     

ICU288株鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性探讨

目的 探讨医院重症监护病房(ICU)中288株鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)的耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供科学的试验依据.方法 ABA分离、鉴定严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行;药敏试验采用K-B法,依据CLSI 2009-2010年折点判读结果.结果 ICU中ABA在呼吸道标本中检出率占首位,达70.1％;ABA对临床常用抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性,对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别达到34.0％和33.3％; ICU分离的ABA中,泛耐药菌株检出率为16.7％.结论 应加强对多药耐药ABA的动态监测,预防ABA医院感染暴发流行.     

医院感染肺炎克雷伯菌与鲍氏不动杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院感染肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性,旨在降低医院感染率,提高医院感染预防控制措施和治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2011年7月临床各科室送检标本中肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的分离情况及耐药性.结果 分离出的1017株病原菌中,肺炎克雷伯菌542株,鲍氏不动杆菌475株,其中送检标本前两位分别是痰液占68.5％和69.9％、血液占14.0％和12.8％;呼吸内科病原菌检出率最高占41.7％和42.9％,其次是ICU占19.7％和17.3％;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶耐药性较高,耐药率均＞35.2％;而肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率均为0;鲍氏不动杆菌对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢唑林、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛耐药率较高,均＞58.7％.结论 肺炎克雷伯菌及鲍氏不动杆菌的多药耐药性明显增加,加强预防控制措施及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,避免病原菌在医院内暴发流行.     

老年呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌感染的耐药性分析

目的 研究老年呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)鲍氏不动杆(ABA)感染的耐药特征,提高临床对鲍氏不动杆菌防治水平.方法 对131例老年呼吸机相艾性肺炎(VAP)患者分离的69株鲍氏不动杆菌进行药敏试验,并对抗菌药物耐药结果进行回顾性分析.结果 69株鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,为44.93％;其次为亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦均为47.83％,对其余11种抗菌药物的耐药率均为60.87～97.10％;共检出33株耐亚胺培南ABA,泛耐药株(PDR)2株.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物呈多药耐药(MDR);在老年呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)感染已十分严重,其首选药物为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;应加大对鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性的监测力度,强调根据药敏结果选择用药.     

ICU鲍氏不动杆菌流行株的耐药性变迁

目的 探讨研究重症监护病房(ICU) 2009-2011年3年流行的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性变迁,为临床医师选择抗菌药物控制感染提供实验室参考依据.方法 鲍氏不动杆菌感染性标本的采集、分离培养与菌株鉴定严格按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行试验操作;药物敏感试验采用WHO推荐的K-B法,参照CLSI 2009-2011年制定的最新折点判读结果,采用WHONET 5.5版本统计分析数据.结果 3年ICU流行的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率总体呈逐年上升的趋势,鲍氏不动杆菌对临床常用的13种抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性,3年来鲍氏不动杆菌分别检出泛耐药菌株14、18、25株,分别占14.3％、15.5％、16.2％;耐药率最高的抗菌药物是磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶,达72.4％～78.6％;耐药率均＞40.0％的抗菌药物有头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林、庆大霉素;而敏感率均＞80.0％的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南;耐药率增长幅度较大的药物是头孢噻肟和环丙沙星;医院感染鲍氏不动杆菌的最高检出部位是呼吸道占65.8％.结论 临床微生物室应与医院感染管理科室联手,对医院流行菌株的耐药性进行动态性监测,每季度向全院公示1次,严防ICU内多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染暴发流行.     

ICU鲍氏不动杆菌感染及耐药性分析

目的 调查分析重症监护病房(ICU)鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染和耐药性,为控制医院感染和治疗提供依据.方法 对医院2010-2011年ICU分离的鲍氏不动杆菌共206株采用纸片扩散法对1 2种抗菌药物进行药物敏感试验,并选择60株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌(IRAB)和30株亚胺培南敏感鲍氏不动杆菌(ISAB)进行耐药性比较分析.结果 鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢西丁、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星耐药率均＞70.0％,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦和米诺环素耐药率均＞50.0％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,为36.9％；IRAB与ISAB比较,IRAB对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、阿米卡星耐药率均＞90.0％,而ISAB耐药率分别33.3％、23.3％、26.7％,对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素耐药率＞80.0％,而ISAB耐药率分别30.0％、23.3％,除头孢西丁、磺胺甲噁 唑/甲氧苄啶耐药性较一致外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率差异有统计学意义.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌是ICU医院感染重要病原菌之一,其耐药率高,耐药谱广,应加强医院感染控制力度,合理使用抗菌药物.     

鲍氏不动杆菌下呼吸道感染的临床分布及耐药性

目的 探讨下呼吸道感染鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)临床分布特征及耐药性.方法 对2009年1月-2010年12月医院感染患者下呼吸道标本分离的ABA进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,分析菌株分布特征及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 151株ABA主要分布在呼吸内科,占33.1％,其中62株为多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(MDRAB),占分离菌株的41.0％,与2009年相比,2010年ABA的分离率、耐药率及多药耐药率均有所提高(P＜0.05).结论 ABA主要分布于呼吸科,对常用抗菌药物耐药率高,且多药耐药率高,亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星仍是医院治疗ABA感染最敏感的抗菌药物.     

新生儿鲍氏不动杆菌感染及预防对策

目的 分析新生儿鲍氏不动杆菌引起感染及耐药性,探讨其预防对策,为临床预防治疗提供依据.方法 细菌鉴定采用ATB鉴定分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法.结果 共收集非重复鲍氏不动杆菌114株,主要来源于痰标本,占82.5％;其临床分布以新生儿重症监护病房为主,占81.6％; 114株鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等敏感率较高,达＞80.0％;对庆大霉素、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟等敏感率次之,在54.0％～78.0％;20株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌对阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星等耐药率普遍高于非多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌是引起新生儿医院感染的最常见病原菌之一,对抗菌药物呈多药耐药,临床预防是关键.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.