老年患者铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨老年患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)临床特点及耐药性,为临床医师治疗医院感染选择合适的抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法回顾性调查医院2009年1月-2012年12月老年患者感染的338株铜绿假单胞菌在各类感染性标本中的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药率,细菌感染标本的无菌取材、细菌的分离培养与种型鉴定严格按照卫生部《全国临床检验操作规程》进行;药敏试验和结果评价采用WHO和CLSI推荐的K-B法和最新折点进行;数据处理采用WHONET5.4-5.5软件分析。结果 338株铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的高发部位主要是呼吸道和泌尿道,分别占53.0%和20.7%;老年患者医院感染的好发年龄>70岁,占86.1%;铜绿假单胞菌耐药率>40.0%的抗菌药物有磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、哌拉西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星,耐药率<10.0%的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌啦西林/他唑巴坦;检出耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌29株,检出率为8.6%。结论老年患者铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的概率很高,其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性不断上升,检验科应与医院感染管理部门和临床科室联手,加强跟踪监测措施,以预防与控制铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的发生与扩散。     

老年患者医院下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的 观察老年患者医院下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌耐药特点,为临床合理选用抗菌药物和预防泛耐药菌的发生提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2006年9月-2011年6月624例老年患者,医院下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌药敏试验结果.结果 铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药较严重,耐药率以妥布霉素15.5％最低,其次是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦为22.1％;而磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率最高,达65.8％,其次为左氧氟沙星为65.4％、头孢噻肟为62.3％;对亚胺培南耐药率已达39.6％;泛耐药菌的检出率为5.6％.结论 老年患者医院下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性严重,应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物,防止泛耐药菌的产生.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染现状及监测

目的探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染现状及其对13种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理选用抗菌药物. 方法用常规方法对289株铜绿假单胞菌临床株进行鉴定,并采用Kirty-Bauer法选用13种抗菌药物进行药物敏感试验. 结果 106株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的分离率为36.7%,主要来源于痰标本,占78.3%;其在临床病区分布中居前3位者依次为呼吸内科、神经外科、老年病科;106株铜绿假单胞菌对氯霉素、复方新诺明等8种抗菌药物均表现出＞50%的耐药率. 结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌医院感染严重,对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,治疗此类细菌感染宜参考细菌药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染现状及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)的感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供依据.方法 收集医院2008年1月-2010年12月临床分离的128株耐业胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染现状及耐药性进行回顾性分析 结果 耐业胺培南铜绿假单胞菌主要分布在ICU、脑病科、肿瘤科,分别占60.9％、21.9％、8.6％;在各类标本中的检出率以痰液、脓液、创面分泌物较高,分别占 60.2％、12.5％、12.5％;耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对黏菌素B耐药率最低为0,对头孢他啶、阿米卡星耐药率相对较低,为40.62％、46.09％;耐药率＞80.0％的有磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧芐啶、头孢噻肟、美罗培南、氨曲南、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星;耐药率＞ 50.0％的有哌拉西林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/舒巴坦.结论 耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌多药耐药现象极为严重,应加强耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物,严防耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的蔓延.     

老年患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的调查了解荣军医院老年患者感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性特点,为临床治疗选择抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法选择2009年1月-2012年12月≥60岁老年住院患者各种临床感染标本中培养出的274株铜绿假单胞菌,感染标本的采集、细菌培养与鉴定严格按照卫生部《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,药敏试验和结果判断采用WHO和CLSI推荐的K-B法进行;所有数据采用WHONET5.5软件进行统计分析。结果医院老年患者发生铜绿假单胞菌感染的高发部位主要是呼吸道、泌尿道、皮肤黏膜,分别占54.4%、21.5%、10.6%;铜绿假单胞菌耐药率最高的是磺胺甲噁唑∕甲氧苄啶,达到61.7%;耐药率>40.0%的抗菌药物有氨曲南、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林,敏感率>85.0%的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等。结论医院应贯彻执行卫生部颁发的《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》,加强合理用药的监管措施,预防与控制老年患者医院感染,扭转铜绿假单胞菌耐药性无序增长的不良局面。     

2006-2010年铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解医院铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及控制医院感染提供依据.方法 对2006-2010年临床分离的1966株铜绿假单胞菌,用纸片扩散法检测其对亚胺培南等13种抗菌药物的耐药率.结果 收集的1966株铜绿假单胞菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率均＜40.0％,分别为30.2％、30.4％、35.9％,对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南的耐药率均＞60.0％,分别为61.9％、63.1％,泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌呈逐年增加趋势.结论 医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药率高,临床应根据耐药特点合理选用抗菌药物,预防耐药菌在医院的暴发流行.     

县级医院铜绿假单胞菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨三峡库区县级医院铜绿假单胞菌的耐药特点,为库区基层医院临床医师合理用药提供理论依据.方法 采用WHONET软件统计分析65株铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布特点及耐药率.结果 铜绿假单胞菌临床分离率内科为40.0％,居首位;其中以＞60岁老年患者居多,占49.3％;临床标本中痰液分离率最高达80.0％;铜绿假单胞菌对13种常用抗菌药物的耐药监测结果显示,其对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物环丙沙星的耐药率最高为43.1％,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率均为7.7％.结论 作为三峡库区县级医院,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率与上级医院耐药率相比,远远低于上级医院,有其自身特点;但已出现碳青霉烯类抗菌药物亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药菌株,应引起临床医师的高度关注.     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院2009年1月-2010年5月铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 对医院各种感染标本中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌应用法国生物梅里埃全自动微生物鉴定仪进行鉴定,并做临床常用抗菌药物耐药性分析,用Whonet5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 187株铜绿假单胞菌主要来源于呼吸内科和ICU,分别占39.04％和20.86％;主要来源于痰液,共分离出152株,占81.28％;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南以及阿卡米星对铜绿假单胞菌有较好的抗菌活性,耐药率依次为9.2％、11.3％、16.2％和13.0％;对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢替坦、呋喃妥因和头孢唑林耐药率＞95.00％;对庆大霉素、氨曲南、头孢他啶和头孢吡肟等的耐药率＜50.00％.结论 医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌主要来源于呼吸道感染患者痰液标本中,耐药现象比较严重,加强耐药性检测,以指导临床合理用药控制医院感染.     

老年患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性调查

目的 探讨老年患者铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)医院感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供实验室依据.方法 PAE培养与鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,药敏试验采用K-B法.结果 212株PAE主要感染部位是下呼吸道,占57.5％,其次是皮肤黏膜,占18.4％,第3位是泌尿道感染,占11.8％;PAE药敏结果表明,耐药率＞50.0％的抗菌药物有磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素、环丙沙星;敏感率＞80.0％的抗菌药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星.结论 老年患者医院感染PAE耐药性非常严重,应加强监测、预防与控制.     

老年患者医院感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药现状

目的 分析老年患者铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)医院感染的现状及耐药性,为临床医师控制医院感染提供参考依据.方法 严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》留取感染性标本进行细菌培养与鉴定,采用CLSI推荐的K-B法进行药敏试验和结果评价.结果 168株PAE医院感染部位主要是下呼吸道、泌尿道、皮肤黏膜,分别占50.6％、18.5％、1 2.5％;药敏结果表明,PAE耐药率＞40.0％的抗菌药物有磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素、环丙沙星;敏感率＞90.0％的抗菌药物是亚胺培南和美罗培南.结论 医院老年患者医院感染PAE的耐药性日趋严重,应加强监控措施,预防与控制医院感染的暴发流行.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.