彩色多普勒超声对胫后动脉穿支血管的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 探讨应用彩色多普勒超声（CDU）探测胫后动脉穿支的解剖学分布规律进而指导临床应用。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声探测双侧胫后动脉穿支的数目、分布、蒂长及外径,并结合解剖学观察结果设计皮瓣,用来修复手背、腕背等创面,自2016年7月临床应用24例,皮瓣面积：2.0 cm×4.0cm～8.0 cm×12.0 cm。结果 探测到外径≥0.5 mm的胫后动脉穿支274支,每侧平均5.7支,穿支血管在胫后动脉起始点的外径为（1.4±0.8）mm,穿支血管蒂长度（4.5±2.2） cm。24例皮瓣均完全成活,15例随访3～12个月,皮瓣质地柔软,受区功能、外形均满意,供区无并发症。结论 彩色多普勒超声在胫后动脉穿支皮瓣术前设计方面作用显著,该皮瓣血供可靠,是修复中、小面积软组织缺损较好供区。     

胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿软组织缺损的临床疗效

目的报道应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿胫前软组织缺损的临床效果。、方法2008年1月-2011年8月,对外伤导致小腿胫前软组织缺损的13例患者,采用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣予以修复,皮瓣切取面积：3cm×30cm-4cm×40cm。、结果本组13例穿支皮瓣全部成活,随访6～24个月,原缺损区外形及功能恢复满意．供区外形无影响。、结论应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿胫前软组织缺损是一种理想的术式选择、     

吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的应用解剖和临床应用

目的 报道腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与游离移植的临床效果.方法 用明胶-氧化铅液灌注12侧标本的胭动脉,观测腓肠内侧血管及其穿支的分支、蒂长、管径等;取下标本皮肤软组织拍摄X线片,利用Photoshop与Scion Image分析穿支分布的趋向性和供血面积.临床上吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣修复5例手部软组织缺损,皮瓣面积为7 cm×4 cm～12 cm×8 cm. 结果 所有标本的腓肠内侧血管至少存在1支穿支,平均2.1支;位于距横纹9～18 cm、距后中线1～5 cm的范围内;其深筋膜处的外径为(1.03±0.22)mm;穿支供血的总面积为(107.5±23.9)cm2,单穿支的供血面积为(58.3±17.0)cm2.5例移植皮瓣全部成活,随访6～12个月,手部修复后外形与功能恢复满意.结论 明胶-氧化铅液灌注造影是皮瓣血管解剖学研究的可靠方法;腓肠内侧血管恒定存在的穿支,可作为腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的血供来源;该皮瓣外形美观,是修复手部中、小面积皮肤软组织缺损的良好选择.     

腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿中下段胫前软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿中下段胫前软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 2016年1月-2019年3月采用腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿中下段胫前软组织缺损共15例,创伤面积3.2 cm×2.5 cm～12.7 cm×5.3 cm.术前根据缺损处创面大小、位置以及形状,选择距离缺损部位最近的穿支做为旋转点设计小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮...     

应用穿支皮瓣修复小腿下1/3软组织缺损26例

目的 探讨穿支皮瓣在小腿下1/3软组织缺损修复中的应用.方法 小腿下1/3创伤后皮肤软组织缺损并骨折26例,分别设计不同穿支皮瓣进行创面修复,其中胫后动脉内踝上穿支皮瓣8例,胫后动脉后踝上穿支皮瓣2例,腓动脉外踝上穿支4例,胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣2例,腓动脉穿支逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣7例,胫后动脉内踝上穿支逆行隐神经营养血管皮瓣3例.皮瓣面积5 cm ×4cm～15cm×8cm.供区直接拉拢缝合或中厚植皮.结果 1例逆行隐神经营养血管皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后创面愈合,其余皮瓣全部成活;供区均一期愈合.术后随访2个月～2年,皮瓣无磨损及破溃,外观良好,大部分恢复保护性感觉,踝关节功能良好.结论 根据小腿下1/3软组织缺损位置及大小,灵活设计邻近穿支皮瓣,是此类创伤的理想修复方法.     

皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损

目的 探讨以指动脉或尺动脉远端皮穿支为蒂的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣,修复手部软组织缺损的手术方法 和临床疗效.方法 根据缺损部位的不同,分别对32例手部皮肤软组织缺损进行修复,其中采用指动脉背侧穿支蒂指神经背侧支逆行皮瓣5例,拇指动脉背侧穿支蒂的拇尺背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣15例,指动脉指蹼穿支蒂的手背皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣7例,尺动脉腕上皮穿支蒂的前臂内侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复5例.皮瓣切取面积为1.9 cm×2.0 cm～7.0 cm×10.0 cm.在修复指腹软组织缺损的患者中,将皮瓣中的皮神经与受区掌侧指神经缝合12例.结果 除1例皮瓣远端部分静脉回流障碍外,其余皮瓣均存活.术后随访时间为3个月～4年,皮瓣外形满意,手功能恢复良好.12例缝合指神经者,皮瓣两点分辨觉为10～12 mm.结论 穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣手术简便,血供可靠,可重建感觉功能,是修复手部创面的良好方法.     

游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的总结游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法自2006年9月至2009年1月,应用游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损11例,缺损范围4cm×8cm至8cm×22cm。皮瓣切取连带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,血管蒂呈T形,与健侧小腿胫后动脉行端端吻合,血管蒂用中厚网状游离植皮覆盖。结果除1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,经换药后愈合外,本组皮瓣全部成活。术后随访9个月至3.6年(平均2.9年),没有发现明显的供区功能障碍,供区与受区外形较好,健侧小腿经临床观察与Doppler检查,胫后动脉通畅。结论本方法适用于修复四肢软组织缺损后,患者仅存1条主要动脉者;行桥式游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣移植不损伤健侧小腿胫后动脉,降低了对供区的损伤。     

胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣的解剖基础及其修复足背动脉缺损的前足创面

目的 探讨跗内和(或)外侧动脉蒂胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣的解剖学特点,以及修复伴足背动脉缺损足前部创面的可行性. 方法 20侧成人下肢标本,解剖观测胫前动脉踝上分支直径、走行,跗内侧动脉、跗外侧动脉走行、吻合情况.据此设计皮瓣,12例前足创面患者,足背动脉缺损,创面范围13.0 cm×6.0 cm ～ 15.0 cm× 8.0 cm,均采用跗内和(或)外侧动脉蒂胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣覆盖.皮瓣范围14.0 cm×8.0 cm ～ 17.0 cm×9.0 cm.供区直接缝合或游离植皮覆盖. 结果 胫前动脉在距踝间连线近心端(3.1±0.8)cm处有一恒定穿支,穿支起始处外径(1.1±0.2)mm.胫前动脉穿支、胫前动脉、跗外侧动脉、跟外侧动脉相互吻合形成一血管轴,胫前动脉穿支、胫前动脉、跗内侧动脉、足底内侧动脉相互吻合形成一血管轴.术后皮瓣及植皮均顺利成活,供、受区切口均I期愈合.患者均获随访,随访6～18个月,平均10个月.皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好.患足负重行走正常,皮瓣及皮瓣供区无溃疡. 结论 跗内和(或)外侧动脉蒂胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复伴足背动脉缺损足前部创面,皮瓣无效蒂短,血供可靠,符合整形外科原则.     

以远端穿支血管为蒂的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨以远端穿支血管为蒂的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损的皮瓣选择,技术要点和临床疗效.方法 采用以腓动脉穿支为远端蒂的腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿下端、足跟负重部与足踝前侧或外侧创面16例,以胫后动脉穿支为远端蒂的隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足跟内侧创面6例,以胫前动脉穿支为远端蒂的腓浅神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足踝前侧或内侧创面3例.创面面积3.0 cm×3.5 cm～8.5cm×9.0cm.结果 所有皮瓣均存活,2例远端静脉回流障碍,经换药后痊愈.1例皮瓣远端伤口裂开,重新缝合后痊愈.25例获随访8个月至5年,发现皮瓣外形满意,具有保护性感觉,无磨损破溃,患者穿鞋行走正常.结论 以腓动脉、胫前动脉或胫后动脉穿支为远端蒂的神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,方法简单,不牺牲主干血管,是修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损的良好方法.避免皮瓣张力是保证皮瓣成活的关键.     

游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣供区创面

目的　介绍应用游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣供区创面,为减少供区损伤提供治疗方法.方法 2009年6月至2010年12月,对5例拇、手指软组织缺损,采用(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣游离移植修复,对(足母)趾供区创面同时采用游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣进行移植修复,小腿供区创面直接缝合.结果 术后5例游离(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣和胫后动脉穿支皮瓣全部存活,皮瓣外观和功能恢复良好,平均随访时间7个月,(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣和胫后动脉穿支皮瓣两点分辨觉平均为5mm和7mm.结论 游离(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣修复拇、手指软组织损伤的同时应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣一期修复(足母)趾供区创面,避免了术后局部疼痛、皮肤破溃等并发症,是一种理想的覆盖供区创面的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.