ICU连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗患者预防医院感染的管理措施

目的 分析医院重症监护病房(ICU)行连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗(CRRT)患者医院感染的危险因素,为医院感染的管理及预防措施提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析医院ICU2010年12月一2012年12月196例行CRRT的患者临床资料,统计分析患者医院感染的危险因素.结果 ICU行CRRT的196例患者中共发生医院感染34例,医院感染率为17.3％;单因素x2检验显示,年龄＞30岁,住院时间＞4d,静脉置管时间＞3 d的CRRT患者具有较高的医院感染率(P＜0.05);感染组中侵入性操作为(4.14±1.62)次,显著高于非感染组的(2.62±1.01)次,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、住院时间、静脉置管时间和侵入性操作是医院ICU行CRRT患者医院感染的主要影响因素,积极采取相应的预防措施有利于其医院感染发生率的降低.     

可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体预测呼吸机相关性肺炎并发脓毒症患者预后的研究

目的 研究可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(suPAR)对预测呼吸机相关性肺炎并发脓毒症患者预后的可行性.方法 收集88例确诊入住ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎并发脓毒症患者的临床资料,按诊断标准分为A、B组,对两组患者的相关临床资料及suPAR水平进行比较.结果 两组患者年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义;A组患者入住ICU后第2天suPAR为(10.01±1.32)ng/ml,B组为(14.95±1.68)ng/ml,A组明显低于B组(P＜0.05);A组患者入住ICU后第1、3天suPAR为(7.95±0.99、10.92±2.03) ng/ml;B组为(14.62±1.68、15.08±1.93)ng/ml,A组明显低于B组(P＜0.01).结论 suPAR是评估脓毒症严重程度的可信赖的生物学指标,可以独立预测.呼吸机相关性肺炎并发脓毒症患者的预后.     

胆道手术后脓毒症的危险因素分析及治疗

目的探讨胆道手术后脓毒症危险因素及诊治效果。方法回顾性分析307例胆道术后患者资料,按诊断标准和排除标准将其分为脓毒症组与非脓毒症组。比较两组在年龄、糖尿病、术前胆道感染、肿瘤、术前胆道梗阻时间>2周、入住ICU、深静脉置管、胆肠吻合术、术后早期单一脏器功能不全、术后留置T管的差异,应用单因素及非条件logistic回归分析危险因素。结果 21例脓毒症患者发病时间平均在术后(10.1±5.6)d,单因素分析显示,两组在糖尿病、肿瘤、胆肠吻合术、入住ICU、深静脉置管、术前梗阻时间>2周差异有统计学意义;logistic回归分析糖尿病、胆肠吻合术为胆道术后脓毒症发生的相关危险因素;21例脓毒症患者经及时清除或引流感染灶及针对性应用抗菌药物治疗均顺利康复。结论糖尿病、胆肠吻合术是胆道术后发生脓毒症的相关危险因素,对这类患者应尽可能避免长期滞留ICU或留置深静脉导管并采取预防脓毒症的措施,一旦发生脓毒症应及时清除或引流感染灶并针对性应用抗菌药物治疗;胆道手术后脓毒症患者预后良好。     

肿瘤科中心静脉导管感染危险因素的调查及预防

目的 探讨肿瘤科住院患者中心静脉导管(CVC)感染的相关危险因素,为其临床的预防提供参考依据.方法 共纳入120例肿瘤科的住院患者,均放置CVC,详细记录患者的相关信息,并根据其是否发生感染分为两组,应用多因素回归分析进行相关因素分析.结果 120例患者中有10例患者发生CVC感染,发生率为8.3％;CVC发生感染的单因素分析结果显示,感染组多腔导管及患有糖尿病史的发生率分别为80.0％、70.0％,非感染组分别为35.5％、36.4％,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);感染组患者导管留置时间(10.1±1.3)d,白蛋白(29.1±3.1)g/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(3.6±2.3)mmol/L、甘油三酯(2.4±0.3)mmol/L、总胆固醇(5.5±0.7)mmol/L水平,非感染组患者分别为(6.3±1.2)d、(36.8±4.2)g/L、(5.4±3.1) mmol/L、(1.6±0.5)mmol/L、(4.6±0.5) mmol/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);进一步校正相关因素,结果表明,导管留置时间长、导管管腔多是肿瘤科患者发生CVC感染的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 肿瘤科CVC感染的发生与导管留置时间长、导管管腔多存在密切的相关性,是其发生的独立危险因素,在临床护理过程中,要严格进行皮肤的局部护理,可以避免感染并发症的发生,促进患者的康复.     

脓毒症诱发急性肝功能障碍的危险因素及临床特征对比分析

目的 对比分析脓毒症诱发急性肝功能障碍的危险因素和临床特征.方法 将168例脓毒症患者按是否诱发急性肝功能障碍分为单纯脓毒症组(对照组,142例)和脓毒症诱发肝功能障碍组(观察组,26例).采用Logistic回归分析阐明脓毒症诱发急性肝功能障碍可能的危险因素；比较两组生化指标、血浆内皮素(ET)-1、脓毒症相关的序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA).结果 168例脓毒症患者诱发急性肝功能障碍发生率为15.5％(26/168).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,长期饮酒(OR=4.213,95％ CI 1.399～13.174)、心功能不全(OR=4.210,95％ CI 1.463～12.504)以及低血压(OR =5.944,95％ CI 1.823～ 19.979)为脓毒症诱发急性肝功能障碍的独立危险因素；观察组患者的总胆红素、直接胆红素、肌酐、血糖波动范围、乳酸、ET-1、SOFA、病死率均明显高于对照组[(35.9±9.8)μmol/L比(27.8±6.7)μmol/L、(17.7±8.0)μ mol/L比(12.3±5.9)μmol/L、(219.6±156.4)μmol/L比(159.4±125.3) μmol/L、(7.6±4.9) mmol/L比(3.0±1.6) mmol/L、(3.8±1.3) mmol/L比(2.0±1.2) mmol/L、(79.6±25.7) μg/L比(60.8±12.6)μg/L、(8.8±2.6)分比(5.7±1.8)分、38.5％(10/26)比17.6％(25/142),P＜0.01或＜0.05].结论 长期饮酒、心功能不全以及低血压为脓毒症诱发急性肝功能障碍的危险因素；肝功能障碍患者具有较高的动脉乳酸、血浆ET-1和SOFA,预示预后不良.     

老年肺炎患者并发脓毒症的相关因素分析

目的 评价血乳酸在老年肺炎并发脓毒症中的作用及与疾病危险分级、预后的相关性.方法 选择75例老年肺炎及50例年轻肺炎患者,分为脓毒症组和非脓毒症组,脓毒症组分为MODS组和非MODS组,测定各组血乳酸、CRP、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)水平及不同APACHEⅡ评分组的乳酸值.结果 老年肺炎组脓毒症的发生率显著高于年轻肺炎组;脓毒症组和非脓毒症组血乳酸水平差异均有统计学意义,两组分别为(1.74±0.33)mmol/L和(1.35±0.66)mmol/L,P＜0.05;MODS组和非MODS组血乳酸水平亦差异有统计学意义,两组分别为(2.37±0.66)mmol/L和(1.28±0.32)mmol/L,P＜0.05;老年肺炎组血乳酸与CRP相关(r=0.279,P＜0.05;随APACHEⅡ评分上升,血乳酸进行性升高.结论 老年肺炎易并发脓毒症,血乳酸水平升高可预测肺炎严重程度、并发症的发生及预后.     

IL-8和GRO-α与U-HBP评估ICU脓毒症患者预后的临床价值

目的 探讨白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、生长调节癌基因-α(GRO-α)和尿肝素结合蛋白(U-HBP)对ICU脓毒症患者病情预后的评估价值。方法 选取2018年2月-2021年2月日照市中心医院ICU收治的脓毒症患者266例为研究对象，多因素Logistic回归分析ICU脓毒症患者预后不良的危险因素；收集纳入研究对象入组时IL-8、CRP、GRO-α和U-HBP水平；受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估上述4项指标对脓毒症患者预后的预测价值。结果 多因素Logistic分析结果显示：液体出入负平衡、国家早期预警评分(NEWS)、脓毒症相关的序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)为脓毒症患者预后不良的独立危险因素；脓毒症、严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克患者IL-8、CRP、GRO-α、U-HBP水平比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),并随病情严重程度逐渐升高(P<0.05);脓毒症预后不良组患者IL-8、CRP、GRO-α和U-HBP水平高于预后良好组(P<0.05); ROC曲线结果显示，IL-8、CRP、GRO-α和U-HBP联合预测脓毒症患者预后的曲线下面积(AUC...     

急性心力衰竭患者医院感染对预后的影响分析

目的 探究分析医院感染对于急性心力衰患者预后的影响,以提高急性心力衰竭患者救治效果和护理质量.方法 回顾性分析医院2011年5月—2012年2月收治的150例急性心力衰竭患者,根据入院48h后是否感染分为感染组78例、非感染组72例,随访12个月,统计两组患者术后情况及并发症,并比较1年生存率和复发率.结果 非感染组患者住院时间为(9.8±3.9)d、术后KPS评分(76.8±9.7)分,均高于感染组的(13.8±6.3)d、(68.4±11.5)分,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；治疗总有效率非感染组为91.7％、感染组为78.2％,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；6、12个月生存率非感染组分别为94.3％、91.4％；感染组分别为83.6％、75.3％,复发率非感染组为11.4％、感染组为23.3％,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性心力衰竭合并医院感染患者将明显降低患者预后水平,应加强防护,提高治疗有效率.     

慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者发生医院感染的临床特点及相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者发生医院感染的临床特点及相关危险因素,为提高慢性肾衰竭患者血液透析的安全性提供参考.方法 医院2008年1月-2009年1月收治的慢性肾功能衰竭行血液透析患者124例,按照是否发生医院感染分为:感染组75例和非感染组49例,将两组患者的资料、实验室诊断、医疗差异、住院环境等进行对比分析,总结慢性肾衰竭行血液透析患者发生医院感染的危险因素.结果 两组患者血肌酐、甘油三酯及尿素清除指数,组间比较,差异均无统计学意义;感染组与非感染组各项资料分别为:年龄(66.4±11.5)岁、(54.3±15.5)岁,住院天数为(25.6±10.7)d、(14.7±14.3)d,白蛋白为(25.3±10.2)g/L、(36.1±11.3)g/L,血红蛋白为(77.4±13.4)g/L、(89.5±17.6)g/L,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);抗菌药物使用、病房环境、责任护士组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);患者医院感染的好发部位为呼吸系统占43.6％、胃肠道占21.3％、导管感染占17.0％.结论 慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者发生医院感染的危险因素,主要是患者自身及医疗因素;在治疗过程中,应加强医院感染控制管理,同时注意合理使用抗菌药物,尽量减少医院感染的危险因素.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者合并肺部真菌感染危险因素分析

目的 调查老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者合并肺部真菌感染的危险因素,为减少肺部真菌感染概率提供依据.方法 回顾性调查2009年6月-2010年12月228例老年AECOPD住院患者临床资料,根据是否合并肺部真菌感染将其分为真菌感染组(39例)与非真菌感染组(189例),并对其危险因素进行调查分析.结果 228例AECOPD患者中发生肺部真菌感染39例,感染率为17.11％,使用抗菌药物时间真菌感染组(12.27±5.575)d,非真菌感染组(5.49±2.485)d;全身糖皮质激素使用时间真菌感染组(8.23±3.468)d,非真菌感染组(5.93±2.496)d;住院时间真菌感染组(30.74±22.399)d,非真菌感染组(21.58±16.088)d,两组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);经非条件logistic回归分析,低白蛋白血症、使用抗菌药物及全身糖皮质激素是AECOPD患者发生呼吸道真菌感染的独立危险因素.结论 对老年AECOPD加强营养支持、减少广谱抗菌药物使用种类和时间、避免全身糖皮质激素的使用,可减少肺部真菌感染的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.