医院感染多药耐药菌的临床调查与药敏分析

目的 了解医院感染多药耐药菌的分布及耐药性,提高预防感染水平,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 对2011年1-7月临床标本按常规进行病原菌分离,采用VITEK IMS全自动细菌鉴定与药敏分析仪,对病原菌进行鉴定.结果 共检出病原菌230株,其中多药耐药菌129株,检出率为56.1％;革兰阳性多药耐药菌检出率为4.8％,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌占0,9％,屎肠球菌占3.9％;革兰阴性多药耐药菌检出率为45.0％,主要为大肠埃希菌占16,9％、肺炎克雷伯菌占13.0％.结论 医院分离的多药耐药菌分布与卫生部公布的主要多药耐药目标菌有一定差异,提示临床医师在使用抗菌药物时应根据病原菌的分离株种类、耐药性特点及药敏试验,合理选用抗菌药物.     

肿瘤专科医院住院患者病原菌分析及临床干预

目的 了解2011年肿瘤专科医院住院患者医院感染病原菌的临床分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据,并为加强控制医院感染的临床干预提供指引.方法 对该院2011年1-12月所分离出的病原菌及其耐药性进行回顾性统计分析.结果 送检标本共1277份,合格标本1207份,合格率94.52％;阳性标本429份,阳性率为35.54％;在送检标本中,以痰培养标本检出率最高,为61.54％;检出病原菌451株,检出率37.37％,其中,革兰阳性菌71株占15.74％,革兰阴性菌238株占52.77％,真菌142株占31.49％,前3位原菌依次为白色假丝酵母菌120株、大肠埃希菌68株、肺炎克雷伯菌64株,分别占26.61％、15.08％、14.19％;检出的病原菌中,多药耐药菌65株,检出率14.41％,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌、多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌分别为12、33、20株,未检出多药耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌;革兰阴性杆菌和葡萄球菌属对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,且呈多药耐药.结论 重视病原学检查及药敏监测,对合理选择抗菌药物、降低肿瘤患者感染发生率和死亡率、减少耐药菌株产生和控制医院感染暴发及流行均有重要价值.     

2912株多药耐药菌的调查分析

目的 调查分析医院2011年多药耐药菌的种类及分布,为控制医院感染提供科学依据.方法 将医院2011年住院患者22025份细菌培养标本的相关信息导入数据库进行分析,检出阳性病原菌,再按国际标准化定义筛选出多药耐药菌.结果 22 025份标本中共培养出病原菌5408株,其中革兰阳性菌1320株占24.41％;革兰阴性菌3933株占72.72％;真菌155株占2.87％;2912株多药耐药菌标本分离自呼吸道、泌尿道、切口、血液、器官/腔隙、导管、其他部位等,分别占70.95％、10.71％、7.86％、5.60％、2.27％、0.62％、1.99％;在非手术科室检出1542株,手术科室检出1370株.结论 多药耐药菌已逐渐成为医院感染的主要病原菌,应采取综合措施进行积极有效的预防与控制.     

ICU医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析ICU医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床危重患者抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 对2010年7月-2011年10月ICU所送标本的细菌培养及药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析.结果 共检出病原菌618例,其中革兰阴性杆菌400株,占64.7％,以鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌多见;革兰阳性球菌46株,占7.5％,以葡萄球菌属及肠球菌属为主;真菌172株,占27.8％,以白色假丝酵母为主;病原菌耐药现象较严重,常呈多药耐药.结论 ICU患者常呈多重感染,且对常用抗菌药物多药耐药,定期对ICU进行流行病学调查,临床医师应加强医院感染监测,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

神经外科病房多药耐药菌感染管理及控制措施

目的 分析神经外科病房多药耐药菌(MDROs)医院感染情况并提出护理预防控制措施,保证医疗安全.方法 对2009年12月-2011年9月神经外科病房68例多药耐药菌感染的病历进行回顾分析.结果 68例患者发生多药耐药菌感染共分离71株病原菌,主要来自痰标本,占71.9％,其次为尿标本,占15.5％;正确使用护理程序及管理,多药耐药菌感染能得到有效控制,未发生医院感染暴发流行.结论 加强MDROs感染患者的监测,切实落实消毒隔离措施,认真执行标准预防及手卫生,加强抗菌药物的合理应用等护理措施,对神经外科多药耐药菌感染是行之有效的.     

2009-2011年肝胆外科ICU病原菌分布及多药耐药趋势分析

目的 研究医院肝胆外科ICU感染病原菌分布及多药耐药菌的变迁,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物.方法 对2009年9月-2011年9月肝胆外科ICU感染患者送检2257份标本分离的病原菌进行鉴定及多药耐药菌分析.结果 共检出病原菌1576株,其中革兰阴性菌745株占47.27％,革兰阳性菌430株占27.29％,真菌401株占25.44％;标本主要来源于痰液、腹腔引流液、血液及胆汁;鲍氏不动杆菌、屎肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的多药耐药菌检出率高居前3位,其中鲍氏不动杆菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的多药耐药率由67.44％、50.00％升至70.59％、61.7％,屎肠球菌多药耐药率则由58.82％降至46.00％;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌产ESBLs检出率2009年9月-2010年9月分别为70.0％、48.08％及12.12％、2010年9月-2011年9月分别为45.61％、9.38％及0.结论 肝胆外科ICU患者感染的主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌及真菌感染率有上升趋势;加强病原菌及其耐药性的检测、指导合理应用抗菌药物,对降低细菌耐药率至关重要.     

2011年多药耐药非发酵菌的分布特点及耐药性监测

目的 分析2011年多药耐药非发酵菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床控制多药耐药菌感染提供有效依据.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB鉴定仪进行病原菌鉴定,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.结果 736株非发酵菌中检出多药耐药非发酵菌113株,检出率为15.4％;其中多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(MDRAB) 70株,多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDRPA)43株,分别占61.9％、38.1％,两者均出现泛耐药菌株;以呼吸道标本为主,占74.3％,主要分布于ICU,占54.0％;多药耐药非发酵菌除对多黏菌素B 100.0％敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦保持较大活性,耐药率＜20.0％外,对其他14种常用抗菌药物耐药率介于65.0％～100.0％.结论 合理使用抗菌药物,加强消毒和隔离措施是降低和控制医院感染最有效的方法.     

ICU医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供可靠的理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2011年医院ICU住院患者送检标本中分离的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共分离出病原菌454株,其中革兰阴性杆菌280株占61.7％,真菌112株占24.7％,革兰阳性球菌62株占13.6％;前4位革兰阴性菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;主要标本来源为痰液91.0％,其次为尿液21.6％、血液7.1％,其中痰液标本中病原菌285株,占62.8％,其他病原菌169株占37.2％;分离的革兰阴性菌大多有多药耐药性,其中以鲍氏不动杆菌更为显著.结论 ICU感染的病原菌主要存在于下呼吸道,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且耐药较严重,对疑有感染的患者应及时留取标本进行细菌鉴定,并依药敏结果调整用药,有效控制医院感染.     

多药耐药菌感染分析及控制对策

目的 为了解多药耐药菌耐药性变化趋势,以达到预防和控制多药耐药菌感染的目的.方法 对某院2009年11月-2011年8月住院患者多药耐药菌感染的变迁进行回顾性调查分析,针对不同感染部位分别采取痰、咽拭子、尿、分泌物、引流液等标本进行细菌培养.结果 35 016例住院患者送检微生物标本16 802份,送检率47.98％；分离病原菌5489株,检出率32.67％,其中多药耐药菌检出663株,占12.08％；住院患者多药耐药菌感染率为1.89％;663株多药耐药菌中革兰阴性菌569株占85.82％,以产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌为主,分别占42.99％、21.27％、11.01％；革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌94株,占14.18％；标本类型以痰标本为主,占51.28％,其次是尿液标本,占20.21％;多药耐药菌感染患者最多的科室是ICU,占24.59％、其次是神经外科、泌尿外科、神经内科和呼吸科,分别占18.10％、9.50％、9.05％、6.79％.结论 为有效控制多药耐药菌的产生和流行,保障患者安全,医院建筑布局和工作流程要符合感染控制的要求；职能科室应加强医务人员多药耐药菌知识的培训、监测和消毒隔离工作的督导检查；微生物实验室要加强和临床的沟通合作,做到早发现、早诊断、早隔离；临床科室对多药耐药菌感染患者要严格执行无菌操作、手卫生、合理使用抗菌药物.     

ICU下呼吸道感染者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院ICU下呼吸道感染者痰培养病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析医院2008年1月-2010年12月ICU下呼吸道感染者1562份合格痰标本中培养的515株病原菌及耐药性.结果 515株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌325株,占63.1％,革兰阳性菌156株,占30.3％,真菌34株,占6.6％;革兰阴性菌中,鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌分别占18.6％、13.4％、7.0％、6.8％;革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌占l6.1％;鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的检出率呈逐年上升的趋势,耐药结果显示,大多数抗菌药物的耐药率逐年升高,多药耐药严重.结论 医院ICU的感染以革兰阴性菌为主;大部分病原菌呈现高耐药和多药耐药的特点,及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势以指导临床用药至关重要.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.