江苏省宜兴地区丙型肝炎病毒基因分型研究

目的了解江苏省宜兴地区丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）基因型分布特征和病毒变异情况。方法对宜兴市人民医院收治的158例HCV抗体阳性患者血清进行HCV RNA检测，对阳性标本进行Simmonds分型，采用5’非编码区（5’NCR）1、2、3、1b型特异性引物进行PCR扩增，并对1b型和2型各1株的PCR产物测序验证。分析不同性别、临床类型的丙型肝炎患者基因型分布差异。结果158份血清中，有95份为HCV RNA阳性，其中1b型80份（84．2％），2型5份（5．3％），1b／2型的混合感染5份（5．3％），不能分型的5份（5．3％），1b型的序列与GenBank J-4株的同源性为99．2％，2型与GenBank J-6株的同源性为97．7％。男性和女性在基因型总体分布上存在差异（P〈0．05），并且在单一型感染和混合型感染的分布上差异亦有统计学意义，不同临床类型的丙型肝炎中HCV基因型分布未显示差异。结论江苏省宜兴地区HCV以1b型为主，男女患者HCV基因型分布差异有统计学意义，而不同临床类型的HCV基因型分布无显著差异，基本反映了本地区HCV感染的特点。     

珠海口岸出入境人员丙肝病毒基因型分布特征研究

目的了解珠海口岸出入境人员丙肝病毒(HCV)基因型分布特征,为口岸防控HCV提供科学依据。方法收集2016—2019年珠海国际旅行卫生保健中心出入境健康体检中筛查出的183例HCV抗体阳性人员血清,提取核酸,对HCV基因E1/E2区域进行PCR扩增并测序分型。结果 183份HCV抗体阳性血清中,PCR阳性125份,成功测序121份。检出4种基因型,其中1型19份(15.70%)、2型2份(1.65%)、3型20份(16.53%)、6型80份(66.12%)。流行病学分析显示,来自广东省内的HCV感染者的基因型以6型为主,其分布与省外HCV感染人群差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论珠海口岸出入境人员感染HCV基因型呈多样性特征,但以6型为主。     

出入境人员丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白基因巢式RT-PCR检测及分型研究

目的建立一种检测丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)核心蛋白基因的巢式RT-PCR方法,以及HCV核心蛋白基因区测序分型方法。方法从国际HCV数据库查找HCV核心蛋白基因序列,设计HCV RNA巢式RT-PCR引物及测序引物,并建立巢式RT-PCR反应体系。采用出入境人员抗-HCV阳性血清60份,及50份标本为HCV抗体检测阴性,且谷丙转氨酶(ALT)>100U/L的血清进行巢式RT-PCR检测,阳性结果使用本研究建立的测序引物进行基因测序以确定HCV基因型。结果 60份抗-HCV阳性血清中,42份(70.0%)核心蛋白基因RT-PCR扩增阳性,其中1b型27例、1a型12例、6a型1例、3a型1例、2a型1例。50份ALT>100U/LR抗-HCV阴性标本中,1份HCV核心蛋白基因RT-PCR扩增阳性,测序鉴定为3a型。结论本研究建立了一种HCV RNA核心蛋白基因的巢式RT-PCR检测和分型方法,为出入境人员HCV的诊断和监测提供重要依据。     

山西省吸毒人员丙型肝炎病毒的基因分型和序列分析

目的 探讨山西省吸毒人群中HCV基因型分布现状和基因特征。方法 采集太原强制戒毒所576份吸毒人员血清标本,用ELISA法进行抗HCV的检测;检出抗HCV阳性的血清进一步用型特异性引物RT-巢式PCR法进行基因分型,选择1b型和2a型各一株进行PCR产物直接测序。结果 576份吸毒人员的抗HCV检出率为7.5％其中本省的抗HCV检出率为5.7％,外省为27.7％,外省吸毒者的抗HCV检出率非常显著高于山西省吸毒者(X~2=30.32,P<0.01)。山西省吸毒人群的HCV基因型以1b型为主(78.9%),其次为2a型(15.8%)和1b/2a混合型(5.3％);未检出1a型、2b型和3a型,但山西省分型阳性者中口吸者居多(84.2％)。山西吸毒者HCV 1b型分离株在其核心区的144个核苷酸序列中,与日本、河北、上海、湖南及邻省的同源性都在94％以上,与湖南株的同源性最好(97％);而推导的氨基酸序列与日本的差异最大(7％)。山西吸毒者HCV 2a型分离株在其核心区的174个cD-NA核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列中与日本的同源性分别为94％和96％,但氨基酸的变异小于核苷酸。值得注意的是,nt 522和 nt 564(核心区第209和223位)的变异是所有中国1b型株的共同特征。结论 山西省吸毒人群中HCV基因型以1b为主。在同一亚型中,山西吸毒者的HCV分离株在核心区部分序列与日本及国内其他地区的分     

广东地区丙型肝炎患者几种常见HCV基因型的快速检测

目的快速准确检测广东地区广泛分布的主要HCV基因型，为HCV的临床诊断和治疗提供依据。方法收集53例HCV—RNA阳性血清标本，选取丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）基因组保守序列为扩增靶序列，设计通用引物和特异型别探针（1，2，3，6型），通过逆转录将RNA逆转录为cDNA后，利用通用引物对cDNA进行PCR扩增，将扩增产物利用反向点杂交（RDB）技术进行基因分型。结果HCVRNA阳性血清53例，共检出标本52例，4种基因型所占的比例为1b型32例占60．38％，2a型4例占7．55％，3b型8例占15．09％，6a型8例占15．09％。结论所测患者的HCV基因型分布以1b为主，6a和3b次之，2a相对较低；反向点杂交技术能对其进行快速分型，符合率高达98．11％。     

蒙古国人丙型肝炎患者HCV RNA检测及基因型的研究

目的通过检测丙型肝炎病毒基因分型,探讨蒙古国抗-HCV阳性患者血清中HCV基因型流行株特征。方法采用基因芯片法对蒙古国183例抗-HCV阳性患者血清标本进行基因型检测,同时检测相关病毒学及肝功能生化指标,分析基因型分布特点和临床意义。结果 183例抗-HCV阳性患者中HCV RNA阳性134例(73.2%),其中基因1b型68例(50.7%),2a型59例(44.0%),并有少量的1a、3a、1b+2a和其它3例混合型。结论抗-HCV阳性并非HCV感染直接标志,蒙古国感染HCV患者的基因型以1b和2a型为主,比例基本相当;基因型在性别上人群分布差异无统计学意义。     

山东出入境人员丙型肝炎病毒核苷酸序列分析

〔目的〕探讨山东出入境人员中丙型肝炎感染的流行病学情况以及病毒的基因型。〔方法〕应用ELISA方法对2004～2005年在山东国际旅行卫生保健中心体检的出入境人员进行丙型肝炎血清学检测,HCV抗体阳性血清标本进一步应用逆转录套式PCR(RT-nested-PCR)方法扩增出HCV NS5B区基因片断(319bp)。通过对扩增产物的双向测序,应用DNAssist分析软件进行排列比较;应用BLAST与Genebank中HCV各型分离株序列进行比较;并应用phylip3.65软件绘制系统发生树。〔结果〕①血清学方法共检测出42份HCV抗体阳性血清标本;②RT-nested-PCR检出11份NS5B区特异性扩增片段阳性;③所得11份标本与Genebank中HCV1b型同源,系统发生树也同样显示11份标本均为HCV1b型。〔结论〕本研究首次证明山东出入境人员中HCV流行株为1b型,为加强HCV流行病学研究与传染病的防治提供了理论依据。     

中国部分地区丙型肝炎病毒核心区基因分型的研究

〔目的〕了解中国部分地区丙型肝炎病毒的基因分型。〔方法〕采用HCV核心区的型特异性引物PCR检测并以基因序列系统进化树法对中国部分地区人群的HCV进行基因分型。〔结果〕在来自中国福建、山东、台湾等9个省、市的HCV-RNA阳性标本中共发现4种HCV基因型和6种HCV基因亚型,各型名称为:1b、2a、3b、6a、6n和6。其中1b型占29.7%(19/64);2a型占4.7%(3/64);3b型占28.1%(18/64);6a型占34.4%(22/64);6n型占1.6%(1/64);6型占1.6%(1/64)。另从1名巴基斯坦藉入境人员血清标本中检出HCV1a型。〔结论〕HCV核心区的型特异性引物PCR和基因序列系统进化树法可较好地对HCV进行基因分型,中国与相邻的东南亚国家或地区一样存在着HCV基因多样性。     

武汉市美沙酮门诊治疗者丙型肝炎病毒基因分型

目的 探讨武汉市美沙酮门诊治疗者丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及不同基因型感染状况.方法 用酶标记免疫(ELISA)法检测抗-HCV抗体,在86份抗-HCV抗体阳性的血清标本中,分别提取HCV RNA,通过逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT-nested PCR)扩增C基因的羧基至E1基因的氨基端长度为474 bp的片段,测定其核苷酸序列,与GenBank中已知的HCV序列进行系谱分析,确定HCV基因型.结果 武汉市美沙酮门诊332名治疗者中抗-HCV IgG阳性率为94.3%;其中86份血清的HCV序列通过系谱显示6a型71例,占82.5%;3b 7例,占8.2%;1a 5例,占5.8%;1b 3例,占3.5%.结论 武汉市美沙酮门诊入组的吸毒者HCV感染以6a型为优势株,其次为3b,吸毒者中HCV感染率较高,且基因亚型呈现多样性.     

海口地区丙型肝炎病毒基因分型研究

目的 为制定治疗方案提供参考,了解海口地区丙型肝炎病毒基因分型的特征.方法 选择2010年1月～2011年1月某院经临床检测HCV-RNA阳性的72例患者血清,回顾分析HCV测序分型结果、套式PCR结果,对照分析不同HCV-RNA阳性人群HCV基因分型及不同基因型HCV-RNA定量检测值.结果 本组共72份血清标本,基因型构成比次序依次为:1b型构成比为62.5％ (45/72);2a型构成比为29.2％ (21/72); 3a型构成比为8.3％ (6/72).不同HCV-RNA阳性人群HCV基因分型结果对照显示,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).1b型HCV-RNA定量检测值显著高于2a型和3a型(P＜0.05),2a型HCV-RNA定量检测值显著高于3a型(P＜0.05).结论 海口地区丙型肝炎病毒基因分型和国内多数地区相同,以1b型为主,2a型次之,同时基因分型也有助于了解患者体内病毒复制情况,为治疗提供参考.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.