县医院分离革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性,指导临床用药.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2010年12月临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性.结果 2009年1月-2010年12月共分离出革兰阴性杆菌402株,分离前4位的是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占19.9％、15.9％、14.4％及13.4％;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性较低,而对哌拉西林、喹诺酮类等的耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较高,鲍氏不动杆菌对临床常用药耐药性均＜50.0％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为48.4％、18.5％.结论 临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物具有较强的抗菌活性,而铜绿假单胞菌则耐药率较高,但铜绿假单胞菌对酶抑制复合类抗菌药物耐药性较低;为控制感染,临床医师应依据药敏试验的结果使用药物,提高用药疗效.     

医院常见革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性动态监测

目的 动态监测2010年各季度医院住院患者感染常见革兰阴性杆菌的种类、分布及耐药性,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物.方法 采用MicroScanAutoScan-40半自动微生物鉴定仪和药敏系统及配套进行菌株鉴定与药物敏感性测定,并检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs),用WHONET5软件及SPSS12.0进行数据统计分析.结果 3136株革兰阴性杆菌临床分离菌中,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌;大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率在33.2％～62.9％,产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率在22.8％～43.8％;大肠埃希菌对常用的喹诺酮类、头孢类及氨曲南耐药性较高,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南耐药率均＜10.0％;肺炎克雷伯菌在各季度耐药性相比基本持平,对大多数抗菌药物耐药率＞30.0％,保持有较强抗菌活性的抗菌药物有亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦等抗菌药物;铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持较强的抗菌活性,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率有升高趋势,第三季度曾达14.0％;鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率＜10.0％的只有亚胺培南,对其他抗菌药物,包括三、四代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类等耐药率均＞40.0％,已连续出现耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌.结论 临床分离的革兰阴性菌日益增多,对常用抗菌药物的耐药性增高,应重视耐药菌株的动态监测和药敏试验,根据药敏合理选择应用抗菌药物,以减少耐药菌的产生.     

医院常见感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院2010年病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对医院2010年检出病原菌及耐药性进行统计分析.结果 医院临床分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占77.6％,其次是革兰阳性球菌,占16.5％;最常见的病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率均＜20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药情况较严重,对所检测抗菌药物的耐药率在25.8％～90.3％,MRSA及MRSE均为多药耐药菌,其耐药率除万古霉素为0外,对其他抗菌药物均≥50.0％.结论 医院应加强临床微生物学的检查,合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌耐药性的发生.     

某三甲医院临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院临床分离的常见革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药变迁,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2009年12月医院临床标本分离的革兰阴性杆菌分布和耐药性。结果 3年共分离革兰阴性杆菌6643株,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占24.8%、23.1%、16.6%、10.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs检出率有增加趋势;对肠杆菌科细菌敏感性较高的抗菌药物有亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率显著增加。结论 3年医院临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌耐药率有较快增长,加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物非常重要。     

尘肺病合并肺部感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 研究尘肺病合并肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床医师早期经验性抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 对医院2010-2011年尘肺病合并肺部感染患者痰标本检出的269株病原菌进行回顾性分析,药敏判断采用CLSI标准.结果 269株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌177株占65.8％、革兰阳性球菌70株占26.0％、真菌22株占8.2％;革兰阴性杆菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等,革兰阳性球菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌等;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率达63.0％;主要革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率为4.3％～18.2％,阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟耐药率为25.8％～51.6％,其他耐药率均较高为50.0％～100.0％;其中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为9.7％、8.7％、17.1％和18.2％,对美罗培南耐药率分别为6.5％、4.3％、14.3％和18.2％;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产ESBLS菌株检出率分别为54.8％和65.2％;革兰阳性球菌未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药菌株,其他抗菌药物除氯霉素、左氧氟沙星外耐药率均较高为57.7％～96.3％.结论 尘肺病合并肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,常用抗菌药物耐药现象严重,应加强患者个人防护并合理使用抗菌药物,提高患者生存质量.     

呼吸科病房病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的 分析医院2011年呼吸科病房下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为临床科学用药提供依据.方法 对下呼吸道感染住院患者送检的痰标本中分离出病原菌,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性监测.结果 2822例下呼吸道感染住院患者中,共分离出革兰阴性菌326株占74.8％;革兰阳性菌110株占25.2％;检出率排前5位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs株分别占38.6％和58.4％,产ESBLs株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于非产酶株;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、环丙沙星及亚胺培南的敏感率＞70.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,未检出耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 对该地区病原菌进行监测,掌握常见病原菌分布及耐药特点,对合理选择抗菌药物非常重要.     

引起医院下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2003至2006年住院患者下呼吸道感染痰标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药性回顾性统计分析。结果临床所分离的3113株病原菌中,前几位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌常呈多药耐药且对亚胺培南耐药率上升明显;除亚胺培南外,肠杆菌科细菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率总体上呈逐年上升趋势;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）克雷伯菌属检出率为16.7%～32.5%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率〉64.4%,产ESBLs菌株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的分离率较高。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药严重,临床应合理应用抗菌药物,以延缓细菌耐药性的产生。     

临床常见革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解医院临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌分布和对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,从而指导临床经验性用药。方法按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准,用K-B法检测2007年7月-2008年12月医院临床分离的常见革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性,采用双纸片确证试验检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的阳性率。结果 2007年7月-2008年12月分离常见革兰阴性杆菌5290株,其中铜绿假单胞菌1863株,肺炎克雷伯菌1254株,鲍氏不动杆菌1153株,大肠埃希菌1020株,检出率依次为35.22%、23.71%、21.80%和19.28%,其他革兰阴性杆菌722株;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢西丁的耐药率较低,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星等药物的耐药性较高,鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为32.70%,而对其余常用抗菌药物的耐药性均50.00%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs检出率分别为52.90%和49.20%,并且出现了耐碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。结论鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药现象严重,并呈多药耐药,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率较高,应加强监测耐碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的肠杆菌科细菌;为控制医院感染,临床医师应依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物,提高抗感染的治疗效果。     

4011株病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院临床分离常见病原菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用K-B法进行药物敏感试验,结果参照CLSI 2008年版判定.结果 临床分离病原菌4011株,其中革兰阳性菌1447株,占36.1％,革兰阴性菌2340株,占58.3％,真菌224株,占5.6％;葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为16.1％和62.5％,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为57.1％和45.9％;分离出7株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌和11株多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌,检出率分别为2.4％和2.8％;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物高度敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶敏感性检出率最高,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感性最高.结论 医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,未发现耐万古霉素的革兰阳性球菌,但首次发现多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药.     

2007-2010年革兰阴性菌对抗菌药物的敏感性分析

目的 了解医院2007年1月-2010年12月临床常见革兰阴性菌的分离情况及其对常用抗菌药物的敏感率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月-2010年12月临床标本分离出的革兰阴性杆菌,并对其进行药敏试验.结果 4年共检出革兰阴性菌14784株,主要为铜绿假单胞菌2260株占15.29％,鲍氏不动杆菌2700株占18.26％,大肠埃希菌6241株占31.87％,肺炎克雷伯菌2139株占11.80;铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南保持相对较好的抗菌活性,敏感率均＞50.00％;鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、阿米卡星保持相对较好的抗菌活性,敏感率均＞50.00％;而大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性菌仅对含酶抑制剂和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物显示较好的抗菌活性.结论 临床医师应加强药敏试验,根据试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.