新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的 研究新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的相关危险因素.方法 将我院2011年1月至2012年12月间50例新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎患儿定义为观察组,选取同一时期进行呼吸机治疗未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的100例新生儿为对照组,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析对两组的临床资料进行比较分析.结果 ①观察组中吸痰次数＞6次/d、机械通气时间＞6d的患儿例数明显多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②多因素分析发现,吸痰次数＞6次/d (OR=24.56,95％CI:0.756～4.595),机械通气时间＞6d (OR=6.757,95％CI:1.345 ～ 8.753)是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的危险因素.结论 吸痰次数过多和机械通气时间过长是导致新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的危险因素.     

NICU新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素。方法 选取某三甲医院呼吸机相关性肺炎和非呼吸机相关性肺炎患儿,采用一般资料、临床表现、检查结果对其进行评测。结果 新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎阳性率为47.26%,多因素logistic回归分析显示,有胃内容物反流(OR=3.104,95%CI:1.502~6.415)、有原发肺部疾病(OR=2.296,95%CI:1.058~4.982)、置管时间≥3天(参照组:置管＜3天)(OR=4.008,95%CI:2.132~7.534)、吸痰次数≥5次(参照组:吸痰＜5次)(OR=2.602,95%CI:1.442~4.694)、出生体重＜2500g(参照组:出生体重≥2500g)(OR=2.300,95%CI:1.090~4.854)、sTREM-1增高(OR=2.769,95%CI:1.559~4.917)是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的危险因素(P＜0.05);插管次数1次(参照组:插管≥2次)(OR=0.099,95%CI:0.041~0.240)、早期使用抗生素(OR=0.347,95%CI:0.190~0.635)是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的保护因素(P＜0.05)。结论 新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病率较高,胃内容物反流、原发肺部疾病、置管时间≥3天、吸痰次数≥5次、出生体重＜2500g、sTREM-1增高、早期使用抗生素是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发病的危险因素。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素及预防对策

目的:分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素,并探究相应的预防措施.方法:选取我院2016年8月到2017年8月期间新生儿科收治的150例需要行呼吸机治疗的患儿作为研究对象,将50例无呼吸机相关性肺炎的患儿设为对照组,将100例患有呼吸机相关性肺炎患儿设为观察组,观察并比较两组患儿临床资料,分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素.结果:观察组患儿孕周、出生体重、插管次数、机械通气时间等因素与对照组患儿相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:患儿孕周、出生体重、插管次数、机械通气时间等因素与新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生密切相关,临床应针对其危险因素积极防治与护理,以减少其临床发生率.     

新生儿呼吸机相关肺炎危险因素和病原学研究

目的研究探讨新生儿呼吸机相关肺炎的危险因素和病原学。方法选取我院于2013年8月—2014年8月经过机械通气且通气时间大于等于48 h的100例新生儿作为研究对象,将其中符合呼吸机相关肺炎诊断标准的45例新生儿作为观察组,未感染肺炎的55例新生儿作为对照组,分析其发生的危险因素和病原学。结果机械通气时间大于等于48 h的新生儿中肺炎发生率为45%,发病患儿和未发病患儿在住院时间、插管天数、体位、出生体重、胎龄、营养不良、肺部原发疾病、留置胃管、反复吸痰、反复气管插管等方面差异具有统计学意义,P〈0.05。结论新生儿患有呼吸机相关肺炎的危险因素主要包括早产、应用H2拮抗剂、体重低、平卧位、肺部原发病、机械通气时间大于等于73 h等,病原菌包括肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌及其他病菌,为了降低新生儿患呼吸机相关肺炎的概率,需要避免上述危险因素和病原菌的侵入。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发生现状及影响因素分析

目的分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发生现状及影响因素,为新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的防控提供参考依据。方法选取2017年1月-2018年8月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的进行机械通气治疗的268例新生儿为研究对象,统计新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,其中发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的新生儿为A组(62例),其余为B组(206例)。分析比较两组新生儿性别、胎龄、白蛋白水平、分娩方式、Apgar评分、是否存在感染、出生体质量、抗生素联合应用情况、机械通气时间、肺表面活性物质应用情况及气管插管次数的差异,并分析上述因素与新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的关系。结果 268例新生儿中62例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎,发生率为23. 13%。两组新生儿性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。两组新生儿胎龄、白蛋白水平、分娩方式、Apgar评分、是否存在感染、出生体质量、抗生素联合应用情况、机械通气时间、肺表面活性物质应用情况及气管插管次数比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,胎龄、白蛋白水平、分娩方式、Apgar评分、是否存在感染、出生体质量、抗生素联合应用情况、机械通气时间、肺表面活性物质应用情况及气管插管次数均是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素(均P0. 05)。结论新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率较高,且影响因素较多,临床应给予充分重视。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎影响因素分析

目的分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素,为临床制定防治措施提供参考。方法选取2017年6月-2019年6月温州医科大学附属第一医院收治的172例机械通气患儿,分为呼吸机相关性肺炎组(研究组)和非呼吸机相关性肺炎组(对照组)。比较两组一般资料,采集呼吸机相关性肺炎患儿气道分泌物,进行痰液培养,分析病原学特点。结果 172例新生儿中,呼吸机相关性肺炎72例(41.76%)。对照组死亡率(2.00%)显著低于研究组(16.67%)(χ~2=12.043,P=0.000)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:出生体质量1 500 g、气管插管次数多、机械通气时间≥3 d是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素,氧合指数≥200 mm Hg是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的保护因素(均P0.05)。研究组中,病原学检查阳性62例(86.11%),其中革兰阴性菌39例(40株),革兰阳性菌14例(15株),真菌9例(9株)。结论新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的治疗较困难,重在预防。了解新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素对指导临床合理防治有重要意义,检测新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学特点可指导临床合理用药。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,并分析其预防策略,为防治VAP提供临床依据。方法选取医院2011年1月-2014年2月新生儿216例,按照是否合并VAP,将其分为观察组和对照组,合并VAP患儿54例为观察组,未合并VAP患儿162例为对照组,分析新生儿VAP感染相关因素及预防策略。结果观察组早产儿和原发肺部疾病分别占72.22%和16.67%,高于对照组17.28%和4.94%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组出生平均体质量为(2613.60±115.24)g,低于对照组(3150.29±127.36)g,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组机械通气时间和住NICU时间分别为(5.43±0.51)d和(8.43±0.93)d,均高于对照组的(3.02±0.48)d和(5.10±0.64)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组插管次数≥2次的为57.41%,高于对照组23.46%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组平均吸痰次数为(8.62±0.71)次,多于对照组的(5.14±0.63)次,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论新生儿VAP发病与孕周、机械通气时间、住NICU时间、吸痰次数、出生体质量、插管次数和原发肺部疾病等因素有关。     

优质护理在新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用

目的分析优质护理管理在预防新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)对新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用。方法选取天津市第一中心医院机械通气新生儿86例作为观察对象(收治时间为2017年11月-2018年11月),根据新生儿入院先后顺序将其分为接受优质护理管理的优质组43例和接受常规护理管理的常规组43例,分析比较两组新生儿护理效果。结果优质组反复机械通气次数为(6.45±1.89)次、住院时间为(9.85±3.64) d、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为2.3%,护理满意率为97.7%;常规组反复机械通气次数为(9.56±2.19)次、住院时间为(15.78±3.76) d、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为16.3%,护理满意率为81.4%,优质组新生儿各项观察指标明显优于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在预防NICU新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的过程中,优质护理管理的运用减少了机械通气次数和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,缩短了新生儿治疗时间,提高新生儿家长护理满意率,是一种理想的护理管理方法。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的高危因素和病原菌分析

目的探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的高危因素和病原菌情况。方法对本院新生儿科监护病房住院的130例行机械通气的患儿,采用气管内吸痰或撤管时气管导管末端进行细菌培养和药敏实验,分析发生VAP的危险因素及耐药性关系。结果行机械通气的患儿有43．8％诊断为VAP,细菌培养以G-杆菌为主（68．4％）,其中大肠埃希菌（21．1％）、肺炎克雷伯（13．2％）、鲍曼不动杆菌（10．5％）分别占前3位,VAP的病原菌耐药性分析显示对头胞类抗生素广泛耐药,而对亚胺培南-西司他丁、环丙沙星、头胞哌酮＋舒巴坦钠仍保持较高敏感性。结论VAP与胎龄、出生体重、MV时间、插管次数、MV次数等有关;G-杆菌是新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的优势菌,根据药敏结果选用抗生素。     

早产儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析及防治对策

目的 探讨早产儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,并提出相应防治对策,为预防早产儿VAP的发生提供依据.方法 回顾分析妇产科2010年3月-2012年2月重症监护病房(NICU)内收治的142例胎龄≤32周且体重为(1500±500)g的早产儿临床资料,其中68例机械通气治疗发生VAP(VAP组),未发生VAP的74例为对照组;比较两组患儿胎龄、性别、体重、气管内吸引次数、机械通气时间、再插管、贫血、肺透明膜病等因素.结果 142例早产儿中,68例发生VAP,占47.89％;VAP组、对照组的死亡率分别为7.35％、4.05％;早产儿的胎龄、体重、机械通气时间、再插管、气管内吸引次数是早产儿发生VAP的危险因素.结论 VAP的高危因素众多,是内外环境综合作用的结果,按需适时吸痰、及时防治感染、缩短机械通气时间等是防治VAP的关键对策.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.