Hip and knee joint rotations differ between patients with medial and lateral knee osteoarthritis: gait analysis of 30 patients and 15 controls.

The motions and moments in the hip and knee in female patients on the waiting list for knee prosthesis surgery with medial (n = 15) or lateral (n = 15) osteoarthritis (OA) were compared with a control group (n = 15). We hypothesized that not only the kinematics and kinetics of the knee but also of the hip would differ between patients the medial and lateral groups. At midstance, patients with lateral OA showed slightly (2 degrees) more maximal (peak) adduction (p = 0.015) of the hip joint and patients with medial OA had 7 degrees more abduction (p < 0.001) than did controls. In patients with lateral OA, the femur was positioned in about 7 degrees more maximum external rotation (p = 0.001), but femur position did not differ between medial OA and controls (p > or = 0.8). There was a tendency to higher internal hip rotation moment in lateral OA compared to controls (p = 0.021). The maximum values of the internal knee abduction moments were 52% higher in medial OA (p = 0.005) and 63% lower in lateral OA (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Cases with medial OA had 9 degrees more, whereas those with lateral OA had 6 degrees less external tibial rotation than controls (medial vs. lateral OA, p = 0.001). We found an association between presence of lateral OA of the knee and the biomechanics of the hip joint. It remains to be evaluated if the changed biomechanics of the hip joint is a reason for development of lateral OA or an observation that is a result of this disease.     

保残重建前交叉韧带对膝关节运动学特征的影响

目的评估保残与否重建前交叉韧带(ACL)对膝关节术后运动学特征及临床疗效的影响,指导临床治疗及选择更优康复方案。 方法选取2017年8月至2018年3月南方医科大学第三附属医院关节外科/运动医学科所收治50例行ACL重建患者,根据术中是否保留ACL胫骨残端分为保残组(25例)与非保残组(25例),以及健康受试者(25例)纳入本研究,纳入标准：年龄≤55岁;身体质量指数(BMI)≤30 kg/m²;术侧或健侧膝关节无活动受限;无神经系统疾病;不伴同侧膝其他韧带损伤,对侧膝关节亦无损伤;留存术后1年完整资料。排除标准：年龄>55岁;BMI>30 kg/m²;术侧或健侧膝关节活动受限;伴有膝关节其他韧带损伤或对侧膝关节存在损伤;存在神经系统疾病;临床资料不完全而无法统计者。采用三维膝关节动态功能分析系统(Opti_Knee)计算膝关节6自由度数据及膝关节运动功能评分,并分析患者Lysholm膝关节功能评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分及Tegner膝关节运动评分、本体感觉(位置觉和运动觉)数据,以及胫骨隧道内口(术前为ACL足迹)中心至外侧半月板前角韧带足迹前后向及内外向距离偏差,其中,各组6自由度统计学差异采用双因素方差分析及t检验,各组基本数据计量资料采用单因素方差分析检测及t检验、计数资料则采用卡方检验,各组运动功能评分、主观评分、本体感觉数据、中心距偏差均采用t检验分析。 结果保残组术后3个月内外旋、屈伸范围、术后6个月内外旋范围低于对照组(t＝－2.365,P<0.05;t＝－3.123,P<0.01;t＝－2.419,P<0.05);非保残组术后3个月内外翻、内外旋、屈伸、上下位移、内外位移范围、术后6个月内外旋、屈伸范围低于对照组(F ＝9.554,P<0.05;t＝－5.067,P<0.01;t＝－5.119,P<0.01;t＝－2.655,P<0.05;t＝－2.863,P<0.01;t＝－3.516,P<0.01;t＝－4.100,P<0.01),术后6月前后位移范围大于对照组(t＝2.464,P<0.05),术后12月内外旋范围小于对照组(t＝－3.076,P<0.01)。非保残组术后3月内外旋、屈伸角范围、术后6月屈伸角范围低于保残组(t＝2.512,P<0.05;t＝2.428,P<0.05;t＝2.267,P<0.05)。保残组术后3月术侧膝关节运动功能评分高于非保残组(t＝2.272,P<0.05)。保残组术后3月及6月Lysholm评分高于非保残组(t＝4.706、P<0.01;t＝2.106,P<0.05),保残组术后3月IKDC评分高于非保残组(t＝2.987,P<0.01),保残组中心内外向距偏差小于非保残组(t＝－2.600,P<0.05),保残组术后3月及6月60°位置觉小于非保残组(t＝－2.063,P<0.05;t＝－2.147,P<0.05)。 结论保残重建ACL患者较非保残者在运动学特征上更接近于正常人,而且在术后前中期恢复更优于非保残者。     

Pain threshold correlates with functional scores in osteoarthritis patients

Background and purpose — Pain sensitization may be one of the reasons for persistent pain after technically successful joint replacement. We analyzed how pain sensitization, as measured by quantitative sensory testing, relates preoperatively to joint function in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) scheduled for joint replacement.

Patients and methods — We included 50 patients with knee OA and 49 with hip OA who were scheduled for joint replacement, and 15 control participants. Hip/knee scores, thermal and pressure detection, and pain thresholds were examined.

Results — Median pressure pain thresholds were lower in patients than in control subjects: 4.0 (range: 0–10) vs. 7.8 (4–10) (p = 0.003) for the affected knee; 4.5 (2–10) vs. 6.8 (4–10) (p = 0.03) for the affected hip. Lower pressure pain threshold values were found at the affected joint in 26 of the 50 patients with knee OA and in 17 of the 49 patients with hip OA. The American Knee Society score 1 and 2, the Oxford knee score, and functional questionnaire of Hannover for osteoarthritis score correlated with the pressure pain thresholds in patients with knee OA. Also, Harris hip score and the functional questionnaire of Hannover for osteoarthritis score correlated with the cold detection threshold in patients with hip OA.

Interpretation — Quantitative sensory testing appeared to identify patients with sensory changes indicative of mechanisms of central sensitization. These patients may require additional pain treatment in order to profit fully from surgery. There were correlations between the clinical scores and the level of sensitization.     

Electromyographic patterns suggest changes in motor unit physiology associated with early osteoarthritis of the knee

OBJECTIVE: To assess characteristics of active motor units (MUs) during volitional vastus medialis (VM) activation in adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) across the spectrum of radiographic severity and age-comparable healthy control volunteers. METHODS: We evaluated 39 participants (age 65+/-3 years) in whom weight-bearing knee X-rays were assigned a Kellgren & Lawrence (KL) grade (18 with KL grade=0; four each with KL grades=1, 2 and 4; nine with grade 3). Electromyography (EMG) signals were simultaneously acquired using surface [surface EMG (S-EMG)] and intramuscular needle electrodes, and analyzed by decomposition-enhanced spike-triggered averaging to obtain estimates of size [surface-represented MU action potentials (S-MUAP) area], number [MU recruitment index (MURI)] and firing rates [MU firing rates (mFR)] of active MUs at 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% effort relative to maximum voluntary force [maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)] during isometric knee extension. RESULTS: Knee extensor MVIC was lower in OA participants, especially at higher KL grades (P=0.05). Taking the observed force differences into account, OA was also associated with activation of larger MUs (S-MUAP area/MVICx%effort; P<0.0001). In contrast, the estimated number of active units (MURI/MVICx%effort) changed differently as effort increased from 10% to 50% and was higher with advanced OA (KL=3, 4) than controls (P=0.0002). CONCLUSION: VM activation changes at the level of the MU with symptomatic knee OA, and this change is influenced by radiographic severity. Poor muscle quality may explain the pattern observed with higher KL grades, but alternative factors (e.g., nerve or joint injury, physical inactivity or muscle composition changes) should be examined in early OA.     

膝关节骨关节炎患者膝关节内翻畸形与胫骨旋转角关系的临床研究

目的探讨膝关节骨性关节炎患者膝关节内翻畸形与胫骨旋转角的关系。 方法随机选取80例（107膝）罹患膝关节炎内翻患者和50例（100膝）膝关节正常者,分为KOA组和对照组。测量胫股角（FTA）和胫骨旋转角（TTA）,对比两组间胫股角和胫骨旋转角的差异及相关性。 结果KOA组FTA为（182.6±2.5）°,对照组FTA为（174.8±2.9）°,KOA组的FTA大于对照组（t=41.598,P<0.01）;KOA组TTA为（20±8）°,对照组TTA为（25±8）°,KOA组的TTA小于对照组（t=6.360,P<0.01）,对照组和KOA组男性[（174.3±2.2）° vs（181.9±2.2）°,t=24.319,P<0.01],女性[（175.0±2.4）° vs（184.8±3.3）°,t=17.490,P<0.01],40~59岁组[（173.1±2.0）° vs（177.0±2.2）°,t=63.808,P<0.01],60~69岁组[（174.7±2.0）° vs（179.2±2.2）°,t=76.181,P<0.01],>70岁组[（176.7±2.6）° vs（188.5±3.1）°,t=49.259,P<0.01],左侧[（175.3±2.2）° vs（183.9±3.3）°,t=29.871,P<0.01],右侧[（175.0±3.2）° vs（182.3±2.8）°,t=28.658,P<0.01]亚组间FTA差异有统计学意义;对照组和KOA组男性[（25±8）° vs（21±8）°,t=3.198,P<0.01],女性[（26±7）° vs（20±10）°,t=4.719,P<0.01],>70岁组[（23±10）° vs（18±8）°,t=6.651,P<0.01],左侧[（25±9）° vs（20±8）°,t=4.512,P<0.01],右侧[（25±9）° vs（21±8）°,t=2.973,P<0.01]亚组间TTA差异有统计学意义。KOA组40~59岁组（r=-0.317,P<0.05）,60~69岁组（r=-0.429,P<0.05）,>70岁组（r=-0.810,P<0.01）,K-L分级Ⅱ级（r=-0.387,P<0.05）,Ⅲ级（r=-0.442,P<0.05）,Ⅳ级（r=-0.834,P<0.01）各亚组内胫股角和胫骨旋转角有相关性。 结论KOA患者膝关节内翻畸形与胫骨旋转角呈负相关,其相关程度受年龄和K-L分级的影响,KOA患者年龄越大,胫骨旋转角越小;K-L分级越高,胫骨旋转角越小。     

A comparison of joint stability between anterior cruciate intact and deficient knees: a new canine model of anterior cruciate ligament disruption.

Transection of the canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a well-established osteoarthritis (OA) model. This study evaluated a new method of canine ACL disruption as well as canine knee joint laxity and joint capsule (JC) contribution to joint stability at two time points (16 and 26 weeks) after ACL disruption (n=5/time interval). Ten crossbreed hounds were evaluated with force plate gait analysis and radiographs at intervals up to 34 weeks after monopolar radiofrequency energy (MRFE) treatment of one randomly selected ACL. Each contralateral ACL was sham treated. The MRFE treated ACLs ruptured approximately eight weeks (mean 52.5 days, SEM+/-1.0, range 48-56 days) after treatment. Gait analysis and radiographic changes were consistent with established canine ACL transection models of OA. Anterior-posterior (AP) translation and medial-lateral (ML) rotation were measured in each knee at 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of flexion with and then without JC with loads of 40 N in AP translation and 4 Nm in ML rotation. A statistically significant interaction in AP translation included JC by cruciate (P=0.02), and there was a trend for a cruciate by time (P=0.07) interaction. Significant interactions in ML rotational testing included the presence of joint capsule (P=0.0001) and angle by cruciate (P=0.0012). This study describes a model in which canine ACLs predictably rupture approximately eight weeks after arthroscopic surgery and details the contribution of JC to canine knee stability in both ACL intact and deficient knees. The model presented here avoids the introduction of potential surgical variables at the time of ACL rupture and may contribute to studies of OA pathogenesis and inhibition. This model may also be useful for insight into the pathologic changes that occur in the knee as the ACL undergoes degeneration prior to rupture.     

全身关节过度活动患者步行时膝关节步态图特征

目的研究全身关节过度活动(GJH)患者平地行走及下坡步行时膝关节步态图特征。 方法招募18～24岁健康大学生志愿者(排除膝关节外伤史等),分为全身关节过度活动组(GJH组,Beighton评分5分,21人)和正常组(49人)。采集性别、身高、体重等信息,使用国际膝关节评分(IKDC)2000、Lysholm评分等问卷调查膝关节功能,测量Beighton评分系统的指标。采用三维运动分析系统测量受试者平地行走和下坡步行时的膝关节运动学参数。 结果屈伸自由度上,平地行走时GJH组和正常组无明显差异,但在下坡步行时,在摆动相GJH组较正常组表现出更大的屈曲角度,最大屈曲角度：(67.40±5.48)°vs (62.27±6.57)°(t＝－2.961,P<0.01)。与正常组相比,在内外旋和前后位移自由度上,无论是平地行走还是下坡行走,GJH组均表现出较大的外旋角度和前向位移,平地支撑相中期12%前后位移：(0.73±0.45)mm vs(0.23±0.27)mm(t ＝－4.713,P<0.001),且在下坡行走时,外旋角度和前向位移,支撑相中期12%前后位移：(0.78±0.62)mm vs (0.20±0.36)mm(Z＝－3.873,P<0.001),增大更明显。 结论GJH患者在下坡步行时表现出更明显的步态参数的变化,以适应功能需求更高的下坡运动,可能是由膝关节周围肌肉来代偿的。针对步态参数的异常,可通过步态再训练及关节稳定性训练,以增强关节过度活动患者膝关节周围肌肉力量,从而增强膝关节的稳定性。     

The Outcomes of Nonoperative Management of Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis Triaged to a Physiotherapy-Led Clinic at Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up and Factors Associated With Progression to Surgery

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to determine outcomes of a nonoperative treatment service for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), the “Joint Clinic,” at minimum 5-year follow-up, and investigate factors that may influence progression to joint replacement surgery.MethodsThis is an observational cohort study of 337 patients with hip (n = 151, 45%) or knee OA (n = 186, 55%) seen at the Joint Clinic, at 5-7 years of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to determine survivorship of the affected joint and Cox regression used to determine factors associated with time to surgery.ResultsAt mean 6-year follow up, 188 (56%) patients had undergone or were awaiting total joint arthroplasty, 127 (38%) were still being managed nonoperatively, and 22 (7%) had died without having surgery. Patients with hip OA were more likely to have required surgery (111/151, 74%) than patients with knee OA (77/186, 41%) (chi-square = 33.6, P < .001). The 7-year surgery-free survival for hip OA was 23.7% and knee OA 55.9% (P < .001). Factors associated with increased likelihood of surgery were joint affected (hip, hazard ratio [HR] 2.80), Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade (KL 3, HR 2.02; KL 4, 4.79), and Oxford Hip/Knee Score (HR 1.34 for each 5 points worse at baseline).ConclusionMore than 50% of the patients referred to secondary care with mild-moderate knee OA may not need surgery at 7 years. Patients with hip OA and those with severe radiographic changes are more likely to require surgery and should not be delayed if there is not an adequate response to conservative measures.     

Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein reflects the presence of clinically diagnosed synovitis in patients with knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a component of articular cartilage whose serum levels show a strong correlation with radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) status. It has recently been found, however, that COMP is also produced in synovium. To assess the hypothesis that synovitis affects serum COMP levels in patients with knee OA, we collected sera for COMP simultaneous with a clinical examination for synovitis. DESIGN: Sera were collected from OA patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for knee OA. Radiographs were classified according to the grading system of Kellgren and Lawrence. Synovitis was diagnosed clinically by joint tenderness plus swelling and/or increased warmth over the joint. COMP levels in sera were measured by inhibition ELISA with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17-C10. RESULTS: Serum COMP levels were significantly correlated with age, synovitis and an interaction of synovitis and OA severity. Synovitis showed the strongest effect on COMP levels (R=0.1587, P< 0.01), in contrast to C-reactive protein, duration of OA and OA severity score which showed no significant effect on COMP levels. Individual signs of synovitis, namely, joint tenderness and warmth had a significant effect on serum COMP levels while swelling alone did not. CONCLUSION: Synovitis exerts a significant effect on serum COMP levels measured with mAb 17-C10 in OA patients. These findings underscore the importance of the clinical joint examination to assess for synovitis, when attempting to apply objective measures, such as COMP, to the clinical setting.     

人工膝关节翻修术治疗初次置换术后假体周围感染的早期临床疗效

目的探讨人工膝关节翻修术治疗初次置换术后假体周围感染的治疗方法选择、围手术期要点和早期临床疗效。 方法2009年7月至2016年6月对华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院骨外科9例初次人工膝关节置换术后符合美国骨肌感染协会假体周围感染定义的患者进行翻修术,其中女6例,男3例;平均年龄(65 ± 6)岁。2例行一期翻修术,7例行二期翻修术。所有翻修术均使用含抗生素骨水泥。二期翻修术中3例为全抗生素骨水泥关节型占位器,4例为全抗生素骨水泥非关节型占位器。采用配对t检验对术前及术后末次随访的患膝评分和活动范围进行比较。 结果9例患者均获得随访,平均随访时间为(28±25)个月。关节活动范围术前为(43±5)°,术后(87±20)°,差异有统计学意义(t＝－96.6,P<0.01)。疼痛视觉模拟评分术前为(3 ± 2)分,术后(7 ± 2)分,差异有统计学意义(t＝－11.3,P<0.01)。美国特种外科医院膝关节评分术前为(42±10)分,术后末次随访时为(84±5)分(t＝－127.4,P<0.01)。无1例出现感染复发。 结论应用人工膝关节翻修术是治疗初次置换术后膝关节假体周围感染的有效方法,术前仔细的病情评估及正确手术方案选择、术中彻底的感染病灶清理及合适抗生素骨水泥占位器应用、术后规范的抗感染治疗是获得较满意早期疗效的必要条件。     

The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain.

This study tested whether the peak external knee adduction moments during walking in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were correlated with the mechanical axis of the leg, radiographic measures of OA severity, toe out angle or clinical assessments of pain, stiffness or function. Gait analysis was performed on 62 subjects with knee OA and 49 asymptomatic control subjects (normal subjects). The subjects with OA walked with a greater than normal peak adduction moment during early stance (p = 0.027). In the OA group, the mechanical axis was the best single predictor of the peak adduction moment during both early and late stance (R = 0.74, p < 0.001). The radiographic measures of OA severity in the medial compartment were also predictive of both peak adduction moments (R = 0.43 to 0.48, p < 0.001) along with the sum of the WOMAC subscales (R = -0.33 to -0.31, p < 0.017). The toe out angle was predictive of the peak adduction moment only during late stance (R = -0.45, p < 0.001). Once mechanical axis was accounted for, other factors only increased the ability to predict the peak knee adduction moments by 10 18%. While the mechanical axis was indicative of the peak adduction moments, it only accounted for about 50% of its variation, emphasizing the need for a dynamic evaluation of the knee joint loading environment. Understanding which clinical measures of OA are most closely associated with the dynamic knee joint loads may ultimately result in a better understanding of the disease process and the development of therapeutic interventions.     

过氧化物酶Ⅰ在骨关节炎软骨组织中的表达与分布及意义

目的观察过氧化物酶Ⅰ（PrxⅠ）在正常和骨关节炎（OA）膝关节软骨组织中的表达和分布特点,探讨PrxⅠ与活性氧歧化物和凋亡等在OA软骨表层聚集现象之间的关联。方法分别从正常膝关节提取正常软骨（NC,n=21）和接受膝关节表面置换术的OA患者提取OA软骨（OA,n=21）,应用Westernblot技术检测PrxⅠ在正常软骨细胞和OA软骨细胞中表达水平的总体差异,并用免疫组织化学技术观察PrxⅠ蛋白在正常与OA软骨表/中/深各层组织表达和分布的特点。结果 Western blot证实PrxⅠ在OA软骨组织中的表达水平较正常软骨组织显著提高2.89倍（t=18.34,P〈0.01）。免疫组织化学显示PrxⅠ在正常软骨组织的表层、中层和深层呈现较均一的表达,但是,在OA软骨组织中,PrxⅠ的表达水平存在显著层间差异。PrxⅠ在软骨组织深层表达水平显著升高,但在浅层细胞中,PrxI的表达水平反而显著减低甚至缺如。结论虽然总体表达水平升高,但PrxⅠ在OA软骨组织表层的表达缺如,可能与OA软骨组织表层活性氧歧化物蓄积和细胞凋亡聚集现象相关。     

One-year increase of Coll 2-1, a new marker of type II collagen degradation, in urine is highly predictive of radiological OA progression

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between the levels of urinary biochemical markers of type II collagen degradation and the clinical and radiological severity and progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHOD: Seventy-five patients with primary knee OA were included in this 3-year follow-up study. Mean joint space width (JSW) of the medial compartment of the femorotibial joint was measured with a computer assisted method on standardized radiographs taken at baseline and after a 3-year follow-up. Pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) were assessed at the same time points. Type II collagen peptides Coll 2-1 and Coll 2-1 NO(2), as well as pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr) were measured in urines at baseline, after 1 year and 3 years, with specific immunoassays. RESULTS: At baseline, significant correlations were found between the urinary Coll 2-1 and Coll 2-1 NO(2) levels and the global WOMAC score (Coll 2-1: r=0.28, P=0.01; Coll 2-1 NO(2): r=0.27, P=0.02) and its subscales for pain (Coll 2-1: r=0.27, P=0.01; Coll 2-1 NO(2): r=0.30, P=0.01) and function (Coll 2-1: r=0.29, P=0.01; Coll 2-1 NO(2): r=0.27, P=0.02). Pyr and D-Pyr levels were not significantly correlated with the WOMAC scores. One-year change in Coll 2-1 and Coll 2-1 NO(2) urinary levels were negatively correlated with a 3-year change in JSW (Coll 2-1: r=-0.31, P=0.03; Coll 2-1 NO(2): r=-0.31, P=0.03), indicating that an increase of Coll 2-1 or Coll 2-1 NO(2) over 1 year is predictive of subsequent joint space narrowing. Neither Pyr nor D-Pyr was correlated with radiological OA progression. CONCLUSIONS: At baseline, Coll 2-1 and Coll 2-1 NO(2) urinary levels were indicative of the clinical activity of knee OA and the increase of these peptides over 1 year was predictive of the radiological progression of knee OA.     

Control of frontal plane knee laxity during gait in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: Patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) adopt an abnormal gait pattern, and often develop frontal plane laxity at the knee. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of frontal plane knee joint laxity in patients with medial knee OA and genu varum and to assess the effect of joint laxity on knee joint kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during gait. DESIGN: Twelve subjects with genu varum and medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA group) and 12 age-matched uninjured subjects underwent stress radiography to determine the presence and magnitude of frontal plane laxity. All subjects also went through gait analysis with surface electromyography of the medial and lateral quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius to calculate knee joint kinematics and kinetics and co-contraction levels during gait. RESULTS: The OA group showed significantly greater knee instability (P = 0.002), medial joint laxity (P = 0.001), greater medial quadriceps-medial gastrocnemius (VMMG) co-contraction (P = 0.043), and greater knee adduction moments (P = 0.019) than the control group. Medial joint laxity contributed significantly to the variance in both VMMG and the knee adduction moment during early stance. CONCLUSION: The presence of medial laxity in patients with knee OA is likely contributing to the altered gait patterns observed in those with medial knee OA. Greater medial co-contraction and knee adduction moments bodes poorly for the long-term integrity of the articular cartilage, suggesting that medial joint laxity should be a focus of interventions aimed at slowing the progression of disease in individuals with medial compartment knee OA.     

晚期类风湿关节炎患者的假体选择疗效对比

目的探讨晚期膝关节类风湿关节炎(RA)伴重度内翻屈曲畸形和严重骨质疏松患者行全膝关节置换术(TKA)假体选择及临床效果。 方法对2010年1月至2015年12月采用全膝关节置换治疗的晚期RA伴重度内翻屈曲畸形患者21例(27膝)进行回顾性分析。13例17膝采用后稳定型假体,8例10膝采用限制型假体。纳入标准：类风湿性关节炎合并膝关节重度内翻畸形;类风湿性关节炎合并膝关节患者骨密度T-Score<－2.8;无严重心肺疾病。排除标准：合并关节原发性或继发性活动期感染;合并关节外畸形通过单纯截骨无法矫正的患者。采用SPSS 16. 0统计软件分析,术前、术后屈曲挛缩度数、关节活动度及胫骨角均值比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果本组21例27膝均获得随访,病例随访时间2.0～5.3年,平均(3.8±1.1)年。后稳定组膝关节屈曲挛缩由术前(55. 5±12. 5)°(65.0°～85.0°)减少到末次随访时(5. 5±3. 5)°(0°～10.0°)(t ＝28.868,P < 0.01),关节活动度由(32. 5±6. 5)°(0°～40.0°)提高到末次随访时(105. 5±10. 5)°(85.0°～130.0°)(t ＝94.83,P < 0.01);股胫角由术前(31.0±3.5)°(23.0°～45.0°)修正为末次随访时(8.5±2.5)°(0°～12.0°)(t ＝116.913,P <0.01)。限制型假体组膝关节屈曲挛缩由术前(56.5±15.5)°(65.5°～80.0°)减少到末次随访时(6.0±5.0)°(5.0°～15.0°)(t＝25.486,P < 0.01),关节活动度由(32. 0±8.0)° ( 0°～40.0°)提高到末次随访时(100.0±5.5)°(85.0°～120.0°)(t ＝141.335,P < 0.01);股胫角由术前(31.5±5.5)°(22.0°～45.0°)修正为末次随访时(8.0±4.5)°(0°～12.0°)(t＝122.11,P < 0.01),均较术前明显改善,手术前后差异有统计学意义。两组之间术前及末次随访比较各指标得知,限制型假体组显著低于后稳定组关节活动度(t ＝5.716,P <0.01),差异具有统计学意义。 结论对晚期RA伴膝关节重度内翻屈曲畸形和严重骨质疏松患者在假体选择方面,后稳定型假体活动度更好,但在纠正内翻屈曲畸形和股胫角疗效比较方面,未见显著差异,所有患者近期疗效满意。     

The Influence of Surgically-Induced Weight Loss on the Knee Joint

Background: The causal relationship between obesity and osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is generally accepted. Weight loss has been shown to reduce the development of OA and improve the radiological parameters of existing disease. However, inducing weight reduction is difficult, and thus the number of patients studied has been small. We wished to determine the effects of surgically-induced weight loss on objective, radiological evidence of OA in the knee joint. Methods: 64 consecutive patients that were referred to the Bariatric Surgical Unit were enrolled in the study. The only exclusion criterion was the prior diagnosis of OA. Knee pain alone did not exclude patients from the study. The study was performed in a prospective manner as a before-after trial. Radiographic data was evaluated by an independent radiologist not involved in the patient care or follow-up. Upright film of the knee was taken prior to surgery and 3 months following surgery. Minimal medial joint space width (JSW) was measured by a digital image computer. In addition, patients were clinically assessed using the American Knee Society Score (AKSS) at these times. Results: 59 of 64 patients were available for followup. BMI decreased from 43.4 to 36.9 (P<0.01). The medial joint space increased from 4.6 mm to 5.25 mm (P<0.001). The AKSS improved from 78.5 points (perfect function = 100 points) to 90.69 points (P<0.01). Conclusion: Surgically-induced weight loss is an effective, rapid and dependable means of reversing the radiological signs of early changes associated with OA.     

清创保留假体联合抗生素治疗膝关节置换术后急性感染

目的探讨采用清创保留假体联合抗生素(DAIR)治疗人工膝关节置换术后急性期感染的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院关节外科自2008年12月1日至2018年11月30日收治的，根据美国肌肉与感染协会(MSIS)诊断标准确诊为急性人工关节感染(PJI)的26例膝关节置换术后急性感染患者的临床资料。所有患者均采用一期彻底清创，更换膝关节聚乙烯衬垫，术后膝关节腔持续冲洗引流及足疗程敏感抗生素治疗。用t检验比较患膝术前、术后的膝关节疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)，美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(HSS评分)，入院及末次随访红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)。 结果纳入26例患者，失访3例，随访时间平均(44±28)个月。其中治愈17例，感染控制率73.9%。术后的膝关节VAS评分较术前降低(t＝24.815，P<0.05)，术后的HSS评分较术前升高(t＝41.966，P<0.05)。末次随访ESR(t＝14.140)、CRP(t＝3.503)、IL-6(t＝2.999)均较入院时降低(均为P<0.05)。 结论DAIR治疗人工膝关节置换术后急性感染，严格把握手术时机及手术适应证，可有效控制感染，恢复关节功能，临床效果满意。     

Aceclofenac vs paracetamol in the management of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind 6-week randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac, 200 mg/day, and paracetamol, 3000 mg/day, in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: This was a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre clinical trial involving patients with symptomatic OA of the knee, conducted in Spain. Patients were randomly allocated to aceclofenac 100 mg twice daily (n=82) or paracetamol 1000 mg three times daily (n=86). Patients were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. Primary efficacy measures were severity of pain (visual analogue scale, VAS), Lequesne OA knee index, and patient's and physician's global assessment of disease activity. Severity of knee pain at rest or walking, stiffness, knee swelling and tenderness, and assessment of health-related quality of life (Health Assessment Questionnaire, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and Short Form 36) were included as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Both treatment groups showed significant improvement compared with their baseline values in the four primary endpoints. Mean between-treatment differences favoured aceclofenac over paracetamol on pain (VAS, 7.64 mm [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44-14.85 mm]), Lequesne OA index (1.41 [95% CI, 0.45-2.36]), and patient's (0.33 [95% CI, 0.06-0.61]) and physician's (0.23 [95% CI, 0.01-0.47]) global assessments. Adverse events were similar for both drugs (paracetamol, 29% patients vs aceclofenac, 32%; P=0.71). Four patients withdrew in each group due to adverse events. Patients tended to prefer aceclofenac to paracetamol (P=0.001), and more treated with paracetamol withdrew from the study due to lack of efficacy (n=8 vs n=1, P=0.035, for paracetamol and aceclofenac, respectively). CONCLUSION: At 6 weeks, patients with symptomatic OA of the knee showed a greater improvement in pain and functional capacity with aceclofenac than paracetamol with no difference in tolerability.     

Knee cartilage defects: association with early radiographic osteoarthritis, decreased cartilage volume, increased joint surface area and type II collagen breakdown

OBJECTIVE: To generate hypotheses regarding the associations between knee cartilage defects and knee radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA), cartilage volume, bone size and type II collagen breakdown in adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional convenience sample of 372 male and female subjects (mean age 45 years, range 26-61) was studied. Knee cartilage defect score (0-4) and prevalence (a defect score of > or =2), cartilage volume, and bone surface area were determined using T1-weighted fat saturation MRI. Urinary levels of C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (U-CTX-II) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Height, weight and ROA were measured by standard protocols. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, the severity and prevalence of knee cartilage defects were significantly and independently associated with tibiofemoral osteophytes (regression coefficient (beta): +0.86 to +1.31/unit, odds ratio (OR): 2.97-3.68/unit, all P<0.05 with the exception of OR in lateral tibiofemoral compartment) and tibial bone area (beta: +0.11 to +0.25/cm2; OR: 1.33-1.58/cm2, all P<0.01). Knee cartilage defects were inconsistently associated with joint space narrowing after adjustment for osteophytes but consistently with knee cartilage volume (beta: -0.27 to -0.70/ml; OR: 0.16-0.56/ml, all P<0.01 except for OR at lateral tibial cartilage site P=0.06). Lastly, knee cartilage defect severity was significantly associated with U-CTX-II (Partial r=+0.18, P<0.001 for total cartilage defect score). CONCLUSION: Osteophytes and increasing knee bone size may be causally related to knee cartilage defects. Furthermore, knee cartilage defects may result in increased cartilage breakdown leading to decreased cartilage volume and joint space narrowing suggesting an important role for knee cartilage defects in early knee OA.     

Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the hypothesis that the peak external knee adduction moment during gait is increased in a group of ambulatory subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) of varying radiographic severity who are being managed with medical therapy. Tibiofemoral knee OA more commonly affects the medial compartment. The external knee adduction moment can be used to assess the load distribution between the medial and lateral compartments of the knee joint. Additionally, this study tests if changes in the knee angles, such as a reduced midstance knee flexion angle, or reduced sagittal plane moments previously identified by others as load reducing mechanisms are present in this OA group. DESIGN: Thirty-one subjects with radiographic evidence of knee OA and medial compartment cartilage damage were gait tested after a 2-week drug washout period. Thirty-one normal subjects (asymptomatic control subjects) with a comparable age, weight and height distribution were also tested. Significant differences in the sagittal plane knee motion and peak external moments between the normal and knee OA groups were identified using t tests. RESULTS: Subjects with knee OA walked with a greater than normal peak external knee adduction moment (P=0.003). The midstance knee flexion angle was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.625) nor were the peak flexion and extension moments (P> 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Load reducing mechanisms, such as a decreased midstance knee flexion angle, identified by others in subjects with endstage knee OA or reduced external flexion or extension moments were not present in this group of subjects with knee OA who were being managed by conservative treatment. The finding of a significantly greater than normal external knee adduction moment in the knee OA group lends support to the hypothesis that an increased knee adduction moment during gait is associated with knee OA.