Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. ＆ Thonn. （Connaraceae）

AIM： Diabetes Mellitus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The need for enhanced efficacy and safety, and cheaper and more readily available new drugs has increased the search for new antidiabetic drugs from plants. This study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of B. coccineus in rats. METHODS： The effect of B. coccineus extract （100-800 mg.kg^-1, p.o.） on blood glucose levels in normal and glucose loaded rats, and al- loxan-induced diabetic rats was determined. After 10 days of treatment, blood samples were collected from rats for lipid and insulin profiling. Animals were thereafter sacrificed and the kidneys, heart, and liver were harvested for antioxidant indices assay. RESULTS： In normal rats, B. coccineus did not cause significant reduction in blood glucose. At the dose of 800 mg.kg^-1, significant increase in blood glucose level was not observed 30 min. after glucose load. B. coccineus administered acutely did not generally produce signifi- cant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic rats. Administered subacutely, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats from the 3rd day with peak effect observed at the dose of 800 mg.kg 1 on the 10th day. The extract generally preserved in vivo antioxidant levels in the kidneys, heart, and liver, increased the level of high density lipoprotein and insulin, and reduced the level of triglycerides and low density lipoprotein compared to diabetic control. CONCLUSION： The findings in this study suggest that the hydroethanolic leaf extract Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiabetic activity possibly mediated through inhibition of intestinal ulucose absorotion, in vivo antioxidant aetivitv, and enhancement of regeneration of beta celia of the nancreas and insulin ~eeretion     

Effect of an active fraction isolated from the leaf extract of Leptadenia reticulata on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

AIM： To evaluate the effect of an active fraction from Leptadenia reticulata leaves on serum glucose and lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. METHOD： Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Leptade- nia reticulata leaves were administered orally at a dose of 200 mg.kg^-1, p.o. Metformin was used as standard anti diabetic drug （50 mg.kg ^-1, p.o）. The extract showing higher antidiabetic activity was subjected to column chromatography and led to the isolation of an active fraction, which was given trivial name Lr-1. Lr-1 （100 mg.kg^-1, p.o.） was studied for its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential. RESULTS： The ethanol extract was found to lower the FBG level significantly （P 〈 0.05） in diabetic rats. Lr-1 caused a significant （P 〈 0.05） reduction in FBG level, and additionally it caused reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and an improvement in the HDL level in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION： Reduction in the FBG, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and an improvement in the HDL by Lr-1 indicates that Lr-1 has antidiabetic activity, along with cardioprotective potential, and provides a scientific rationale for the use as an antidiabetic agent.     

Garden rue inhibits the arachidonic acid pathway,scavenges free radicals,and elevates FRAP: role in in-flammation

AIM： In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Ruta graveolens leaves （RG-M） were evaluated using various in vivo and in vitro models. METHOD： For anti-inflammatory activity, RG-M was administered by the oral route （p.o.） in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, and by the intraperitoneal route （i.p.） in an exudative inflammation model. In vitro inhibition of cyelooxygenase and li- poxygenase enzymes was evaluated. In vitro antioxidant activity was also examined. Endogenous antioxidant status was fiarther evaluated by ferric reducing ability of plasma model. RESULTS： RG-M showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema （100 mg·kg ^-1- 33.36%; 200 mg·kg ^-1 _ 45.32% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 56.28%）. In the exudative inflammation model, a significant reduction in leukocyte migration （200 mg·kg ^-1_ 54.75% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 - 77.97%） and protein exudation （200 mg·kg ^-131.14% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 - 49.91%） were observed. RG-M also exhibited inhibition of COX-1 （ICs0 182.27 μg·mL ^-1） and COX-2 （IC50 190.16 μg·mL ^-1） as well as 5-LOX （IC50 215.71μg·mL ^-1）. Antioxidant activity was significant with improved endogenous antioxidant status. CONCLUSION： The results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of RG-M with potent inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid pathways.     

Barringtonia acutangula improves the biochemical parameters in diabetic rats简

AIM： This study was aimed at evaluating the anti-diabetic activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaf material of Bar- ringtonia acutangula in a diabetic animal model. METHODS： The ethanolic and aqueous extracts （250 and 500 mg＇kg-1 body weight） of the leaves ofB. acutangula were assessed for antidiabetic activity in a streptozotocin （STZ）-induced diabetes animal model following 21 days of treatment. Glibenclamide （0.6 mg＇kg-1 p.o.） was used as a positive control. The hematological parameters, such as blood glucose level, urea, creatinin, cho- lesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were examined. RESULTS： An acute toxicity study （5 000 mg＇kg-1, p.o.） did not produce any symptoms of toxicity. Significant reductions in blood glucose level, and serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were noted in animals treated with the extract. The high density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDLC） level was found to increase as compared with the diabetic control group. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that the leaf aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. acutangula have anti-diabetic effects. The aqueous extract of B. acutangula produced a similar effect when compared with the ethanol extract. It is proposed that con- sumption of B. acutangula in some form like tea may help the management of diabetes.     

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of an ethanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum in rat mammary carcinogenesis

AIM： Considering the importance of diet in the prevention of cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species which has been implicated for several diseases, this present study was undertaken to evaluvate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum on 7, 12-dimethylbenz（a）anthracene （DMBA）-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS： Ganoderrna lucidum extract was tested for in vitro antioxidant and radical scav- enging assays, such as （ABTS^-1） radical cation decolorization assay, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The in vivo antioxidant potentials were analyzed by SOD, CAT, and GPx in plasma, mammary, and liver tissues. RESULTS： In all the in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging assays the extract exhibited good scavenging activity. In vivo enzy- matic antioxidant levels, such as SOD, CAT, and GPx were decreased in DMBA-induced animals. Moreover, pretreatment with G. lucidum （500 mg.kg-1 bw） to DMBA-induced animals significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in plasma, mammary, and liver tissues compared to DMBA induced animals. CONCLUSIONS： From these findings, it is suggested that G. lu- cidum extract could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants and can be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against mammary cancer.     

Anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of Crateva nurvala bark against testosterone and MNU-induced prostate cancer in rats

AIM: In the present study the anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of Crateva nurvala bark was evaluated against testosterone and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced prostate cancer in male Wistar rats. METHODS: Prostate cancer was induced in rats by the injection of testosterone for 3 d followed by injection of the chemical carcinogen MNU for 1 week. The prostate cancer-induced rats were treated with the ethanolic extract of C. nurvala bark, and testosterone injection was also continued through the experimental period of 4 months. Biochemical estimations including prostatic acid phosphatase, lipid peroxidation, enzymic antioxidants and non-enzymic antioxidants activity were done in the prostate and seminal vesicle tissue homogenate. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the level of acid phosphatase and lipid peroxidation in prostate cancer-induced rats, and after treatment with C. nurvala extract a significant decrease in the level of acid phosphatase lipid peroxidation were observed. The enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were decreased in the prostate cancer induced group and after treatment they were restored to near normal values. Histopathological examination showed significant changes such as hyperplastic prostatic acini and malignant proliferation of ductal epithelial cells in the prostate and seminal vesicle of carcinogen induced rats. After treatment with C. nurvala extract normal and flow-dilated ducts and acini with regular epithelial lining were observed in the prostate and partially hyperplastic and partially flattered epithelium were observed in seminal vesicles. CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract of C. nurvala has significant anticancer activity evaluated by in an in vivo model.     

Aqueous extract of Taxus Chinensis （Pilger） Rehd inhibits lung carci- noma A549 cells through the epidermal growth factor receptor/mi- togen-activated protein kinase pathway in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVE： To explore the anticancer mechanism of aqueous extract of Taxus Chinensis （Pilger） Rehd （AETC）. METHODS： The serum pharmacological method was used to avoid interference from administration of the crude medicinal herbs. Eight purebred NewZealand rabbits were used for preparation of serum containing various concentrations of AETC. For- ty-eight Balb/c-nu mice were used for in vivo experi- ments. The effects of serum containing AETC on the proliferation of A549 cells and expression levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor/mito- gen-activated protein kinase （EGFR/MAPK） path- way-related proteins in vitro were investigated. Ad- ditionally, the effects on the growth of A549 xeno- grafts in nude mice, and expression levels of the EG- FR/MAPK pathway-related proteins in the xeno- grafts, were investigated. RESULTS： 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl- tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay revealed that the serum containing AETC significantly decreased the viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot showed that the serum containing various concentrations of AETC strongly reduced the levels of phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase （p-JNK） and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinasel/2 （ERK1/2） while it increased the level of p-p38. However, no significant effects on the ex- pression levels of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK were found. In addition, an anticancer effect from AETC was observed in vivo in the Balb/c-nu mice bearing A549 xenografts.CONCLUSION： AETC has significant effects on the growth of A549 xenografts and on the activity of the EGFR/MAPK pathway. Therefore, AETC may be beneficial in lung carcinoma treatment.     

Protective effect of turmeric extract on ethotrexate-induced intestinal damage and oxidative stress

AIM： The most important side effect of methotrexate （MTX） is mucositis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of turmeric extract on intestinal damage and oxidative stress in rats receiving methotrexate. METHODS： Experiments were per- formed on male Wistar albino rats divided into six groups. First group received normal saline orally, the second group received turmeric extract （100 mg.kg-1） orally for 30 days, the third group received turmeric extract （200 mg.kg-I） orally for 30 days, the fourth group re- ceived a single dose of methotrexate （20 mg.kg-~） i.p. at day 30, the fifth group received turmeric extract （100 mg.kg-1） orally for 30 days and a single dose of methotrexate （20 mg.kg-1） i.p. at day 30, and the sixth group received turmeric extract （200 mg.kg-1） orally for 30 days and single dose of methotrexate （20 mg.kg-1） i.p. at day 30. Four days after methotrexate injection, animals were anesthetized, blood samples were taken to determine total antioxidant status （TAS） and jejunum samples were taken for glutathione peroxidase （GPx）, super- oxidase dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, aldehyde malondialdehyde （MDA）, and histopathological assessment. RESULTS： Microscopic evaluation from intestinal tissues of the MTX treated group, showed severe villus shortening and blunting, inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage in lamina propria, along with epithlial cell necrosis. Levels of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT decreased in the MTX received group, but increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） in the turmeric ＋ MTX groups. MTX increased lipid peroxidation, however, turmeric decreased peroxidation significantly （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that turmeric extract may protect the small intes- tine of rats from methotrexate-induced damage. Turmeric effects could result from its antioxidant properties.     

Anti-ulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats

OBJECTIVE: Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria. This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male rats.METHODS: Thirty male rats were separated into 6 groups(A–F) of five rats each. For 14 d before ulcer induction with indomethacin, groups received once daily oral doses of vehicle(distilled water), cimetidine 200 mg/kg body weight(BW), or aqueous extract of C. papaya seed at doses of 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg BW(groups A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/kg BW of indomethacin to induce ulcer formation. RESULTS: Carica papaya seed extract significantly(P0.05) increased gastric p H and percentage of ulcer inhibition relative to indomethacin-induced ulcer rats. The extract significantly(P0.05) decreased gastric acidity, gastric acid output, gastric pepsin secretion, ulcer index and gastric secretion volume relative to group B. These results were similar to that achieved by pretreatment with cimetidine. Specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the extract-treated groups(D, E and F) were increased significantly over the group B(P0.05). Pretreatment with the seed extract protected rats from the indomethacin-mediated decrease in enzyme function experienced by the group B. Similarly, indomethacin-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione level and indomethacin-mediated increase in malondialdehyde were reversed by Carica papaya extract. CONCLUSION: In this study, pretreatment with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed exhibited antiulcerogenic and antioxidant effects, which may be due to the enhanced antioxidant enzymes.     

论儿科方剂配伍用药特点

小儿的生理病理特点与成人颇有差异,脏腑娇嫩,正气未充,稚阴稚阳之体。一旦发病,易寒易热,易虚易实,发展迅速,变化莫测。故古有“宁治十个男子,不愿治一妇人;宁治十个妇人,不愿治一小儿”之说。治疗用药的总体原则：一是抓住病势,及时果断、不失时机地处方用药,以阻断病势的发展,提高方药的治疗效果;二是慎用疏肝利水之品,因为小儿为纯阳之品,滥用有损伤肝肾功能之虞;三是少用或不用峻猛有毒药物,比之成人,此类药物极易伤正;     

最小随机化在国内针灸临床研究中的应用与思考

目的:通过文献检索,研究最小随机化在国内针灸领域临床研究中的应用现状.方法:检索中国知网、万方数据平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SionMed)和PubMed数据库,整理、归纳2009年1月至2018年12月间有国内针灸领域应用最小随机化的临床研究,统计并分析总样本量,组间基线水平等信息.结果:共纳入文献14...     

氧化白藜芦醇体内外抑制肝癌细胞增殖的研究

目的:研究氧化白藜芦醇对肝癌SMMC-7721细胞以及小鼠移植性肿瘤H22的抑制作用及其抗肝癌作用机制。方法:采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测氧化白藜芦醇对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞体外增殖的抑制效果。流式细胞术测定肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的凋亡率。建立小鼠H22肝癌细胞移植瘤模型,分为对照组、环磷酰胺组、氧化白藜芦醇80、40、20 mg/kg剂量组,以实体瘤瘤块生长曲线及抑瘤率为指标评价氧化白藜芦醇对小鼠移植瘤生长的抑制作用;取用不同剂量组作用后的瘤块组织,采用免疫组织化学法检测Bax,bcl-2,Caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结论:MTT结果显示,氧化白藜芦醇对肝癌7721肿瘤细胞的IC50值为58.13μg/ml,抗肿瘤活性良好;流式细胞术结果显示氧化白藜芦醇促进肝癌7721细胞凋亡;体内试验显示氧化白藜芦醇对移植瘤的抑制作用明显,80、40、20 mg/kg三个剂量组对H22移植瘤抑制率为76.88%、65.90%和45.99%,呈一定量效关系,氧化白藜芦醇增加caspase-3表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值。结论:氧化白藜芦醇具有明显的体内外抑制肿瘤作用,作用机制可能与诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

黄藤中巴马汀与药根碱在大鼠体内药动学及口服生物利用度的研究

该文通过灌胃和尾静脉2种方式对大鼠给予黄藤总生物碱,采用RP-HPLC测定大鼠血浆中巴马汀与药根碱的浓度变化后,通过3P97软件计算巴马汀与药根碱的药代动力学参数和口服生物利用度。大鼠经灌胃与尾静脉2种方式给予黄藤总生物碱60 mg·kg~(-1)后,测得的主要药代动力学参数如下:灌胃给药组中巴马汀和药根碱的Cmax分别为(0.91±0.06),(0.70±0.08)mg·L~(-1),tmax分别为(35.24±0.83),(47.76±1.24)min,t1/2分别为(187.03±1.53),(105.64±16.99)min,AUC分别为(280.30±18.69),(144.36±1.06)mg·min·L~(-1);静脉注射给药组中巴马汀和药根碱的t1/2分别为(172.18±12.38),(147.26±1.82)min,AUC分别为(2 553.14±214.91),(328.83±10.81)mg·min·L~(-1)。巴马汀的口服生物利用度为10.98%,药根碱的口服生物利用度为43.90%。     

口服胸腺肽肠溶微球的制备及其体内外评价

 目的制备胸腺肽肠溶微球,并对其体外释药特性及调节免疫的体内活性进行评价。方法以聚丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号为载体材料,用改良的O/O液中干燥法制备胸腺肽肠溶微球。考察了载药量、聚合物浓度对包封率和微球体外释药特性的影响,并进一步探讨口服胸腺肽微球对氢化可的松免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果实验表明,随着载药量的增加,包封率呈下降趋势;聚合物溶液浓度提高会增加微球的包封率。通过优化制备工艺参数,药物包封率可达89.7%。胸腺肽微球在体外释药有明显突释,提高聚合物浓度,降低载药量可以减少体外突释。氢化可的松免疫抑制小鼠经口服胸腺肽微球后可以提高小鼠淋巴细胞玫瑰花结形成率,证明所制备的胸腺肽微球具有免疫调节活性。结论用改良的O/O液中干燥法制备胸腺肽肠溶微球,通过调节制备工艺参数,可以得到高包封率的微球。动物实验表明,胸腺肽肠溶微球口服后具有调节和增强免疫的作用。     

川贝母与其他贝母类药材总生物碱和总皂苷的含量测定与比较

目的 :通过测定和比较川贝母与其他贝母类药材在总生物碱和总皂苷的含量上的区别 ,探讨建立合理的川贝母有效成分含量测定标准的途径。方法 :用两相滴定法测定各种贝母的总生物碱含量 ;用重量法测定各种贝母的总皂苷含量。结果 :测定了 4种川贝母 (2000年版《中国药典》收载品种)各3个样品和浙贝母、伊贝母和平贝母各 2个样品中总生物碱含量和总皂苷含量。结论 :川贝母的总生物碱含量在 0.05 %～0.1% ,总皂苷含量在2.0%～4.0% ;浙贝母、伊贝母和平贝母的总生物碱含量在0.1%～0.2% ,总皂苷含量在 1.0%～2.0%。这种主要成分含量的差异为解释川贝母的独特药理活性和制定合理的质量标准提供了新的思路。     

TCT和阴道镜检及组织活检在妇科肿瘤诊疗中的联合应用

目的：探讨应用TCT（液基薄层）联合阴道镜对宫颈病变进行诊断的临床意义。方法：回顾我院检查的4588例宫颈病变患者临床资料,并对其TCT报告结果为ASCUS,均应用阴道镜进行诊断后,500例患者RCI评分达到2分以上,全部患者再进行病理组织活检后统计患者符合率。结果：500例组织活检以及TCT的符合率是82.0%,其组织活检与阴道镜诊断的符合率是88.0%;应用单纯的TCT与阴道镜进行诊断相较组织活检的对照结果,其符合率具有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;而对于应用TCT达到HSIL以上以及应用阴道镜进行诊断其RCI的综合评分达到CIN I的三级以上并且阳性的患者为155例,同组织活检进行对照,其符合率是98.0%,不具有差异性（P〉0.05）。结论：应用TCT对患者进行筛查,再配合以阴道镜进行诊断,能够显著提高患者宫颈病变检出率,特别是对于早期诊断为宫颈癌或者癌前病变的患者,具有确实的检查价值,应予临床普遍应用。     

Cancer chemopreventive effects of cycloartane-type and related triterpenoids in in vitro and in vivo models

Forty-eight natural and semisynthetic cycloartane-type and related triterpenoids have been evaluated for their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells as a primary screening test for anti-tumor promoters. In addition, these triterpenoids have been tested for their inhibitory effects on activation of (+/-)-(E)-methtyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, as a primary screening test for anti-tumor initiators. All of the compounds tested exhibited inhibitory effects on both EBV-EA and NOR 1 activation. Six of these compounds having a C-24 hydroxylated side chain, viz., (24R)-cycloart-25-ene-3beta,24-diol (9), (24R)-cycloartane-3beta,24,25-triol (11), (24S)-cycloartane-3beta,24,25-triol (12), (24xi)-24-methylcycloartane-3beta,24,241-triol (14), (24xi)-241-methoxy-24-methylcycloartane-3beta,24-diol (15), and (24xi)-24,25-dihydroxycycloartan-3-one (27), showed higher inhibitory effects than the others tested on both EBV-EA (IC50 values of 6.1-7.4 nM) and NOR 1 activation. Furthermore, compounds 14 and 15 exhibited inhibitory effects on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as an initiator and TPA as a promoter.     

巴菜多定律和长尾理论在小包装饮片品规设计中的应用

目的：探讨小包装饮片品规在不同调配模式中,应用巴莱多定律和长尾理论的原则和条件。方法：依据巴莱多定律和长尾理论。通过使用MySQL—Front软件分析门诊中草药处方调配,比较手工与机器自动化两种不同调配模式的优劣情况。结果：在小包装饮片品规调配中,兼顾巴莱多定律和长尾理论进行调配的981种品规和324种饮片,其完全调配率为76．12％;而只根据巴莱多定律设计完全忽略长尾理论进行调配的543种品规和229种饮片,其完全调配率为41．04％,但仍可完成80％的工作量。结论：兼顾巴莱多定律和长尾理论设计的方案更适合人工调配小包装品规;只依据巴莱多定律设计的方案更适合机器自动化调配小包装饮片品规。     

日本高等针灸教育课程设置与针灸课程简介

介绍日本高等针灸教育课程设置的情况及针灸课程的内容，概括了其课程设置与针灸课程的特点。