Risky behaviour in Jamaican adolescent patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and risky behaviour patterns were studied in 165 adolescents attending a STD clinic in Jamaica. A standardised structured questionnaire, clinical algorithms for STD and serological tests for HIV and syphilitic infection were applied. High prevalences of risky behaviour including young age at onset of sexual activity, especially in boys, (mean age 12.5 +/- 2.5 years); unprotected sexual intercourse (only 4% used condoms consistently); multiple sexual partners (mean 3.8 +/- 2.4 and 1.8 +/- 1.2 for boys and girls, respectively) were found. Marijuana, used by 60% of the boys, was an independent risk factor for dysuria (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR), 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-3.4). Repeated episodes of STD (33%), coinfection with HIV (1.2%), syphilis (1.2%) and teenage pregnancy (13%) were prominent findings. Educational strategies which promote behaviour intervention at an early age, frequent and consistent use of condoms, abstinence or delayed onset of sexual activity are essential to reducing the HIV/AIDS and STD risk in adolescents in Jamaica.     

Correlates of sexual activity and inconsistent condom use among high-school girls in Dominica

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with sexual activity and inconsistent condom use among high-school girls in Dominica. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at five high-schools in Dominica in 2000 to assess behaviour that may put high-school girls at risk for HIV The main outcome variable, sexual activity, was defined as vaginal or anal sex, and inconsistent condom use defined as none to infrequent condom use. The convenience sample consisted of 204 girls (median age 16 years). RESULTS: Forty-one per cent (41%) of girls reporting at least one episode of sexual activity. Sexual intercourse was associated with past sexual coercion (OR = 7.2, 95% CI 2.4, 21.8), oral sex (OR = 8.0, 95% CI 3.0, 21.0) and smoking marijuana (OR = 8.2, 95% CI 2.9, 23.0). Among sexually active girls, 59% were inconsistent condom users. Variables associated with inconsistent condom use were being coerced (OR 2.8, 95% CI 0.9, 8.2) and low socio-economic status (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1, 9.6). CONCLUSION: Sexual activity and inconsistent condom use occur frequently among high-school girls in Dominica. Therefore, strategies directed at delaying the onset of sexual activities such as providing accurate and age-appropriate information on sexuality in the context of the economic and social conditions of their daily lives, and increasing condom use are important in HIV prevention in this population.     

Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality

CONTEXT: Intimate partner violence against women is a major public health concern. Research among adults has shown that younger age is a consistent risk factor for experiencing and perpetrating intimate partner violence. However, no representative epidemiologic studies of lifetime prevalence of dating violence among adolescents have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To assess lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual violence from dating partners among adolescent girls and associations of these forms of violence with specific health risks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Female 9th through 12th-grade students who participated in the 1997 and 1999 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 1977 and 2186, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime prevalence rates of physical and sexual dating violence and whether such violence is independently associated with substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 5 female students (20.2% in 1997 and 18.0% in 1999) reported being physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner. After controlling for the effects of potentially confounding demographics and risk behaviors, data from both surveys indicate that physical and sexual dating violence against adolescent girls is associated with increased risk of substance use (eg, cocaine use for 1997, odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-9.6; for 1999, OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.7), unhealthy weight control behaviors (eg, use of laxatives and/or vomiting [for 1997, OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5; for 1999, OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.2-6.5]), sexual risk behaviors (eg, first intercourse before age 15 years [for 1997, OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 5.1-13.4; for 1999, OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2]), pregnancy (for 1997, OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 3.4-11.7; for 1999, OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.8), and suicidality (eg, attempted suicide [for 1997, OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 4.7-12.3; for 1999, OR, 8.6; 95% CI, 5.2-14.4]). CONCLUSION: Dating violence is extremely prevalent among this population, and adolescent girls who report a history of experiencing dating violence are more likely to exhibit other serious health risk behaviors.     

The determinants of sexuality among adolescent school girls in Kenya

One thousand seven hundred and fifty one Secondary school girls aged 12 to 19 years were interviewed by means of a self-administered questionnaire. 416 (23.8%), of them reported to have been sexually experienced at the time of the study. 4.1% of the sexually experienced girls had started sex below the age of 10 years, some of whom had been raped. The low and middle class private schools in the city centre had higher incidence of sexually experienced girls. The same was observed in those girls staying away from their parents. Majority of the sexually experienced girls had started coitus within one to two years of attaining menarche or having a boyfriend. Some of these girls may have been forced to indulge in sex by the men/boys or circumstances. Lack of factual knowledge, parental guidance and lust for material gains are some of the factors the girls felt may be responsible for the upsurge in adolescent sexual behaviour. The role played by these factors in adolescent sexuality is discussed, and possible remedial measures are suggested.     

In-vitro susceptibility of 400 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Vancouver, 1982-84.

Health promotion and treatment programs for adolescents must be tailored to the unique concerns and needs of this population. A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 adolescents aged 12 to 20 years in the Ottawa-Carleton region; 729 responded, giving information on their health concerns and habits. The teenagers reported worrying mostly about chronic conditions such as acne, menstrual disorders, emotional problems, dental problems and being overweight. Some of these conditions can be treated if care is sought. The psychosocial problems most important to the adolescents were school and family problems. Girls tended to report health concerns more often than boys, but there was little variation by age or social group. Although the proportions of adolescents who were smoking cigarettes, drinking alcoholic beverages or using "recreational" drugs or who had ever had sexual intercourse were relatively high, the number of respondents who perceived such habits as health problems was low. There was a low level of concern about birth control among the respondents, including those who indicated that they had had sexual intercourse. The fact that significantly more girls than boys reported that they smoked and had engaged in sexual intercourse suggests specific targets for health promotion activities.     

On the Metaphysics of Membrane Potential in Islet Cells: Studies with Triphenylmethylphosphonium

A questionnaire was offered to 181 sixteen-year-old boys (n=88) and girls (n=93) in different schools in the city of Uppsala. The questionnaire was introduced to the students by a nurse midwife during a regular lesson and included over 100 questions dealing partly with sexual education, attitudes towards sex and own experience of sex and contraception. Of the girls, 47% and of the boys, 31% answered that they had had intercourse. Twenty-eight per cent of the girls and 21.5% of the boys had had their first intercourse before the age of 15. Contraception was used at the first intercourse by 59% of the girls and by 70% of the boys. At the very first intercourse, the condom was the most commonly used contraceptive method. Increasing sexual experience changed the contraceptive pattern and at their last intercourse 48% of the girls were on the pill and 33% of the boys said that their girl friend was on the pill.     

Attitudes and behaviours of young Indigenous people in Townsville concerning relationships, sex and contraception: the "U Mob Yarn Up" project

OBJECTIVE: To gain some understanding of the attitudes and behaviours of Indigenous young people in Townsville concerning relationships, contraception and safe sex. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a computer-assisted self-administered survey and single-sex focus group discussions designed by a Young Mums' Group operating on participatory action principles and acting as peer interviewers. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 171 Indigenous students in Years 9-11 at three high schools and 15 residents of a homeless youth shelter in Townsville, Queensland, 27 April - 8 December 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported attitudes and behaviour about relationships, sexual intercourse and contraception. RESULTS: 84/183 participants (45.9%) reported past sexual intercourse, with 56.1% commencing intercourse at age 13-14 years. The likelihood of having had sex increased with being male (P=0.001), increasing age, increased perceived sexual activity of peer group (both P=0.000), and drinking alcohol at least weekly (P=0.015). Young women were more likely to report unwanted sexual touching (P=0.031), and less likely to report enjoying sexual intercourse (P=0.001). The main qualitative themes concerned females' reputations, coercion, and denial of female desire. Only 49/80 participants (61.3%) reported always using condoms. The main reasons for not using contraception were "just not thinking about it", shame, and problems with access. Despite having reasonable knowledge about contraception, most lacked the confidence and negotiation skills to communicate with partners about condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Like teenagers elsewhere, Indigenous teenagers in Townsville are becoming sexually active at a young age, and not practising safe sex reliably. The need to protect their reputations puts young women at risk by not being prepared for safe sex by carrying condoms.     

Associations among condom use, sexual behavior, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. A study of 13,293 public school students

BACKGROUND: This school-based study explored associations between Mexican young people's condom use, other sexual behaviors, and HIV/AIDS knowledge. METHODS: Students (n=13,293, 11-24 years of age) from a random sample of public schools in the central Mexican state of Morelos completed a self-administered questionnaire. We performed logistic regression analysis of condom use and sexual behavior variables and a knowledge-based index on HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. RESULTS: Average age at sexual debut was 13.6 +/- 1.9 years among young men and 14.2 +/- 2.2 years among young women; 34.5% of sample participants reported using condoms during their first sexual intercourse. More students had intermediate HIV/AIDS knowledge levels (46%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 45.2-46.9) than high levels (37%, 95% CI 36.2-37.8, p <0.01). Students knew more concerning HIV transmission than about prevention of HIV infection. Among young men, high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge increased likelihood of condom use (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), while among young women high levels of knowledge decreased likelihood of using condoms (OR 0.7, 95% CI, 0.5-1.0). Young men with high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge were more likely to have had three or more sexual partners (OR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), but young women with high knowledge levels were more likely to have only one lifetime sexual partner (OR 0.6, 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: As in previous studies in smaller samples, levels of knowledge with regard to HIV/AIDS were low in Mexican youth. HIV/AIDS education programs for Mexican students should focus on conveying knowledge on HIV prevention. Because apparently knowledge is not directly correlated with condom use among young women, prevention strategies that deal with social acceptability of condoms and social skills related with condom negotiation are also needed.     

KAP Survey of Turkish University Students on Sexuality, reproductive Health, Drug Addiction and Violence

Adolescence is a physical phenomenon and, as such, must be recognized as an inevi- table step going to be an adult. The second decade of life is a period of personal development almost as rapid as the first[1]. Adolescents are a very special group as with…     

上海市外来未婚女工艾滋病相关知识、态度和婚前性行为研究

目的了解上海市外来未婚女工艾滋病相关知识、态度和婚前性行为现状,并探讨婚前性行为的影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,选择上海市3家工厂的800名外来未婚女性务工人员进行问卷调查,回收769份,回收率为96．1％;有效问卷762份,有效率为99．1％。问卷内容主包括人口学基本信息以及艾滋病相关知识、态度和婚前性行为。采用多因素Logistic回归分析婚前性行为的影响因素。结果艾滋病相关知识的应答正确率为56．4％,对婚前性行为持反对态度的占38．1％,有36．1％的调查对象承认发生过婚前性行为。多因素Logistic回归分析显示婚前性行为发生的影响因素包括年龄（〉25岁组与〈20岁组比较：OR=2．16,95％C1=1．12～4．17）、居住状况（租房组与集体寝室组比较：OR=3．67,95％CI=2．03～6．63）、家乡（东部地区组与中西部地区组比较：OR=3．13,95％CI=1．64～5．97）和婚前性行为态度（赞同组与反对组比较：OR=9．23,95％CI=4．90～17．39;中立组与反对组比较：OR=3．85,95％CI=2．16～6．86）。结论上海市外来未婚女工的艾滋病知识相对薄弱,婚前性行为态度较为开放,婚前性行为发生率较高,有必加强安全性行为的健康促进,减少艾滋病及其他性传播疾病感染和意外妊娠的风险。     

The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in New South Wales, 1990-2002

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in New South Wales from 1997 to 2002; to compare with previously published rates (1990-1996); and to analyse trends in incidence from 1990 to 2002. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective population-based incidence study. Primary ascertainment of incident cases aged < 15 years was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group NSW children's diabetes register. Secondary ascertainment was from the National Diabetes Supply Scheme until 1999 and from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare thereafter. Childhood population data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-standardised incidence; trends in incidence by calendar year, and sex and age at diagnosis. RESULTS: There were 3260 incident cases (1629 boys, 1631 girls) in the 13 years. Case ascertainment was 99.7% complete using the capture-recapture method. Mean age-standardised incidence per 100 000 person-years was 20.9 (95% CI, 19.9 to 21.9) from 1997 to 2002 compared with 17.8 (95% CI, 17.0 to 18.7) from 1990 to 1996; there was a plateau in incidence between 1997 and 2002. Overall, the incidence increased on average by 2.8% per year (95% CI, 1.9% to 3.8%, P < 0.001) and increased with age, being 12.2 (95% CI, 11.3 to 13.1) in 0-4 year olds; 18.9 (95% CI, 17.8 to 20.0) in 5-9 year olds and 26.7 (95% CI, 25.4 to 28.1) in 10-14 year olds. The increase per year in 0-4 year olds (3.9%) was not significantly higher than in older children. The mean incidence of T1DM was 19.8 (95% CI, 18.8 to 20.7) in girls and 18.8 (95% CI, 17.9 to 19.7) in boys (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of childhood-onset T1DM has increased significantly in all age groups in NSW since 1990. Resource planning in the management of childhood diabetes in NSW should take these findings into account.     

海口市不同性角色MSM青年学生社会接纳和性行为特征

目的 了解海南省海口市不同性角色男男性行为（men who have sex with men,MSM）青年学生的社会接纳和高危性行为特征及危险因素,为开展MSM青年学生艾滋病预防干预提供精准化建议。方法 在高校中采用同伴推动抽样法（RDS）动员招募MSM青年学生至咨询检测门诊,通过匿名问卷调查,问卷内容包括社会人口学、社会接纳和高危性行为特征,同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果 共调查159名MSM青年学生,有效调查问卷150份。调查对象据经常扮演的性角色分三组：被插入方（0号）60人（40.00%）,兼有插入和被插入方（0.5号）48人（32.00%）,插入方（1号）42人（28.00%）。0号、0.5号和1号组HIV感染率分别为3.33%、0.00%和7.14%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.170）;梅毒感染率分别为3.33%、10.42%和19.05%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.034）。觉得生活环境对待同性恋态度友好的39人（26.53%）,觉得一般的100人（66.70%）,觉得受到歧视的8人（5.30%）。性行为学变量中“首次性行为年龄、首次性行为对象是否为临时性伴、是否使用过兴奋剂、使用兴奋剂后有无发生性行为”有统计学意义（P<0.05）;“最近一年每次发生肛交性行为都坚持使用安全套”变量有统计学意义（P<0.01）;logistic多因素分析结果显示：0.5号性角色在二~五年级段是一年级的3.143倍（OR=3.143,95%CI：1.893~5.220）;不告知他人同性性倾向是0号和1号的8.093倍（OR=8.093,95%CI：2.496~26.243）;首次性行为年龄（<18岁）是0号和1号的 15.269倍（OR=15.269,95%CI：5.072~45.972）,是危险因素。0.5号性角色首次性行为对象相对固定,首次性行为对象为临时性伴是0号和1号的0.238倍（OR=0.238,95%CI：0.092~0.619）,是保护因素。结论 不同性角色的MSM青年学生社会接纳、高危性行为、安全套使用和梅毒感染率差异有统计学意义,建议分类提供针对性干预,提高该人群预防性传播疾病感染技能。     

Hepatitis B virus infection among street youths in Montreal

BACKGROUND: Street youths are at high risk for many health problems, including sexually transmitted diseases and bloodborne infections. The authors conducted a cross-sectional anonymous study from December 1995 to September 1996 involving street youths in Montreal to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviours for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and of markers of past and present HBV infection. METHODS: Participants were 437 youths aged 14 to 25 meeting specific criteria for itinerancy who were recruited in collaboration with the 20 major street youth agencies in Montreal. Sociodemographic and lifetime risk factor data were obtained during a structured interview, and a blood sample was taken to test for HBV markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen). Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 19.5 years; 69.3% (303/437) were males. Many subjects had high-risk behaviours: 45.8% (200/437) had injected drugs, 24.5% (107/436) had engaged in prostitution, and 8.7% (38/437) reported having a sexual partner with a history of unspecified hepatitis. The prevalence rate for one or both HBV markers was 9.2% (40/434) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7%-12.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being over 18 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.5, 95% CI 1.8-11.7), having injected drugs (adjusted OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5-8.3) and having had a sexual partner who had unspecified hepatitis (adjusted OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.5) were all associated with HBV infection. INTERPRETATION: Street youths are at high risk for HBV infection. Early and complete HBV vaccination among this vulnerable population is urgently needed.     

Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes

CONTEXT: Diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia are acute complications of type 1 diabetes that are related, respectively, to insufficient or excessive insulin treatment. However, little is known about additional modifiable risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia in children with diabetes and to determine the factors that predict these complications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 1243 children from infancy to age 19 years with type 1 diabetes who resided in the Denver, Colo, metropolitan area were followed up prospectively for 3994 person-years from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of ketoacidosis leading to hospital admission or emergency department visit and severe hypoglycemia (loss of consciousness, seizure, or hospital admission or emergency department visit). RESULTS: The incidence of ketoacidosis was 8 per 100 person-years and increased with age in girls (4 per 100 person-years in < 7; 8 in 7-12; and 12 in > or =13 years; P<.001 for trend). In multivariate analyses, sex-adjusted and stratified by age (<13 vs > or =13 years), the risk of ketoacidosis in younger children increased with higher hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) (relative risk [RR], 1.68 per 1% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.94) and higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.40 per 0.2 U/kg per day; 95% CI, 1.20-1.64). In older children, the risk of ketoacidosis increased with higher HbA(1c) (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30-1.58), higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.25), underinsurance (RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.65-2.95), and presence of psychiatric disorders (for boys, RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.96-2.65; for girls, RR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.25-4.61). The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 19 per 100 person-years (P<.001 for trend) and decreased with age in girls (24 per 100 patient-years in < 7, 19 in 7-12, and 14 in > or =13 years). In younger children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with diabetes duration (RR, 1.39 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.16-1.69) and underinsurance (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65). In older children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with duration (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.51), underinsurance (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.81), lower HbA(1c) (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.32), and presence of psychiatric disorders (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23-1.98). Eighty percent of episodes occurred among the 20% of children who had recurrent events. CONCLUSIONS: Some children with diabetes remain at high risk for ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Age- and sex-specific incidence patterns suggest that ketoacidosis is a challenge in adolescent girls while severe hypoglycemia continues to affect disproportionally the youngest patients and boys of all ages. The pattern of modifiable risk factors indicates that underinsured children and those with psychiatric disorders or at the extremes of the HbA(1c) distribution should be targeted for specific interventions.     

Acceptability of a human papillomavirus (HPV) trial vaccine among mothers of adolescents in Cuernavaca, Mexico

BACKGROUND: A scenario that must be considered when testing prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in teenagers is the parents' acceptability of their daughters' participation in the study. METHODS: A survey was carried out in a random sample of 880 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years in the metropolitan area of Cuernavaca, Mexico. These women were interviewed to obtain information concerning their knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer and their perception of the usefulness of vaccines. Afterward, they were provided with information on the main risk factors for cervical cancer and the future availability of a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. Finally, we explored, with parents, the possible acceptability of an HPV vaccine for their teenaged daughters. The degree of acceptability and its association with a series of sociodemographic and reproductive factors were assessed. RESULTS: The respondents had little knowledge regarding the etiology of cervical cancer. Only 1.9% said that the principal risk factor was infection with HPV; however, 84.2% were aware of the usefulness of vaccines and 83.6% of the women indicated that they would allow their daughters to participate in a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an HPV vaccine that helps prevent cervical cancer. The main factor associated with the acceptance of a possible vaccine against HPV was the knowledge of the usefulness of vaccines [odds ratio (OR) = 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2-8.2]. Likewise, a history of two or more sexual partners (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.6) increased acceptability. Acceptance was not associated with the number of live births (never vs. ever OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.3-2.1). There were 525 women with children over the age of 10 years (59.6%); prevalence of acceptability among these women was 80.1%, not statistically different from the remainder of the sample (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acceptance of a potential HPV vaccine was high in this sample of Mexican women. Initiation of HPV vaccine clinical trials and immunization campaigns that target school children and/or teenagers who are not sexually active should include educational programs aimed at mothers of these individuals. Knowledge of the benefits of a preventive vaccine as well as the etiology and risk factors of cervical cancer should be emphasized.     

Teenage girls attending a dublin sexually transmitted disease clinic: a socio-sexual and diagnostic profile

Over a 12 month period, 32 teenage girls attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic in the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin for the first time, accounting for 17.8% of all first visits. Their mean age was 18.2 years (range 15-19 years). Twenty-four (75%) were from social class V. Five (15.6%) were abusing drugs. The mean age of first coitus was 16.1 years (range 13-19 years). The mean number of sexual partners was 1.8 (range 1-5). Four (12.5%) had been sexually abused in the past. Fourteen (43.8%) had never used contraception. Twenty-three (71.9%) were nulligravidae: 2 were diagnosed as being pregnant in the clinic. Twelve (37.5%) were unaware of cervical cytology screening. Of 29 having intercourse without condoms, none considered themselves to be at risk of contracting HIV from their present partner. A total of 26 diagnoses were made in 23 patients (71.9%). The most common diagnosis was ano-genital condylomata acuminata (6,18.8%); Chlamydia trachomatis was located in 2 patients and Neisseria gonorrhoea in one. Mild to moderate dyskaryosis was reported in 4 cervical smears (12.5%). This data highlights the need for priority targeting of this high risk group.     

重庆市1732例流动人口性生活情况调查及影响因素分析

目的：分析重庆市1732例流动人口性生活情况及其影响因素,为提高流动人口性健康水平及相关部门的服务水平提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,对1732例已婚和未婚有性生活的流动人口进行结构式问卷调查,采用SAS 9．3进行统计分析,单因素分析采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用Ordinal有序回归分析和Logistic回归分析。结果男性流动人口和配偶／性伴侣进行性方面交流的频率高于女性,OR＝1．53（95％ C I：1．24～1．89）;低年龄组的对象性相关交流多于高年龄组;小学及以下组对象交流频率低于学历较高组;外、港、台资企业的对象交流频率高于其他工作场所的对象。男性流动人口自报性生活频率高于女性,OR＝1．84（95％ CI：1．40～2．42）;呈现低年龄组的对象性生活频率多于高年龄组现象,在工厂工作的对象性生活频率低于外、港、台资企业对象性生活频度。与经常交流的对象相比,交流频率一般的对象出现性苦闷及性压抑状况的OR为2．75（95％ CI：1．71～4．41）,交流较少的OR为2．60（95％ CI：1．45～4．66）。结论男性、低龄、高学历的对象性交流频率较多,年龄和工作场所是影响性生活频率的最重要因素,舒缓工作压力,增加性问题交流有助于改善性苦闷和性压抑。     

邵阳市暗娼人群无保护性性行为及相关危险因素调查

目的了解邵阳市暗娼人群无保护性性行为及其影响因素情况,为针对暗娼开展高危行为干预和遏制艾滋病的流行提供科学依据。方法从娱乐场所招募暗娼,调查其社会人口学、吸毒、性行为方式和安全套使用情况。结果调查的450名暗娼中,近6个月与客人发生无保护性性行为的34.9%。多因素logistic逐步回归模型分析显示,平均月收入低（OR=2.50）、第一次做暗娼年龄小（OR=2.30）和近6个月主要生意地点档次低（OR=5.56）、接客时坚持使用安全套能预防艾滋病同意率低（OR=5.31）、场所的妈咪或经理支持用套少（OR=1.85）是暗娼与客人发生无保护性性行为的影响因素。结论本研究结果显示该地区暗娼与客人发生无保护性性行为比例较高,中低档暗娼更易发生高危性行为,需对该地区暗娼推广使用安全套,加大行为干预工作力度以控制艾滋病病毒的传播流行。     

The 1977 Busselton children's survey

A health survey of 551 high school students in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia, was undertaken in November, 1977. Physical measurements showed that approximately 17% of the boys and 24% of the girls were overweight (115% or more of their standard weight for height and age). Blood pressures ranged from 108/64 mmHg at 13 years to 129/70 mmHg at 17 years for boys, and 109/63 mmHg to 116/66 mmHg for girls of the same age group. Fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were also obtained. Twenty-seven per cent of the girls and 17% of the boys were regular smokers, a habit often acquired by the age of 12 years. Most of the children watched television from two to four hours daily during the week, and for longer periods at weekends. Although most had satisfactory levels of physical fitness, there was a trend towards poor performance in overweight children, and there was a significant decrease in participation in regular sports by the older teenagers.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions.

OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents in two national samples, 10 years apart, using the new standard international definitions of the International Obesity Task Force Childhood Obesity Working Group. DESIGN: Body mass index (BMI) cut-off points defining overweight and obesity were applied to the individual BMI values in the two cross-sectional samples. SETTING: Australian community. PARTICIPANTS: 8,492 schoolchildren aged 7-15 years (Australian Health and Fitness Survey, 1985) and 2,962 children aged 2-18 years (National Nutrition Survey, 1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of overweight and obesity. RESULTS: In the 1985 sample, 9.3% of boys and 10.6% of girls were overweight and a further 1.7% [corrected] of boys and 1.6% [corrected] of girls were obese. In the 1995 sample, overall 15.0% of boys (varied with age from 10.4% to 20.0%) and 15.8% of girls (varied with age from 14.5% to 17.2%) were overweight, and a further 4.5% of boys (2.4%-6.8%) and 5.3% of girls (4.2%-6.3%) were obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the 1995 sample peaked at 12-15 years in boys and 7-11 years in girls. In schoolchildren aged 7-15 years, the rates represent a relative risk of overweight in 1995 compared with 1985 of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.59-2.00) and of obesity of 3.28 (95% CI, 2.51-4.29). Compared with previous estimates from these samples, the revised prevalence data are slightly higher for the 1985 data and considerably higher for the 1995 data. CONCLUSION: The secular trend of increasing overweight and obesity in the decade from 1985 and the high prevalence rates in Australian children and adolescents are a major public health concern.