应用微型骨锚重建指伸肌腱终腱止点--附6例报告

目的 探讨微型骨锚在指伸肌腱终腱止点撕脱伤修复中的临床疗效。方法 对6例指伸肌腱终腱止点撕脱患指，先用克氏针将远侧指间关节固定于过伸位，然后将Mitek mcro微型骨锚植人远节指骨基底背侧指伸肌腱附着处，再用锚尾部的4-0 Ethibond缝合线与撕脱的指伸肌腱缝合，重建止点。结果 6例全部获得随访，术后随访3～6个月，平均4．1个月。按Dargan功能评定方法评定：优4例，良2例。术后X线片未见骨锚松动、脱落。结论 微型骨锚用于修复与重建指伸肌腱终腱，操作简便，易掌握，疗效可靠。     

伸肌腱腱帽解剖与异体腱帽移植的相关性实验研究

目的 探讨伸肌腱腱帽解剖与异体腱帽移植的相关性研究。方法 对6只新鲜尸手24指指伸肌腱腱帽的动力结构和静力结构进行观察,并测定了各指伸肌腱在腱帽处的滑动范围。结果 各指腱帽桡、尺侧的长度均是桡侧长于尺侧,各指伸肌腱腱帽的滑动范围在0．9－1．5cm间,示指最大,小指最小。结论 异体腱移植可恢复伸肌腱腱帽的原有结构,可避免自体肌腱移植后的肌腱移植后的肌腱下滑而影响伸指功能的恢复。     

指伸肌腱滑脱的原因分析与手术要点

目的　探讨指伸肌腱滑脱的损伤机制、手术方法和术后复发的关系。方法　 1987年至 1999年 ,在 17例指伸肌腱滑脱手术中 ,在修复矢状束、腱帽和关节囊损伤的同时 ,重视了腱间筋膜的修复。通过模拟实验 ,分析腱间筋膜、矢状束和腱帽在指伸肌腱滑脱中的作用。结果　术后随访 3个月～ 10年 ,17例伸指功能均恢复正常 ,未见复发者。实验结果证实 ,切断指伸肌腱桡侧矢状束和腱帽 ,仅引起指伸肌腱的部分滑脱 ,此时切断腱间筋膜则引起其向尺侧的完全滑脱。结论　矢状束和腱帽损伤的同时 ,伴有腱间筋膜损伤是该症关键的病理机制。手术修复腱间筋膜是防止复发的根本     

掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形

目的 探讨掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形的疗效.方法 对28例陈旧性锤状指畸形的患者,采用克氏针固定远指间关节、掌长肌腱腱片移植加强修复伸肌止点的手术方法.术后6周拔出克氏针,随访时按照Patel评价体系评定.结果 术后25例获得随访,3例失访,随访时间为3～15个月,平均10个月.优9例,良13例,可2例,差1例;优良率为88%.结论 采用掌长肌腱腱片移植加强修复指伸肌腱断端,可明显纠正畸形,并获得良好的关节活动度,是治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形较有效的方法.     

掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形

目的 探讨掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形的疗效.方法 对28例陈旧性锤状指畸形的患者,采用克氏针固定远指间关节、掌长肌腱腱片移植加强修复伸肌止点的手术方法.术后6周拔出克氏针,随访时按照Patel评价体系评定.结果 术后25例获得随访,3例失访,随访时间为3～15个月,平均10个月.优9例,良13例,可2例,差1例;优良率为88%.结论 采用掌长肌腱腱片移植加强修复指伸肌腱断端,可明显纠正畸形,并获得良好的关节活动度,是治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形较有效的方法.     

“指伸肌腱终腱-止点系统”与锤状指形成原因的探讨

目的：通过对指伸肌腱终腱止点及末节指骨的解剖学观测,以物理力学方法对锤状指的形成原因做进一步的探讨。方法在成人新鲜尸体手指标本上,通过模拟手术,对指伸肌腱终腱止点及末节指骨的结构特点进行应用解剖学观测,用物理力学原理对指伸肌腱终腱及末节指骨进行受力分析。结果指伸肌腱终腱止点呈浅帽状被覆于末节指骨基底背侧的“舌”形骨嵴顶端,远侧指间关节侧面观呈规则的圆弧形,末节指骨在屈伸肌腱的牵拉下围绕一个固定的轴心在中节指骨头表面做屈伸运动;终腱或舌形骨嵴在手指纵轴线处受力最大,在垂直于手指纵轴线处受力最小。结论“指伸肌腱终腱-止点系统”的命名利于对锤状指的形成原因作进一步解释,并为锤状指治疗方法的改进提供解剖学依据。     

高频超声在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨高频超声诊断在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值.方法 2005年4月至2008年10月,应用高频超声诊断指伸肌腱闭合损伤,对手术证实的21例患者的超声影像特征进行分析.结果 Ⅰ区伸肌腱损伤10例中,超声图像显示肌腱止点处低回声区,远节指骨基底向掌侧移位,动态观察主动伸指远节指骨无活动,其中3例合并末节指骨撕脱骨折,骨块均有移位.Ⅱ区损伤6例中,腱帽损伤完全断裂2例,表现为腱帽连续性中断,结构紊乱,局部有异常暗区,动态观察可见断端分离,伸腱滑向尺侧;腱帽损伤未断裂3例,表现为腱帽增厚,回声不均匀,结构不清;内固定损伤1例,可见内固定物在受损肌腱内穿过,肌腱滑动时受阻.Ⅲ区自发肌腱断裂5例,超声图像见肌腱内部回声不均匀,肌腱纤维混乱,肌腱连续性中断.结论 超声检查指伸肌腱闭合损伤是辅助诊断中的首选方法,为临床治疗提供依据.     

骨性锤状指的手术治疗进展

骨性锤状指是伸肌腱终腱自末节指骨基底部背侧止点撕脱,且伴有撕脱骨折,伸肌腱终腱与撕脱骨块的连接是完整的.当末节指骨伸直且有纵向轴性应力的情况下,远侧指间关节过度背伸就会造成骨性锤状指,反之远侧指间关节过度掌屈则会造成腱性锤状指.此外,临床上比较罕见的同时伴有末节指骨背侧的撕脱骨折块、骨折块与伸肌腱终腱连接断裂的腱性、骨...     

瘢痕折叠缝合和侧腱束转位治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指

目的 探讨瘢痕折叠缝合和指伸肌腱侧腱束转位治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 对30例腱性锤状指患者,根据术中所见采用不同的手术方法.其中8例采用指伸肌腱远、近断端瘢痕折叠缝合+克氏针内固定;22例采用指伸肌腱远端与近端伸肌腱单侧侧腱束转位后钢丝Kessler钮扣肌腱缝合+克氏针固定.术后均用石膏固定患指于远指间关节过伸位、近指间关节屈曲位6周.结果 术后30例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,随访6～24个月,平均(13.0±4.5)个月,疗效评价采用Dargan功能评定法评分:优22例,良6例,可2例;优良率为93.3％.结论 陈旧性腱性锤状指断端间若形成松弛瘢痕连接,可采用瘢痕折叠缝合法强化;若断端分离短缩,可采用指伸肌腱单侧侧腱束转位治疗.依术中所见不同采用合适的方法治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指可取得满意的疗效.     

局部封闭致拇伸肌腱腱帽损伤一例

患者女，43岁。2003年11月，因右拇伸肌腱狭窄性腱鞘炎，在外院行局部封闭治疗后(4次)出现拇指屈曲、伸指不能而来院就诊。临床检查：右手拇指屈曲位，拇长伸肌腱滑向内侧，掌指关节不能主动伸直，被动活动正常，手指感觉正常。诊断：右拇伸肌腱腱帽损伤。局麻下行伸肌腱复位、腱帽修复术。术中即能主动活动患指，活动时拇伸肌腱无滑脱现象出现。术后采用石膏固定，3周后去除，开始进行掌指关节屈伸功能锻炼。术后随访1年，患指功能正常。     

微型骨锚联合掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形

目的探讨微型骨锚联合掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形的疗效。方法本组共16例陈旧性锤状指畸形患者,均采用微型锚钉联合掌长肌腱腱片重建伸肌腱止点的方法进行治疗,术后6周开始功能锻炼。定期随访,并进行功能评定。结果随访时间为4～10个月。本组患者术后未出现伤口感染或骨锚植入后异物反应,X线检查未见骨锚松动及脱落。术后远侧指间关节稳定性良好。按Dargan方法评定主动活动范围,优12例,良2例,可l例,差l例。结论微型骨锚联合掌长肌腱腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指畸形,手术简便,可明显纠正畸形,效果肯定,值得推广应用。     

Congenital flexion deformity of the middle finger and sagittal band hypoplasia

PURPOSE: To report a congenital anomaly of the middle finger. METHOD: Nine patients (16 digits) are reported with congenital flexion deformity of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the middle finger. Three patients (4 digits) had isolated deformities to the middle finger and in 6 the deformity was part of congenital ulnar drift (CUD) of the hand. Three patients had Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, 2 had nonsyndromic CUD, and 1 had arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. In CUD patients the middle finger had substantially greater flexion deformity of the MCP joint in comparison with other digits. Seven patients were treated surgically and 2 were treated nonsurgically. Five of the surgical patients had bilateral middle finger involvement. RESULTS: During surgery on 12 digits sagittal band hypoplasia of varying degrees was encountered in all patients and in all patients the extensor tendon of the middle finger was underdeveloped and often ulnarly displaced. Longitudinal imbrication of the remnants of the extensor tendon and centralizing the tendon if necessary by radial sagittal band reefing improved MCP joint flexion deformity. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital middle finger-in-palm deformity in our patients was caused by sagittal band and extensor tendon hypoplasia.     

Repair of chronic mallet finger deformity using Mitek micro arc bone anchor

Surgical correction of chronic mallet finger caused by terminal tendon disruption was carried out in 22 patients. The distal stump of the tendon was fixed to the base of the distal phalanx with a Mitek micro arc bone anchor. In all patients the mallet finger deformity was corrected. There were 15 patients with excellent results, 5 with good results, and 2 with fair results. None of the patients had a poor result. No further treatment was needed. The Mitek micro arc bone anchor system is a reliable alternative for the treatment of chronic mallet finger deformity without proximal interphalangeal hyperextension.     

经骨隧道加压缝合治疗手指伸肌腱止点断裂

目的探讨应用经骨隧道加压缝合治疗手指伸肌腱止点断裂的手术方法。方法对20例手指伸肌腱止点损伤所致锤状指畸形患者．用5ml注射器针头在末节指骨基底部横行钻一骨隧道,先用2／0两头带针肌腱吻合线将伸肌腱近断端按Kessler法缝合,然后将一针夹直后穿过骨隧道,如有撕脱骨折块,则将骨折块复位,对平关节面,拉紧肌腱吻合线打结,压紧骨折块,再将伸肌腱止点与指骨末节背侧软组织加强缝合1针。,术后用石膏耗外固定手指近侧指间关节屈曲45°、远侧指骨间关节轻微背伸位4~6周。结果20例木后切口愈合良好。15例患者随访6~24个月,无锤状指畸形发生。伸指0°、屈指指端过掌横纹8例;伸指受限-5°—-10°,屈指指端达掌横纹6例;伸指受限-20°,屈指指端离掌横纹1cm1例。根据Dargan功能评定法,优良率93．3％。结论本法操作简单,取材方便、便宜,能持续有效地内固定伸肌腱止点,值得临床推广应用。     

Operative Behandlung der Krallenhand mittels Lassoplastik

Objectives

The aim is correction of claw deformity of the fingers by intrinsic paralysis.

Indications

Indications are claw deformity of fingers caused by palsy or functional loss of the interosseus or lumbrical muscles as far as the function of the superficial and deep flexors of the finger is intact.

Contraindications

Contraindications are loss or paralysis of finger flexors supplied by the median nerve, fixed extension or flexion contracture of the finger joints, osteoarthritis and other malfunctions of the finger joints, no active flexion and extension of the interphalangeal joints due to compromised tendon gliding. Relative: Upper ulnar nerve palsy with functional loss of the deep flexor of the small and ring finger and possibly of the middle finger.

Surgical technique

The operation technique involves detachment of the flexor digitorum superficialis IV tendon (FDS IV) distal to Camper’s chiasm, division of the tendon into separate strips, interweaving of each tendon strip into the proximal part of the A2 pulley of the affected fingers. In cases of claw deformity of all fingers it may be advantageous to apply the superficial flexor tendon of the long finger in addition to the FDS IV tendon as otherwise the FDS IV tendon has to be divided into four strips resulting in relatively thin tendon strips. If the FDS III and IV tendons are applied, the two strips of the FDS IV tendon are used for lassoplasty of the small and ring fingers and the FDS III tendon for lassoplasty of the middle and index fingers.

Postoperative management

Postoperative management includes immobilization of the operated fingers by a dorsoulnar forearm plaster cast including the metacarpophalangeal joints which are flexed to 70°. After 2 weeks replacement of the cast by a thermoplastic splint for another 4 weeks. During the whole period exercises for the finger and thumb should be carried out.

Results

From April 2003 to June 2012 a total of 17 patients, 8 female and 9 male were surgically treated for claw deformity. The dominant hand was affected in seven patients. The average age was 46?±?15 (22–80) years, the average interval from onset of ulnar palsy to lassoplasty was 61?±?91 (3–288) months. The final follow-up was performed after an average of 42?±?32 (2–112) months. Claw deformity was resolved in 14 out of the 17 patients. The grip strength was on average 58?±?28?% (11–96 %) of the unaffected hand, the mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score was 32?±?18 (5–68) points and the degree of patient satisfaction 7?±?2 (0–10). According to own results and those in the literature lassoplasty can be recommended for the treatment of claw deformity.     

The anatomy and treatment of camptodactyly of the small finger.

Having observed an anomalous insertion of the lumbrical muscle in 74 consecutive operations for correction of camptodactyly of the small finger, we have concluded that the loss of normal lumbrical action is the principal cause of the intrinsic minus deformity seen in this condition. Other anatomic abnormalities observed in this series of patients are those of the superficial tendon in 47%, the x-ray appearance of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint in 15%, and a fixed flexion contracture of the PIP joint in 66%. Fifty-seven percent of our patients had PIP flexion contracture of more than 45 degrees. To determine the contribution of these anomalies to this deformity, we analyzed a series of 53 patients who had been followed up for at least 1 year. The study revealed that these conditions are interdependent and that each had an adverse effect on the final operative results. Treatment included a transfer of the superficial tendon of the ring or little finger to the extensor mechanism of the little finger in all cases and other procedures as dictated by the individual situation. Overall, the joint contracture was reduced from 49 degrees to 25 degrees, but only 33% of the patients regained full flexion of the small finger.     

Clinical features of paralytic claw fingers.

A study of 221 claw fingers of fifty-one leprosy patients with ulnar or combined ulnar and median-nerve paralysis showed that the severity of the deformity was determined mostly by the completeness of paralysis of intrinsci muscles, and to a lesser extent by the duration of paralysis. There was no predilection for severe deformity in any one finger. Recurrent dislocation of the extensor tendon from the knuckle of the metacarpophalangeal joint was observed mostly in fingers that were completely deprived of all intrinsic muscles. No satisfactory explanation could be found for this. Flexing the wrist facilitated opening of the claw finger, but the effect was more evident at the metacarphophalangeal joint than at the proximal interphalangeal joint.     

Extensor digiti minimi tendon "rerouting" transfer in permanent abduction of the little finger

Permanent abduction of the little finger is a bothersome deformity which usually occurs in the context of sequelae of ulnar nerve palsy (Wartenberg's sign), but also in rheumatoid arthritis. The authors report an original technique for correction of this deformity. The extensor digiti minimi tendon is sectioned at its distal insertion and transferred in the wrist through the extensor retinaculum. The "rerouted" tendon is finally resutured distally on the radial aspect of the interosseous muscle. Side-to-side suture of the transferred tendon to the extensor digitorum tendon of the little finger further reinforces the solidity of the procedure. The distal insertion of the extensor digiti minimi tendon is consequently radialized. Its new direction eliminates the abduction component, and the tendon then behaves as an active adductor of the little finger. Five cases (2 cases of ulnar nerve palsy, 3 cases of rheumatoid arthritis) are reported with a mean follow-up of 19 months. All patients have complete active adduction of the little finger in extension, with a persistent capacity for abduction. The other correction techniques published in the literature are discussed.