重复开展消除麻风运动地区的病例发现和患者临床情况分析

目的：观察湖南省西部2个麻风高流行县重复开展消除麻风运动对当地麻风患者发现及临床指标的影响。方法：收集自1997—2002年麻风新发病例，其中包括开展消除麻风运动年份的病例资料，对各年发现病人数，平均确诊年龄，畸残率，延迟期等进行比较分析。结果：从1997年至2002年共发现133例患者。平均每年发现22．2例，年发现率2．4/10万。1998年开展LEC时发现的新病人数是接近开展IEC前一年的2倍，以后新发现病人数减少到一个稳定的低水平，在2002年重复开展LEC时，发现数又是接近前一年的2倍。但与1998年首次开展LEC时发现数相比，减少了50％。新发病人的疾病延迟期平均为34．8月，疾病延迟期在开展LEC前后未显示有缩短或延长的趋势。133例患者中，35例有可见畸残(26．3％)。但新发现病人中2级畸残率从1998年的32．0％下降到2002年重复实施LEC时的12％。结论：作者认为重复实施消除麻风运动促进了当地某些流行病学指标的好转。     

云南省开远市重复开展消除麻风运动效果评估

目的观察开远市两次开展消除麻风运动(LEC)对当地发现病人工作和病人临床指标的影响。方法 2003年与2008年分别开展LEC。收集2002~2008年发现病例的相关信息,对各年发现病例数、平均确诊年龄、平均延迟期、畸残率等进行比较分析。结果在观察的7年中,共发现了131例病人,平均每年发现18.7例,发现率6.23/10万。发现病人没有因为开展LEC出现数量上的明显变化,确诊平均年龄38.81岁,平均延迟期1.43年,畸残率11.45%,最大确诊平均年龄、最长平均延迟期均出现在开展LEC时。结论开远市早期发现病人工作开展较好,但重复开展LEC间隔时间过长。     

开展消除麻风运动后对当地新发现病人状况的影响

目的：分析开展消除麻风运动后对当地新发现麻风病人状况的影响。方法：通过比较麻风高流行县（市）开展消除麻风运动前、中和后一年的麻风新发现病人资料，分析新发现麻风病人各个方面情况。结果：发现所有8个县（市）在开展消除麻风运动当年发现病人数均为最高。在开展消除麻风运动后一年，防治力量强的县（市）发现病人数维持在开展消除麻风运动前一年的水平，防治力量弱的县（市）发现病人数则比开展运动前一年有减少。在开展消除运动期间发现的病人居住地离县麻风专业机构的距离最远，平均为62．8公里／人。开展消除运动期间疾病延迟期为最长，平均为42．9月，消除运动后一年发现的病人疾病平均延迟期缩短至26．5月。结论：开展消除麻风运动后在短期内不会对当地的新发现病人数产生很大的影响，但其促进了部分麻风流行病学指标好转，从而促进了当地麻风防治。     

1998-2018年陕西省麻风流行特征分析

目的：了解1998-2018年陕西省麻风流行趋势和流行特征,为开展麻风防治工作提供理论依据。方法：通过全国麻风防治管理信息系统（LEPMIS）收集陕西省1998-2018年麻风病历资料,对麻风发现率、患病率和病例基本情况进行描述性分析。结果：1998-2018年陕西省新发现麻风病例共计477例,年平均发现率为0.070/10万,年平均患病率为0.305/10万;病例平均发现年龄为46.71岁;男女比为2.46:1;多菌型（MB）399例,占83.6% ;II级畸残共148例,畸残率为31.03%;新发现病例平均延迟期为62.01个月。结论：陕西省新发麻风病例依然存在畸残比高、延迟期长和高龄化等情况,应进一步加强低流行状态下麻风的监测,减少传播和畸残的发生。     

1999～2005年广西新发现麻风病例流行病学分析

对广西1999～2005年新发现病例进行回顾性分析,以探讨广西麻风病基本消灭后麻风的流行特征.结果1999～2005年广西共新发现麻风病人580例,平均年发现率0.18/10万,其中13个县发现率超出了基本消灭的指标.新发病人中,型比70.34%,单皮损率11.03%;II级畸残率15.52%;家内新发病人占新发病人的23.97%;病人发现以门诊为主.广西麻风基本消灭后,疫情又有所回升,平均延迟期较长,家庭聚簇性较明显.应继续加强麻风防治工作.     

136例麻风畸残情况分析

目的了解麻风病人出现畸残的情况,以更好的早期发现病人,防止畸残的发生。方法对红河州(2000~2014)年新发的644例麻风病例中存在Ⅱ级畸残的136例进行统计分析。结果 136例病例中,多菌型65例,占48%,少菌型71例;占52%,延迟期最长的为263个月,最短的为1个月,平均为24个月,而畸残病例的平均延迟期为41个月。结论发生畸残的主要因素是延迟期较长,所以早期发现病例是避免畸残发生的关键。     

浙江省麻风可疑症状监测系统实施效果评价

目的：评价浙江省麻风可疑症状监测系统的实施效果。方法：比较可疑症状监测系统实施前后早期发现情况、新发麻风病例畸残率和麻风病例误诊率。结果：监测系统运行后,新发现病人的平均延迟期从36.64个月缩短至17.89个月;Ⅱ级畸残率从23.15%降至12.12%;误诊率从79.27%降至25.76%。结论：建立麻风可疑症状监测系统有利于麻风病例的早期发现和降低2级畸残率。     

广东省佛山市南海区1998-2018年麻风流行病学特征分析

广东省佛山市南海区1998-2018年共发现麻风患者66例,通过皮肤科门诊发现的病例占95.45%,患病率保持在<1/105的较低水平。麻风早期发现率低（36.36%）,从发病到确诊的平均延迟期为67.35个月;确诊时2级畸残率较高（39.39%）。南海区麻风病疫情整体呈低流行状态,确诊时Ⅱ级畸残率较高。     

1999～2005年广西新发现麻风病例流行病学分析

对广西1999～2005年新发现病例进行回顾性分析，以探讨广西麻风病基本消灭后麻风的流行特征。结果：1999—2005年广西共新发现麻风病人580例，平均年发现率0．18／10万，其中13个县发现率超出了基本消灭的指标。新发病人中，型比70．34％，单皮损率11．03％；Ⅱ级畸残率15．52％；家内新发病人占新发病人的23．97％；病人发现以门诊为主。广西麻风基本消灭后，疫情又有所回升，平均延迟期较长，家庭聚簇性较明显。应继续加强麻风防治工作。     

麻风家内接触传染患病资料统计分析

资料与方法对贺州地区(辖一市三县，总面积11854．54km^2，原属麻风病中流行区)1956-2001年新发现麻风病人的登记卡、麻风患者花名册及麻风监测等资料进行回顾汇总，并就累计发现麻风病人805例中在家内接触传染患病的129例进行性别、型别、延迟期、畸残、传染来源和传染性等方面统计分析。     

Analysis on the detection of new leprosy cases before, during and after the year of leprosy elimination campaigns

To analyse the impact on of case finding of leprosy elimination campaigns (LECs), data on newly detected leprosy cases in a leprosy endemic area were collected before, during and after the year of LEC. The number of new leprosy cases detected during the year of LEC was significantly higher than previously. The number of newly detected cases after the year of LEC was similar to that of detected before the year of LEC in counties with persisting case finding activities. However, the number of newly detected cases after the year of LEC significantly decreased in counties without active case finding activities. The average distance from the homes of leprosy cases detected during LEC to the leprosy control unit at the count town was 62.8 km, which is farther than that of other leprosy cases detected before and after the year of LEC. The average time from disease onset to diagnosis of leprosy cases detected after the year of LEC shortened. The results also showed that carrying out LECs is unlikely to have a significant impact on the trend of case finding within a short time in local areas, but it may improve some indicators of leprosy patients and so promote leprosy control in local areas.     

An epidemiological analysis of leprosy from 1951-1996 in Sichuan

Through the leprosy surveillance system established in 1990s the authors analysed the epidemiology of leprosy in Sichuan province from 1951 to 1996. By the end of 1996, the total number of registered cases was 32,772, the peak incidence rate (2.44/100,000) was in 1958. The annual average progressively decreasing speed (AAPDS) of the number of new cases, incidence rate, incidence rate among children, number of newly detected patients, detection rate, number of registered cases and registered prevalence rates were 4.7% (xg = 0.9534), 5.9% (xg = 0.9407), 7.4% (xg = 0.9263), 6.7% (xg = 0.9326), 8.1% (xg = 0.9195), 10.9% (xg = 0.8913) and 11.7% (xg = 0.8828) respectively. Among newly detected cases, the proportion of children gradually declined with an AAPDS of 2.9% (xg = 0.9712), but that of household contacts gradually increased, showing a gradual decline of source of infection. The multibacillary (MB) rate among new cases, newly registered cases and active cases also increased gradually. The MB rate among child cases was much lower than that among adults. The disability rates among newly registered cases tended to decline. The peak incidence was in the 20 to 35 years age group, the average age at onset being 31.92 years. Average age at onset gradually increased to 34.19 during 1991-1995. The average interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 4.89 years and that had reduced gradually to 3.24 years during 1991-1995. The authors conclude that: (1) the epidemiological trend of leprosy in Sichuan province shows decline; (2) the case-finding activities have improved and intensified; but (3) the disability rate among newly detected cases is still high (> 20%) and the average delay in diagnosis is still too long, showing that early case finding is still not satisfactory.     

Case detection, gender and disability in leprosy in Bangladesh: a trend analysis.

A trend analysis is presented of all newly detected leprosy cases over an 18-year period (1979-1996) in a highly leprosy endemic area of Bangladesh. A total of 23,678 new cases were registered, with an average of 860 new cases per year in the first 12 years, and increasing to around 3000 in 1996. The male:female (M:F) ratio decreased from 2.3 to 1.4. The proportions of newly detected cases with MB leprosy and of newly detected cases with any disability decreased over time. These reductions were more marked in the higher age groups of both sexes. The reduction in disability was primarily attributable to a decline in grade 2 disability. New case detection rates (NCDR) of all leprosy patients per 10,000 general population increased for males from 3 to 6; and for females from 1 to 4, while the NCDR of MB leprosy decreased in males from 1.4 to 0.6, and in females fluctuated around 0.45. The NCDRs of leprosy patients with disabilities showed an initial decrease in the first period, especially in males, but later showed an increase. The NCDR of males with disability was about twice as high as that of females. Finally, female NCDRs in the ages between 15 and 30 were low by comparison with the male NCDRs at the same time. This may be due to the sociocultural characteristics of the Bangladeshi society, with gender differences in exposure, health seeking behaviour and opportunities for case detection. Operational changes in the control programme have contributed to the changed profile of newly detected cases. This study shows that the application of general population statistics is essential for understanding the dynamics in leprosy control programmes under changing operational conditions. Combining case detection figures with such statistics helps to identify population groups that are possibly not benefiting sufficiently from the services provided, and to clarify the dynamics in control programmes and the future trends and programme requirements.     

广东省韶关市1996～2015年新发麻风病例流行病学分析

目的:了解广东省韶关市1996~2015年麻风病例流行学特征,为低流行状态下麻风防治工作提供依据。方法:收集近20年新发现麻风病例资料,并对其流行病学特征进行分析。结果:20年来麻风病的发现率和患病率呈下降趋势,地区分布不均衡,南雄市新发病例数最多,占总数的64.46%。从发病到确诊的平均延迟期为(58.75±64.31)个月,以多菌型为主,占73.08%,2级畸残比为23.08%,出现2级畸残者的病期显著长于无畸残者(t=2.16,P<0.05)。病例发现以门诊发现等被动发现方式为主,约占67.31%。结论:近20年来韶关市麻风流行状况已经得到有效控制。     

Characteristics and treatment outcomes of leprosy patients detected during a leprosy elimination campaign in Mozambique compared with routinely detected patients

The objective of this study is to assess whether the case-finding method is a determinant for diagnostic characteristics and treatment outcome of newly diagnosed leprosy patients in Northern Mozambique. This is a retrospective cohort study of 3202 patients on the differences between entrance characteristics and treatment outcome in self-reporting patients and patients detected during a leprosy elimination campaign (LEC) in 1999 in Northern Mozambique. As a consequence of LEC activities, 3 times more patients were found compared with the same period 1 year earlier. After the LEC, case detection remained higher in the years 2000-2002 compared with the years preceding the LEC. More young (<15 years) paucibacillary (PB) cases were diagnosed during LEC activities with, surprisingly, equal percentage of disability grades. No gender imbalance was found in diagnosed LEC patients contrary to self-reporting patient groups. Comparing patients detected during a LEC in 1999 with the passive group of 1998 and 1999 showed a slight but statistically significant better treatment result for the passive group. The classification of leprosy (in favour of PB) and age (in favour of older age groups) were also determinants for favourable treatment outcomes. Volunteers had a significantly better result of treatment compared with trained nurses and regardless of detection method. LEC proved to be a useful addition to the National Leprosy and Tuberculosis Programme in Northern Mozambique. As a result, many new cases were diagnosed and put on treatment and their treatment results were very satisfactory. LEC had a lasting impact on case finding. Volunteers make a valuable contribution to leprosy control in Mozambique because they have consistently better treatment results compared with nurses.     

2011-2020年山东省麻风病例早期发现综合措施效果评价

目的:通过比较历年新发麻风病例2级畸残比,评价我省综合防治措施在麻风病例早期发现中的作用。方法:近10年来,我省相继开展了麻风可疑者筛查、密切接触者检查、大众宣传、人员培训、疑似病例转诊、省级诊断确认、报病奖励、强化转诊中心、麻风症状监测等病例发现措施。结果:我省2011-2020年共发现113例新发病例,其中男71例,女42例,平均年龄52.2岁,2例儿童病例。输入病例31例,主要来自云、贵、川等高发省份,以外来媳妇和务工人员为主。本土病例主要来自原高、中流行市县,以农民(工)为主。2011-2015年平均就诊延迟期为31.7个月,2016-2020年为13.0个月,差异有统计学意义(t=2.101,P=0.04)。2011年新发病例中G2D占比40%,2020年下降至20%。多因素分析发现,诊断延迟期超过24个月与2级畸残的发生相关。结论:我省采取的麻风病例综合早期发现措施有效降低了新发患者G2D占比。     

Trends in case detection influenced by leprosy elimination campaigns in certain areas of China

LECs were carried out from 1998 to 2000 in eight counties of west China. The number of cases detected during the year of LECs was much higher than that detected by routine methods before the year of the LEC. However, the annual number of cases detected during the year after the LEC showed different patterns. One pattern is that the number of new cases detected in the year after the LEC declined to the level similar to that before the year of the LEC. The second pattern is that the number of new cases detected in the year after the LEC declined steeply to less than that detected before the year of the LEC. Following peak case-detection during the year of the LEC, a gradual decrease in the number of new cases was observed in the subsequent years. The repeat LEC brought a weakly rebounding peak case-detection during the year following the first LEC carried out 3 years earlier. The operational, epidemiological and technical factors influencing the trends of case-detection during the LECs are discussed.     

A comparison of Rapid Village Survey and Leprosy Elimination Campaign,detection methods in two districts of East Java,Indonesia, 1997/1998 and 1999/2000

A Rapid Village Survey (RVS) was planned to estimate the extent of the leprosy problem in two well documented endemic districts of East Java, Indonesia. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate the efficacy of the routine programme in detecting new and early cases, as well as the feasibility of RVS in detecting disabled people affected by leprosy in the community. A random sample survey (RVS: a simple method compared to a Population Sample) was used to determine the extent of the leprosy problem. In addition, a Leprosy Elimination Campaign (LEC), was used particularly to detect new and backlog cases in the community. Both RVS and LEC involve a health education campaign followed by the examination of persons voluntarily reporting. Routine programme case finding, involving passive case finding and contact examinations, was also carried out. The RVS prevalence rate of 12 per 10,000 was more than twice the known prevalence rate of 5 per 10,000. The LEC prevalence rate was less than the rate found by RVS, but was within the RVS confidence interval. During the RVS, many children with leprosy were detected, and 10% of all RVS new cases already had disability grade II. The population disability grade II rate due to leprosy was 9 per 10,000. Despite the fact that an active leprosy control programme had been carried out in the surveyed endemic area over a period of many years, the actual prevalence rate found was more than twice the known prevalence. Many children were found during the RVS, thus indicating continuing widespread transmission. In general, it seems that there is still a serious delay in detecting new cases under the routine programme. Consequently, there are substantial numbers of persons affected by leprosy in those districts in need of rehabilitation.