多层螺旋CT在低危、高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：分析各型胸腺上皮肿瘤的CT特征,并评价其对低危、高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾分析经手术及病理证实的62例低危、高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌的CT表现,分析每组病灶的特点,比较每一特点在3组之间有无显著差异。结果：胸腺癌较胸腺瘤多发生于前纵隔左侧;且胸腺癌较两组胸腺瘤病灶多伴有边缘分叶、瘤内坏死、心包及大血管受侵、纵隔淋巴结及远处转移;高危胸腺瘤较其他两组多伴有胸膜转移;胸腺癌的钙化多为簇状,而胸腺瘤则为结节状,且病变边缘壳样钙化和瘤内纤维分割仅见于胸腺瘤;而患者性别、年龄及病变最长径在3组间比较均无统计学差异。结论：多层螺旋CT扫描对于胸腺癌、高危胸腺瘤、低危胸腺瘤3组间的鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

流式细胞术对血液病诊断的价值

流式细胞术(flow cytometry，FCM)是以荧光染料为探针利用流式细胞仪(flow cytometer)对血液、体液、骨髓穿刺或活检组织的单细胞悬液、石蜡包埋组织中的有形成分包括细胞、血小板、细胞器、精子、微生物以及人工合成微球等的多种生物和物理特性进行定量分析．并能对特定细胞群体加以分选的细胞参量分析技术。是血液病包括白血病免疫分型、血小板疾病和淋巴瘤等诊断的重要手段之一。     

流式细胞术DNA倍体分析在恶性胸腔积液中诊断的价值

目的 探讨流式细胞术(FCM)DNA倍体分析在恶性胸腔积液中的诊断价值。方法 以102例胸腔积液患者(其中恶性45例,良性57例)的胸水分别作流式细胞术DNA倍体分析,癌胚抗原(CEA)及脱落细胞学检测。比较三者之间的敏感性、特导性。结果 1.FCM、CEA、脱落细胞学检测在良、恶性胸腔积液中的阳性率分别为3.5％、82.2％、15.8％、71.1％、7.0％、46.7％,三种方法均有显著性差异(P值均<0.05)。2.FCM、CEA、脱落细胞学检测的敏感性分别为82.2％、71.1％、46.7％,FCM与CEA之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),FCM与脱落细胞学之间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。3.FCM、CEA、脱落细胞学检测的特异性分别为96.5％、84.2％、94.7％,FCM与CEA之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),FCM与脱落细胞学之间无显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 流式细胞术DNA倍体分析在恶性胸腔积液中其敏感性优于脱落细胞学检测,特异性优于CEA检测,是鉴别良、恶性胸腔积液较理想的检测方法。     

流式细胞技术对尿中红细胞检测的临床价值

目的评价流式细胞技术对尿红细胞检测的效能。方法随机留取尿液标本1318例,分别用UF-50尿沉渣分析仪和显微镜检测尿中红细胞。结果尿沉渣红细胞计数以显微镜检查为标准,UF-50尿沉渣分析仪测定尿红细胞阳性率（13．05％）高于镜检（9．18％）,二者阳性符合率为70％。结论结晶、酵母菌、滴虫、脂肪滴、精子及大量细菌导致UF-50尿沉渣分析仪检测红细胞易受干扰,不能完全代替镜检,但可作为一种过筛和治疗监控的手段,有很高的临床应用价值。     

流式细胞术在多发性骨髓瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨流式细胞术免疫分型在多发性骨髓瘤（MM）诊断中的价值。方法应用多参数流式细胞仪检测35例MM和10例继发性单克隆免疫球蛋白血症骨髓细胞免疫表型。结果 35例MM患者表达CD38、CD138强阳性,平均荧光强度（MFI）分别为695.2±120.69、56.23±436.2。CD45阴性或弱阳性。33例MM患者CD19阴性。32例MM患者表达CD56强阳性,MFI为779.9±241.0。10例继发性单克隆免疫球蛋白血症患者表达CD38、CD138强阳性,MFI分别为621.3±82.8、549.6±132.7。CD45表达均阳性。8例患者CD19阳性。CD56均阴性,MFI为24.61±13.1。MM患者CD44表达荧光强度明显高于继发性单克隆免疫球蛋白血症（P〈0.01）。结论应用多参数流式细胞仪检测细胞表面CD38、CD138、CD19、CD56、CD45、CD44抗原表达情况,可方便区分骨髓瘤和良性浆细胞,是MM的重要诊断依据。     

Laser DNA flow cytometry in patients with ovarian epithelial tumors

Despite the use of new drugs in therapy of ovarian cancer, remote results remain unsatisfactory. Traditional prognostic factors, which are often subjective, do not reflect the individual features of a tumor in a certain patient. The authors compare classical prognostic factors, the data of laser DNA flow cytometry, and the receptor status of the tumor. Tumor ploidy is the most informative independent prognostic factor: the period without relapses in patients with aneuploid tumors is significantly shorter in comparison with patients with diploid tumors. Study of tumor cell distribution by the cell cycle phases can also provide additional information for predicting the disease course in ovarian cancer.     

流式细胞术DNA分析影响因素探讨

本文用流式细胞术对正常人外周血单个核细胞就不同试剂、不同获取细胞条件进行DNA含量分析.结果表明,正常人外周血单个核细胞的G0/G1、SPF、PI检出率所用染色试剂间均无明显差异(P＞0.05),而APO、CV测定值随试剂不同有差异.获取5 000细胞/样品的CV值明显高于10 000细胞/样品(P＜0.05);中、低速进样测得的CV值显著低于高速进样(P＜0.05).据此认为,试剂质量及获取和分析的正确与否是影响DNA分析结果的重要因素,质控必不可少.     

Monitoring of intra-arterial treatment with epirubicin and cisplatin in oral carcinoma by DNA flow cytometry

Twenty-two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were treated intra-arterially with epirubicin and cisplatin. Biopsies were taken before, during, and after treatment and analysed by DNA flow cytometry. Clinical response to therapy was better in the diploid group as well as in previously aneuploid tumors which showed complete disappearance of the abnormal clone in the course of treatment. Poor reduction of tumor volume corresponded with persistence of aneuploid cells.     

Rare-event analysis in flow cytometry

Technical aspects of rare-event detection are discussed in this article in a practical context, with two real-life examples. A growing number of flow cytometry-based assays depend on rare-event detection for basic science and clinical applications.     

DNA ploidy pattern of flow cytometry as indicator of malignancy and prognosis in bladder cancer]

Flow cytometry (FCM) of bladder cancer has unique characteristics. First, bladder washing is a suitable material to measure in terms of single cell suspension, while the urine appears inadequate because of the low sensitivity for detecting bladder cancer. Second, the role of FCM depends on the different features of superficial, in situ or invasive bladder cancer. In superficial cancers, FCM can detect the presence of cancer, predict intravesical recurrence and evaluate the response of intravesical instillation therapy. In carcinomas in situ, frequent occurrence of polyclonal aneuploid may indicate the aggressive nature of high grade malignancy. Early removal of bladder may be endorsed unless BCG instillation is effective. For invasive cancers, FCM does not seem to be so useful, but FCM relates well to other prognostic parameters.     

Basics of flow cytometry.

The basics of flow cytometry are described. Cytometry is the measurement of cells; the flow cytometer performs this measurement quickly and reproducibly. Single cells in suspension are presented to a light source through hydrodynamic focusing. The resultant scattered light and fluorescence are collected and converted to electrical pulses, which are digitized for computer analysis. Frequency distributions can be viewed as single- or multiple-variable histograms for evaluating cell measurements. The versatility of flow cytometry is demonstrated by the types of samples it can analyze, characteristics it can measure, and applications in multiple laboratory sciences. Flow cytometry has been adapted easily and rapidly from a research tool to a clinically important procedure.     

探讨流式细胞术检测HLA-B27在强直陛脊柱炎中的临床应用价值

目的以序列特异性引物一聚合酶链反应（sequence-specificprimerpolymerasechainreac-tion．PCR-SSP）作为金标准,探讨贝克曼一库尔特EPICSXLHLA-B27在强直性脊柱炎中的临床诊断价值。方法上海交通大学附属瑞金医院进行HLA-B27流式细胞术检测的患者187例,分别进行流式细胞术HLA-B27抗原检测和PCR-SSP基因型检测,并对检测结果进行分析。结果在187份AS患者标本中,DNA抽提合格标本157份。PCR-SSP结果显示58份阳性,99份阴性,流式细胞术结果显示阳性标本60份．阴性标本97份。以PCR-SSP为金标准,流式细胞术检测HIA-B27的灵敏度为100．O％,特异性为96．7％,准确度为98．7％。结论流式细胞仪检测HLA-B27对AS有较高的灵敏度与特异性,适合于临床大规模样本量的筛查。     

Prediction of relapse or survival after resection in human hepatomas by DNA flow cytometry.

To investigate the change of DNA content and the effect of synthetic phase (S-phase) fraction on hepatocytes and hepatomas, DNA content and S-phase fraction were measured by flow cytometry in human livers and hepatoma tissues. The ploidy status of nontumor parts of resected hepatoma, fetal liver, and focal nodular hyperplasia were diploid, similar to that of the normal liver. Three patterns of DNA ploidy in human hepatoma cells were newly classified, namely, pattern I, diploid tumors; pattern II, aneuploid tumors with single G0/G1 peak; and pattern III, aneuploid tumors with more than one G0/G1 peaks. Among the 130 resectable hepatomas measured for DNA ploidy status, 84 (64.6%) were pattern I, 20 (15.4%) pattern II, and 26 (20%) pattern III. Multivariate analyses for those 130 patients who underwent hepatic resection showed that, in addition to tumor size, DNA ploidy was another prognostic factor in predicting overall survival and disease-free survival. Patients with small tumors (less than 5 cm) had a significantly higher overall survival rate than those with large tumor (greater than 5 cm). Patients with pattern III hepatomas had a significantly lower overall survival rate and a higher recurrent rate than did those with pattern I or pattern II tumors. The S-phase fraction was a significant predictor of overall survival rate in patients with pattern II, but not with pattern I, tumors. We conclude that DNA flow-cytometric measurements of ploidy and S-phase fraction are potential important prognostic predictors in patients with resectable hepatomas.     

Quality control in clinical flow cytometry

Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is a robust and highly complex technology used in the enumeration and characterization of leukocytes, including normal lymphocyte subsets and hematologic neoplasms. Samples consist of peripheral blood and many times irreplaceable samples, such as bone marrow and fresh tissue. These samples are collected, transported, prepared, analyzed, and interpreted, resulting in diagnostic and prognostic information. Such information is critical to treatment decisions for patients. In order to obtain accurate and reproducible results, it is essential to have optimized and standardized procedures, rigorous quality control, and assurance programs encompassing preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic processes.     

Optical clearing in photoacoustic flow cytometry

Clinical applications of photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) for detection of circulating tumor cells in deep blood vessels are hindered by laser beam scattering, that result in loss of PAFC sensitivity and resolution. We demonstrate biocompatible and rapid optical clearing (OC) of skin to minimize light scattering and thus, increase optical resolution and sensitivity of PAFC. OC effect was achieved in 20 min by sequent skin cleaning, microdermabrasion, and glycerol application enhanced by massage and sonophoresis. Using 0.8 mm mouse skin layer over a blood vessel in vitro phantom we demonstrated 1.6-fold decrease in laser spot blurring accompanied by 1.6-fold increase in PA signal amplitude from blood background. As a result, peak rate for B16F10 melanoma cells in blood flow increased 1.7-fold. By using OC we also demonstrated the feasibility of PA contrast improvement for human hand veins.OCIS codes: (170.3660) Light propagation in tissues, (170.6935) Tissue characterization, (110.5125) Photoacoustics, (330.6130) Spatial resolution