脊柱感染诊断与治疗进展

在我国,脊柱感染性疾病一直是影响人们身体健康的一个重要原因。随着影像诊断技术的发展和新一代抗生素的应用,其发病率有所下降。尽管如此,脊柱感染性疾病的处理还存在着许多缺陷。早期诊断、使用适当的抗生素、及时正确的手术仍然是治疗的关键。脊柱骨髓炎约占所有骨髓炎的2%     

非特异性脊柱感染的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨非特异性脊柱感染的临床特征及治疗方法.方法:回顺性分析我科2006年9月～2012年2月收治的16例非特异性脊柱感染患者的临床资料,男6例,女10例,年龄23～66岁,平均53.5岁.腰椎8例,胸腰段6例,胸椎2例.患椎处剧痛14例,轻度胀痛2例,11例X线片显示患椎终板缘“鸟嘴样”增生,13例邻近终板侵蚀性破坏,边界模糊,周围硬化.所有患者均无成角畸形及明显神经损害.入院诊断为脊柱肿瘤1例,脊柱结核3例,疑似脊柱结核8例,脊柱感染4例.入院后诊断为“脊柱肿瘤”者直接行“肿瘤椎体”切除植骨内固定术,术后病理诊断为化脓性脊柱骨髓炎;其余15例患者治疗前均行病椎穿刺病理检查,诊断为非特异性脊柱感染,其中10例患者行保守治疗,4例患者因椎间失稳行前路病灶清除植骨、后路内固定术,1例因伴椎旁脓肿行单纯前路病灶清除植骨融合术.均应用敏感或广谱抗生素,手术治疗患者应用2～3周,保守治疗患者应用3～6周.结果:所有患者随访3～18个月,平均12个月.10例保守治疗患者中,6例痊愈;4例遗留腰背部僵硬感,行腰背肌理疗及功能锻炼后均缓解.6例手术患者中,1例误诊为脊柱肿瘤患者术后1.5年X线片显示植骨端骨吸收,患者有腰背部僵硬感,暂予观察;其余5例患者随访时植骨均骨性融合,2例遗留不同程度腰背部僵硬,但均不影响生活.所有患者随访期间无复发.结论:脊柱非特异性感染容易误诊,治疗前行穿刺病理检查可早期确诊,多数患者经保守治疗可治愈,对影响脊柱稳定性者应选择手术治疗.     

脊柱化脓性感染的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析脊柱化脓性感染的临床特点及手术治疗的效果。方法对12例脊柱化脓性感染的临床表现、实验室检查及影像学特点进行总结分析,均给予抗生素治疗,采用前路病灶清除植骨内固定术。结果术后脊柱无后凸畸形,无出现排斥反应,均获得骨性融合。结论脊柱化脓性感染患者血沉较白细胞计数敏感,C-反应蛋白是判断病情发展的重要指标,MRI对明确诊断有重要意义。采用前路病灶清除植骨内固定是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

脊柱化脓性感染的诊断和治疗进展

<正>脊柱化脓性感染是指包括椎间盘炎、椎体骨髓炎、脊柱硬膜外脓肿等在内的一组疾病。如果处理不当常造成神经损伤、败血症等问题,严重时可危及生命。充分认知、尽早干预脊柱化脓性感染显得尤为重要。随着科学技术的发展,对脊柱感染的相关研究也逐渐增多,其中不乏一些新技术、新观念。笔者就脊柱化脓性感染的诊断与治疗进展简要阐述,以期能够为临床决策提供参考。     

化脓性脊柱感染的诊断和治疗选择

目的分析化脓性脊柱感染的病因、临床表现、实验室和影像学的诊断依据,以及各种治疗方案的效果。方法自1997年8月-2005年6月共收治化脓性脊柱感染患者10例,平均年龄58岁。10例中2例有脊柱外伤史,2例合并有糖尿病。患者常规进行平片、核磁共振及血常规、血沉、细菌培养等实验室检查。所有患者均接受抗生素治疗,5例患者接受手术。结果金黄色葡萄球菌是最常见的致病菌,糖尿病、外伤和他处感染病灶是本病的易感因素。所有患者血沉均增高,白细胞计数增高者占40%,C反应蛋白增高者占80%。10例中3例出现截瘫或者不全瘫,行手术治疗,术后患者瘫痪症状均有减轻,但程度不一。结论化脓性脊柱感染包括椎体骨髓炎、椎间盘炎、脊柱椎间盘炎、化脓性小关节感染和硬膜外脓肿。抗感染和制动是最基本的治疗措施,保守治疗无效,合并有硬膜外脓肿或者瘫痪的患者应行清创引流和减压手术。     

脊柱术后深部组织感染的诊断与治疗研究进展

脊柱术后深部组织感染是临床上较为多见的脊柱手术术后并发症之一。由于脊柱手术多存在术中减压等操作,创伤较大,一旦发生感染而未及时处理,将会造成脊柱手术失败,继而发生脊柱失稳、假关节形成、神经功能损害,甚至会导致患者死亡。脊柱术后深部组织感染的诊断要素及治疗标准仍存在争议。本文旨在从以上两方面对脊柱术后深部组织感染进行相关综述。     

脊柱包虫病的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨脊柱包虫病的诊断及治疗方法。方法:1990年10月～2010年10月手术治疗脊柱包虫病患者9例,病程为3个月～12年。临床表现为午后低热、腰背疼痛和腰背部包块,术前脊髓神经功能Frankel分级A级1例,B级2例,C级2例,D级4例。包虫病8项免疫试验均为阳性。术前均行影像学检查,病变单纯累及胸椎2例(T8、T9 1例,T11、T12 1例),腰椎2例(L3 1例,L1、L2、L3 1例),胸腰段4例(T12、L1 2例,T12、L1、L2 2例),骶椎1例。X线片、CT检查误诊为椎体结核5例、转移瘤2例、脊索瘤1例、腰大肌脓肿1例。MRI检查7例诊断为脊柱包虫病;2例病变单纯累及腰椎者缺乏囊中囊典型信号改变,误诊为脊柱转移瘤。均行椎管减压病灶清除植骨内固定术,其中病变单纯累及胸椎的2例与骶骨1例行后路全椎板切除减压,2例腰椎病变者行椎板间开窗椎管减压,4例胸腰段病变者行脊柱侧前方入路经横突椎管减压。7例术前诊断脊柱包虫病者术前口服抗包虫药阿苯达唑2～3周,所有患者术后继续服用阿苯达唑3个月。结果:手术时间210～330min,平均260min;术中失血量170～470ml,平均300ml。7例术前MRI检查诊断为脊柱包虫病者术后病理诊断为脊柱细粒棘球蚴病,2例术前MRI误诊为脊柱转移瘤者术后病理诊断为腰椎泡状棘球蚴病。随访1～10年,平均4.6年。1例腰椎泡状棘球蚴病患者术后8个月植骨未愈合,经理疗、促骨生长药物治疗,1年后复查X线片显示骨性愈合;其余8例患者植骨区骨性融合,愈合时间为5～8.5个月,平均7个月。末次随访患者脊髓神经功能Frankel分级改善6例,无变化3例。随访期间无复发。结论:MRI检查对脊柱细粒棘球蚴病有诊断价值,对腰椎泡状棘球蚴病易误诊,后者的确诊有赖于病理检查;脊柱包虫病在药物治疗的基础上采用手术治疗可取得较好疗效。     

脊柱骨髓瘤的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨脊柱骨髓瘤的诊断方法与治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1993～2001年收治的14例脊柱骨髓瘤患者的资料,13例行脊椎活检,其中经皮穿刺活检12例,切开活检1例,另1例行术中病理检查。病理报告均为骨髓瘤。孤立性骨髓瘤9例,多发骨髓瘤5例。10例行手术治疗。结果:8例手术患者获15～102个月(平均37.6个月)随访,7例存活。未手术的4例中1例无瘤存活76个月,另3例分别于确诊后6、18和25个月死亡。结论:经皮脊椎穿刺活检是确诊脊柱骨髓瘤的重要手段,选择性手术结合放疗及化疗可稳定脊柱、解除脊髓压迫、提高患者生活质量。     

脊柱血管瘤的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨脊柱血管瘤(VH)的诊断和治疗方法。方法:2003年4月～2010年5月,共收治有临床症状的脊柱血管瘤(SVH)患者20例,男性7例,女性13例,年龄21～67岁,平均43.8岁。15例出现神经损害症状,其中脊髓损害12例,神经根损害3例;5例仅有局部疼痛。病灶位于颈椎5例,胸椎12例,腰椎3例。术前经X线片、CT和/或MRI检查,15例诊断明确,5例诊断不明确患者术前在CT引导下穿刺活检。1例单纯疼痛者行椎体成形术,2例单纯疼痛和4例神经损害轻微者行放疗,13例伴严重神经损害、压缩骨折或诊断不明确者行开放手术治疗。结果:5例CT引导下穿刺活检者仅1例病理诊断为血管瘤,1例取活检失败,3例诊断与术后病理诊断不一致。1例单纯疼痛行椎体成形术和2例单纯疼痛行放疗者治疗后疼痛缓解;4例轻微神经损害者放疗后1例神经功能完全恢复,3例无效改行手术治疗后症状缓解;开放手术治疗患者术后神经症状完全缓解。随访3～78个月,平均31.9个月,19例无复发,1例病灶部分切除减压者术后17个月复发,再次行减压、术后放疗,随访15个月未见复发。结论:脊柱血管瘤大多通过影像学检查可明确诊断,术前CT引导下穿刺活检对其确诊率不高。根据患者临床及影像学表现采取不同的治疗方法可取得较好的治疗效果。     

Diagnosis and management of spinal infections

The number of spinal infections has been increasing due to aging populations and larger numbers of immunocompromised hosts and intravenous drug users. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool for the early diagnosis of spinal infections, and can yield positive findings just 3–5 days after disease onset. Before antibiotic administration, cultures must be initiated from blood and from specimens collected from the locus of infection. Based on the pathogens identified by culture, appropriate antibiotics should be selected with careful consideration of antimicrobial susceptibility and spinal tissue penetration. Antibiotic treatment of spinal infections should be continued for longer than for most other types of infections, although the optimal duration remains unknown. The indications for surgical treatment include progressive neurologic deficits, progressive deformity, spinal instability, persistent or recurrent infection, and unbearable pain. In most patients with spinal infection, the gold standard surgical treatment is anterior radical debridement followed by autologous strut bone grafting. The addition of posterior instrumentation has recently become popular. This procedure may be performed alone as an alternative surgical option in patients in poor condition, and if it dramatically reduces pain, subsequent observation may be reasonable. If progressive deformity is observed or pain relief is inadequate after posterior instrumentation, additional anterior debridement and bone grafting should be scheduled.     

Diagnosis and management of lung infections

This article describes contemporary methods of diagnosis and current treatment regimens for most pulmonary infections. Modern techniques used to improve diagnostic yield in pulmonary infection include bronchoscopy, ultrasound- and electromagnetic-guided endoscopy, transthoracic needle biopsy, and samples obtained with thoracoscopy. The spectrum of bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens implicated in pulmonary disease is discussed. Treatment strategies and guideline recommendations for antimicrobial selection are described for community-acquired, health care-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and for the most common fungal, mycobacterial, and viral infections. The state-of-the art in topical and aerosolized anti-infective therapy and an algorithm for managing hemoptysis are also presented.     

Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infections and their surgical management

STUDY DESIGN: Mainly a retrospective study of 101 cases of pyogenic spinal infection, excluding postoperative infections. Data were obtained through medical record review, imaging examination, and patient follow-up evaluation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infection has been described variously as spondylodiscitis, discitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, and epidural abscess. Recommended treatment options have included conservative methods (antibiotics and bracing) and surgical intervention. However, a comprehensive classification that would aid in diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis has not yet been devised. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the bacteriology, pathologic entities, complications, and results of treatment options for pyogenic spinal infection. METHOD: All patients received plain radiographs, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans, and bone/gallium radionuclide studies. All patients had tissue biopsies. Bacteriology, hematology, and predisposing factors were analyzed. All patients received intravenous and oral antibiotics. A total of 58 patients underwent surgery. Patient outcomes were correlated with clinical status, with treatment method and, where applicable, with location and nature of epidural compression. Statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Spondylodiscitis occurred most commonly with primary epidural abscess, spondylitis, discitis, and pyogenic facet arthropathy, all occurring rarely. Staphylococcus aureus was the main organism. Infection elsewhere was the most common predisposing factor. Leukocyte counts were elevated in 42.6% of spondylodiscitis cases. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in all cases of epidural abscess. There were 35 cases of epidural abscess (frank abscess, 29; granulation tissue, 6). Epidural abscess complicating spondylodiscitis occurred most often in the cervical spine, followed by thoracic and lumbar areas. The rate of paraplegia or paraparesis also was highest in cervical and thoracic regions. There were no cases of quadriplegia. All patients with either epidural granulation tissue or paraparesis recovered completely after surgical decompression. Only 18% of patients with frank epidural abscess and 23% of patients with paralysis recovered completely after surgical decompression. Patients with spondylodiscitis who were treated nonsurgically reported residual back pain more often (64%) than patients treated surgically (26.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Pyogenic spinal infection can be thought of as a spectrum of disease comprising spondylitis, discitis, spondylodiscitis, pyogenic facet arthropathy, and epidural abscess. Spondylodiscitis is more prone to develop epidural abscesses in the cervical spine (90%) than the thoracic (33.3%) or lumbar (23.6%) areas. Thecal sac neurocompression has a greater chance of causing neurologic deficit in the thoracic spine (81.8%). Treatment of neurologic deficit caused by epidural abscess is prompt surgical decompression, with or without fusion. Patients with frank abscess had less favorable outcomes than those with granulation tissue, and paraplegia responded to treatment more poorly than paraparesis. Surgery was preferable to nonsurgical treatment for improving back pain.     

老年脊柱矢状位失衡的诊断及治疗

1病例资料1.1一般资料患者56岁,女性,中度体力劳动者。主诉"腰痛20余年,加重1年余"入院。患者20余年前于劳累或受凉后出现腰痛,不伴下肢麻木、疼痛、无力等,休息或理疗热敷后可缓解,当时未予诊治。此后上述症状反复发作,性质同前,疼痛程度进行性加重。1年前患者腰痛症状明显加重,范围由髂嵴水平至臀部,伴有左下肢后外侧疼痛不适,未及膝盖。步行数公里     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断与手术治疗

目的总结脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断和手术治疗经验,探讨其诊断治疗方法。方法回顾性分析近10年来显微外科手术治疗12例脊髓血管母细胞瘤的临床资料。结果12例脊髓血管母细胞瘤MRI均表现为边界清楚的、增强后明显均匀强化的脊髓内占位。DSA表现为富血供肿瘤染色影。12例患者均经手术全切除病变,病理学诊断为血管母细胞瘤;术后运动及感觉障碍改善7例,无变化3例,即刻加重1个月内恢复2例;无手术死亡病例。随访6—60个月,无一例复发。结论脊髓血管母细胞瘤手术治疗效果好,有症状者应早期手术治疗。     

Diagnosis and management of viral infections in intensive care units

The first part of this review will consider those viral infections that can result in organ failure severe enough to require a period of life support in an intensive care unit (ICU). The viruses included are those likely to be encountered, from time to time, in ICU around the UK. The laboratory diagnosis, antiviral treatment and infection control aspects will be discussed for viral lower respiratory tract infections, acute viral encephalitis and viral myocarditis. Viral hepatitis will be included in the second part, because in ICU most patients infected with these viruses will be there for reasons other than liver failure. The second part of the review will consider those blood-borne and persistent viral infections that can be transmitted to health care workers if they receive a penetrating injury while performing invasive procedures on infected patients in the ICU. The control of blood-borne viruses in the health care setting has been reviewed recently,¹ and is the subject of numerous important guideline document (the most recent is included in the references) and the details will not be presented in this review.