Lateral numbness in the lower leg: An underestimated complication following medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the incidence, degree, and natural course of lateral numbness following medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO). It also evaluated which predisposing factors would affect lateral numbness following MOWHTO.MethodsOne-hundred and sixty-nine knees that underwent MOWHTO for treatment of varus osteoarthritis with a minimum follow-up of three years were enrolled. Lateral numbness in the lower leg was assessed with the light-touch method using a cotton wool ball and compared with the contralateral leg. Patients were classified into groups based on a scale according to grading of sensation to light touch. To assess the improvement of lateral numbness, lower leg sensation was investigated using a sensory score compared with the contralateral leg. The predisposing factors that would affect lateral numbness were assessed.ResultsLateral numbness was observed in 87 knees (51.5%) at six weeks postoperatively. Although 69 knees improved over time, 18 knees showed no improvement to the latest follow-up. The level of skin incision showed a significant association with lateral numbness on univariate and multivariate analyses: the higher the level of skin incision, the greater the degree of estimated numbness.ConclusionsAbout half the patients reported postoperative lateral numbness in the lower leg following MOWHTO. Of the patients with lateral numbness, approximately one-fifth remained symptom until the last follow-up. The level of skin incision might be a risk factor for lateral numbness. Pre-operative patient education concerning the likelihood of lateral numbness is recommended.Level of evidenceLevel IV, case series.     

足底逆转岛状皮瓣的解剖学研究

为了寻找能修复足底前部负重区软组织缺损的皮瓣,对50侧下肢的足底外侧血管、足底外侧神经及有关的皮支进行了观察和测量,提出用足底后部非负重区的皮肤带蒂逆向移位修复前部负重区的软组织缺损。逆转后,动脉血可由足背动脉逆向灌注,静脉可以逆向回流,还可获得神经支配。其优点是皮肤质地与受区相同,不需吻接血管。但血管蒂近侧段位置较深,暴露时需切断跖腱膜和趾短屈肌。     

带腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 为带腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础.方法 在32例成人下肢标本上,对腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管进行解剖观测.结果 腓肠外侧皮神经在腓骨头平面上方 7.1±2.4cm处起于腓总神经,分布于小腿后外侧上半或上2/3的皮肤.其营养动脉主要为:腓肠外侧皮动脉:起自腘动脉,在腓骨头平面上方5.0±1.5cm处浅出,外径为0.9±0.3mm;肌间隔筋膜皮支:起自胫后动脉和腓动脉,分别在腓骨头平面下方9.2±3.8cm和15.8±3.8cm处浅出,外径为0.7±0.3mm和0.9±0.4mm.该营养动脉除在腓肠外侧皮神经周围或其内呈链式吻合外,还发出筋膜皮支与邻位的皮动脉连接.静脉血可沿伴行静脉或小隐静脉及其属支回流至深静脉.结论 以腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管为蒂,可设计成顺行或逆行转位筋膜皮瓣,修复邻近部位的软组织缺损.     

带臂外侧上皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带臂外侧上皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供解剖学基础.方法:32例经灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本,对臂外侧上皮神经及其营养血管等进行了较详细的应用解剖学研究.结果:臂外侧上皮神经在均由腑神经发出,起点横径为1.5±0.4mm,在三角肌深方斜向外下3.6±1.1cm从该肌后缘中1/3浅出肌间隔,分为上支和下支,分布于三角肌后部、外侧部和臂外侧上部.该神经的营养血管起源于旋肱后动脉,起点外径为0.9±0.4mm;其行程、分支和分布均同在神经,供血范因为14.8×9.8cm~2,并与周围的皮动脉存在丰富吻合.结论:带臂外侧上皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮 瓣可视受区需要设计成游离瓣或旋转瓣,用于修复邻近部位、手或颌面部缺损.     

Anatomical study of innervated transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous and deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps

The present study investigated anterior cutaneous branches of the 10th, 11th and 12th intercostal nerves. Innervated transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap are often used in breast reconstruction. To innervate these flaps effectively, the appropriate anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves must be selected. Dissection of 40 sides of 20 cadavers (5 male, 15 female) was performed. Nerves were classified into four groups according to vertical location from rectus abdominis (RA) entry points. Group 1 was situated from 0-19% of the umbilicus-to-pubic tubercle distance; Group 2, 20-39%; Group 3, 40-59%; and Group 4, 60-79%. Mean number of nerves per side was 1.4 in Group 1, 1.2 in Group 2, 1.1 in Group 3 and 0.2 in Group 4. The arcuate line was situated 32 +/- 9% below the umbilicus. Group 3 and 4 nerves tended to enter the RA more laterally than Group 1 nerves. Most nerves separated into 1-2 cutaneous branches while branching off several muscular branches. Several nerves in Groups 1 and 2 displayed no cutaneous branches. More muscular branches were present in Groups 1 and 2 than in Groups 3 and 4. Distance from lateral edge of the RA sheath to RA entry point was longer in Groups 1 and 2 than in Group 4. Cutaneous points, indicating entry points of a nerve into the dermis, were situated slightly more inferior than RA entry points. To innervate flaps effectively, a nerve entering the RA slightly superior to the expected sensory recovery area should be chosen. Clinically, Group 1 or 2 nerves seem to be selected in many TRAM or DIEP flap cases. If the cutaneous branch in Group 3 or 4 is easy to separate from RA, this can be included in the flap along with a main nerve, and might enable the flap to recover sensation in a wider area or reinforce the occasional lack of a sensory branch from Group 1 or 2. The present findings provide the basis for more precise dissection of TRAM and DIEP flaps, and should facilitate reliable preservation of sensation in flaps.     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

血流桥接股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复伴有血供障碍手掌皮肤软组织缺损

目的　探讨血流桥接股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复伴有血供障碍的手掌皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效。 方法　对9例伴有动脉血供障碍的手掌皮肤软组织缺损,应用旋股外侧动脉降支及其分支桥接手部缺损动脉,重建手部血供;旋股外侧动脉发出的穿支（肌间隙穿支或肌皮穿支）为皮瓣血供设计股前外侧皮瓣修复手皮肤软组织缺损。切取旋股外侧动脉降支及其分支长度为4~8 cm,切取皮瓣面积为7cm×9cm~11cm×16 cm。 结果 9例皮瓣全部成活,手部血供良好,供区植皮成活,术后3~9个月随访,皮瓣及手部末梢血供良好,皮瓣恢复保护性感觉,有排汗功能,部分供区有瘢痕增生。 结论　对伴有动脉血供障碍的手掌皮肤软组织缺损应用血流桥接股前外侧穿支皮瓣进行修复,,既可桥接血管,又可覆盖创面,是目前修复伴有动脉血供障碍的手掌皮肤软组织缺损一种较理想方法。     

Measurement and analysis of the perforator arteries in upper extremity for the flap design

The aim of this study was to provide the anatomical basis for the skin flap pedicled with the nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and cutaneous veins of the upper extremity. Radio-opaque material was injected into the common carotid arteries of five fresh cadavers. The skin and the fascia were meticulously dissected, removed, and radiographed. The Photoshop CS and Scion image 4.02 were used to analyze the cutaneous arteries, the density of vessels, and the vascular territories of the perforator arteries. The results showed that the cutaneous arteries of the upper extremity came from 16 original arteries, and accordingly, the superficial tissue of the upper extremity could be divided into 16 vascular territories. The external diameter and the area of blood supply of each perforator were growing downwards from the proximum to the distal end. But the points at which the perforator arteries came out from the deep tissue were concentrated near the cutaneous nerves and cutaneous veins, and the arteries formed vascular chains. The density of the arteries near the cutaneous nerves and cutaneous veins was much higher than that of other areas. This article discussed the regularity of the nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and veins on the basis of the experimental results.     

外踝上穿支岛状皮瓣在足底软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的利用以外踝上穿支为血管蒂的穿支岛状皮瓣修复足底部软组织缺损,并探讨其手术方法及临床疗效。 方法自2014年9月至2016年12月,笔者应用外踝上穿支岛状皮瓣修复足底软组织缺损10例(6例患者来自北京朝阳急诊抢救中心,4例患者来自解放军第四六四医院),男6例,女4例;年龄20.0～56.0岁,平均年龄34.4岁。致伤原因：机器伤6例,交通伤2例,重物砸伤2例。缺损面积2.5 cm×3.5 cm～10.0 cm×12.0 cm,采用面积为3.0 cm×4.0 cm～11.0 cm×14.0 cm外踝上穿支岛状皮瓣移植修复。供区创面宽度在3.0 cm以内者可以直接拉拢缝合,其余以全厚皮片植皮修复。通过电话、微信及门诊复查对10例患者进行随访。供区观察指标主要包括供区切口愈合情况及植皮成活情况;受区观察指标包括皮瓣外观、皮瓣感觉、负重行走情况。 结果术后随访4.0～12.0个月,平均8.4个月。术后10例皮瓣顺利成活,9例切口一期愈合,1例皮瓣远端边缘部分坏死,经换药后愈合。供区切口愈合良好、皮片全部成活。皮瓣外形满意,质地柔软,无明显臃肿,半年后恢复保护性感觉(S2),无溃疡形成,穿鞋行走无疼痛、不适。 结论外踝上穿支岛状皮瓣厚薄适中,血供可靠,不牺牲动脉主干,切取容易,可携带皮神经与受区皮神经吻合,恢复足底保护性感觉,是修复足底软组织缺损的有效方法之一。     

股前及股外侧区皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为股前及股外侧区皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：对20侧成人下肢标本铅丹乳胶液动脉灌注，运用各种方法观察股前及股外侧区皮神经营养血管的分支分布，分析以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂形成感觉皮瓣的可行性。结果：股外侧皮神经，股中间皮神经，股内侧皮神经解剖恒定，有内外两套血管系统，与皮下诸层次血管网互相沟通，构成股部皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖学基础。结论：股前及股外侧区皮神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠，可设计不同形式的岛状皮瓣对会阴部组织器官缺损进行感觉性修复重建。     

外踝上皮瓣皮支来源的解剖学研究和临床意义

目的　研究外踝上皮瓣皮支的起源,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　对30侧红色乳胶灌注的新鲜下肢标本进行解剖,对8例接受外踝上皮瓣修复的患者进行术中观测,记录外踝上皮瓣皮支的起始位置、相关动脉外径等数据。 结果　30侧标本中有22侧（73.3%）以及8例手术患者中有5侧的外踝上皮瓣皮支起自腓动脉和胫前动脉在下胫腓联合近侧的动脉弓,另有8侧标本（26.7%）和3侧手术患者的皮支起自腓动脉的骨间膜终末穿支或腓动脉主干。 结论　外踝上皮瓣皮支主要起自腓动脉和胫前动脉在下胫腓联合近侧的动脉弓,临床应用该皮瓣时应注意明确皮支的起源。     

Flow-through旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣在上肢高压电击伤保肢治疗中的应用

目的　探讨Flow-through旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣对上肢高压电击伤的保肢效果。 方法　回顾性分析2017年7月至2019年2月笔者单位收治的5例上肢高压电击伤患者,患肢均存在广泛的软组织坏死伴血循环障碍,急诊予以患肢切开减张、坏死组织清除、血管探查及游离Flow-through旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣移植修复创面并重建肢体远端血运。彻底清创后创面面积6.0 cm×4.0 cm ~ 17.1 cm×10.3 cm,切取皮瓣面积为7.2 cm×5.0 cm ~ 18.3 cm×11.5 cm。供区均Ⅰ期闭合。 结果　1例患者术后7 d发生皮瓣下感染,经扩创缝合后顺利愈合;其余患者皮瓣存活良好,创面I期愈合。所有患者获随访6 ~ 18个月,平均12个月,保肢成功,皮瓣质地柔软、外形满意,患肢尺、桡动脉通畅,手、腕部血运良好,功能有一定恢复。供区残余片状瘢痕,小范围感觉麻木。 结论　Flow-through旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣可及时有效重建肢体血运的同时修复创面,是上肢高压电击伤保肢的理想方法之一,值得推广。     

腓动脉穿支远端蒂保留腓肠神经的筋膜皮瓣临床应用

目的:探讨以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣逆行修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法:临床应用该皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面18例,其中保留腓肠神经主干3例,腓肠外侧皮神经l例.结果:18例皮瓣面积9 cm×6cm～18 cm×10 cm.最远修复达足中部皮肤缺损创面.17例随访8个月～27个月.有3例皮瓣远端坏死2.5 cm×2.5 cm～1.7 cm×3 cm游离植皮修复.6例水疱经换药后其余完全成活.足底承重受压后未见异常.10例患者诉外踝及足背外侧皮肤感觉不同程度缺失.结论:腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便是修复足踝部软组织刨面的较好方法.如能实现保留腓肠神经对足背外侧皮肤感觉可有积极意义.     

The veno-arteriolar reflex in free skin flaps

The veno-arteriolar reflex was measured in 10 subjects in whom an area of denervated skin was present in the lower limb following free flap transfer of skin and subcutaneous tissue 3 weeks to 2 years previously. The vasoconstrictor response to dependency was measured in the skin of the flap, in adjacent innervated skin and after chemical dilatation of cutaneous vessels in the skin of the flap. This veno-arteriolar reflex resulting in a reduction of blood flow of 30-40% was present and equal in both normal and denervated skin. The response was abolished by chemical vasodilatation. The results indicate that sympathetic innervation is not essential for the veno-arteriolar reflex, and suggest that myogenic mechanisms may be more important than previously believed.     

小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣的应用研究

目的探讨小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的效果。方法成人尸体23具（46侧下肢），股动脉红色乳胶灌注，肉眼解剖观察小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内动脉及其吻合支的分布及关系。在解剖学研究的基础上，于1995年1月至2006年12月间，应用小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣移植修复足部组织缺损16例。皮瓣最大面积为16cm×42cm，最小为8cm×12cm。其中皮瓣远端超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣4例。修复皮肤缺损范围最大面积为15cm×30cm，最小为5cm×8cm，术中将隐神经与受区神经吻合或在皮瓣断蒂时将隐神经与受区神经吻合。术后对皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣常规使用皮瓣助活仪，19-28d断蒂。结果小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内主要以皮下筋膜血管和肌间隙血管供血，多个节段性筋膜皮支相互间存在吻合接力，形成在浅、深筋膜的“纵行血管桥接”。移植皮瓣全部成活，无花斑，皮瓣皮肤感觉断蒂2-4周有痛温触觉，但不灵敏，或有感觉过敏现象。16-24周痛温触觉逐渐灵敏，感觉接近或恢复正常，感觉过敏消失。随访6-12月患者能正常行走，未发生破溃，外观及功能满意。结论小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复下肢巨大组织缺损安全可靠，效果好。皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣需使用皮瓣助活仪保障皮瓣远端血运。     

以皮神经及营养血管为蒂臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带臂内侧以神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：在３２侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果：臂内侧皮神经的血供来自尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为１．０ｍｍ、０．６ｍｍ和０．７ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长为１．５ｃｍ、１．１ｃｍ和１．２ｃｍ。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜     

基于Sihler’s技术的踝和足背皮神经的整体分布模式研究

目的 揭示踝及足背皮神经的整体分布模式,为皮瓣移植感觉重建提供形态学指导。 方法 成年尸体24具,紧贴肌表面摘取含皮下脂肪的踝及足背皮肤,用改良的Sihler’s染色法显示并观察皮神经整体分布模式。 结果 在Sihler’s染色的标本中,肉眼可见隐神经支配踝前区（40.01±7.6）%、踝后区（30±6.7）%、以及部分足背内侧缘。腓浅神经支配踝前区（60.03±6.8）%,其足背内侧皮神经支配足背内侧区、第1、2趾背及第3趾背内侧半;95.83%的足背中间皮神经分布到第3趾背外侧半、第4、5趾背。腓肠神经支配踝后区（70±5.3）%,其足背外侧皮神经支配足背外侧缘皮肤。腓深神经分布到第1、2趾背相对面。初级神经支密度以踝前区最高,次级及以下神经支密度和总的神经支密度均以足背内侧区最高。 结论 在踝或足背的皮瓣移植中,建议把踝前区或足背内侧区设计为利于感觉重建的首选供区或感觉需求较高的受区。     

预构真皮下薄型皮瓣的实验研究与临床应用

目的：探讨预构知名血管真皮下薄型皮瓣的可行性以及修复皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法：用新西兰大白兔45只，将大白兔耳后动脉静脉预置在颈部皮下，分别在2、3、4、5、6周制成岛状皮瓣，14d内分组进行观察皮瓣成活情况。自2001年1月起，用同样技术，临床应用预置旋股外侧血管降支于大腿内侧真皮下，5周切取该血管为蒂的真皮下薄型皮瓣，游离移植修复手掌、手背、足背等处的皮肤缺损11例。结果：8例皮瓣完全成活，3例皮瓣边缘少许坏死，换药治愈，创面得到满意修复。结论：预构以旋股外侧血管降支的真皮下薄型皮瓣可行，为临床治疗复杂皮肤缺损提供了一种有效修复方法。但预构皮瓣的基础理论及扩大应用有等进一步研究。     

皮神经感觉传导速度和波幅检测对糖尿病周围神经病的诊断作用

目的：探讨皮神经感觉传导速度（SCV）,波幅（Amp)检测对糖尿病患者周围神经远端受损的早期诊断价值。方法：受试者为糖悄病患者组和正常对照组各25例,对前臂外侧皮神经和腓肠神经共100条,就其感觉传导速度（SVC）及其诱发的波幅（Amp)进行分析,并与胫神经,正中神经进行比较,结果：混合神经的异常率明显低于皮神经,尤以无周围神经症状的糖尿病者更加明显（P＜0．01）,结论：皮神经的SCV,Amp检测,对糖尿病周围神经远端受损的早期诊断可靠,灵敏度高。     

指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损的临床应用

目的　探讨指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损的手术方法和疗效。 方法　应用指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损10例,切取皮瓣面积 1.0 cm×1.5 cm~2.0 cm×3.0 cm。 结果　术后仅1例远端出现表皮积液,经相应处理,皮瓣均成活,术后随访3~12 月。皮瓣修复后手指外形美观,转移皮瓣外观良好,色泽自然,质地柔软,不臃肿,手指各关节活动功能优良。 结论　指背皮支链皮瓣血供恒定,不牺牲指动脉,皮瓣设计简易,切取方便,是修复手指背侧组织缺损的简单、安全、有效的方法。