鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底骨坏死的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗(简称放疗)后颅底放射性骨坏死的诊断和治疗，提高本病的诊治水平。方法 对15例确诊的鼻咽癌颅底骨坏死患者的资料、临床症状及体征、治疗方式等特点进行分析与总结。结果 颅底放射性骨坏死的常见症状为恶臭、头痛和鼻衄；内镜表现为鼻咽坏死，可见骨质裸露或死骨形成。CT特征性表现：骨破坏广泛而对称或局限；骨体的表面裸露在气腔中；有死骨形成；软组织内见小气泡。9例局限性颅底骨坏死手术治疗，2例死于放射性颞叶坏死，生存7例，生存时间2～7年。5例广泛颅底骨坏死和1例局限性颅底骨坏死保守治疗，3例死于鼻咽大出血，1例死于呼吸循环衰竭，生存2例，生存时间3～5年。结论 颅底骨坏死根据症状结合CT或磁共振成像(magneticresonance imaging，MRI)及内镜特征可作出临床诊断，确诊须病理证实；手术治疗效果最佳。广泛颅底骨坏死伴放射性脑损伤或颅神经损伤者预后较差，鼻咽大出血及衰竭为主要死因。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底骨坏死的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗 (简称放疗 )后颅底放射性骨坏死的诊断和治疗 ,提高本病的诊治水平。方法　对 15例确诊的鼻咽癌颅底骨坏死患者的资料、临床症状及体征、治疗方式等特点进行分析与总结。结果　颅底放射性骨坏死的常见症状为恶臭、头痛和鼻衄 ;内镜表现为鼻咽坏死 ,可见骨质裸露或死骨形成。CT特征性表现 :骨破坏广泛而对称或局限 ;骨体的表面裸露在气腔中 ;有死骨形成 ;软组织内见小气泡。 9例局限性颅底骨坏死手术治疗 ,2例死于放射性颞叶坏死 ,生存 7例 ,生存时间 2～ 7年。 5例广泛颅底骨坏死和 1例局限性颅底骨坏死保守治疗 ,3例死于鼻咽大出血 ,1例死于呼吸循环衰竭 ,生存 2例 ,生存时间 3～ 5年。结论　颅底骨坏死根据症状结合CT或磁共振成像 (magneticresonanceimaging ,MRI)及内镜特征可作出临床诊断 ,确诊须病理证实 ;手术治疗效果最佳。广泛颅底骨坏死伴放射性脑损伤或颅神经损伤者预后较差 ,鼻咽大出血及衰竭为主要死因     

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: posttreatment changes of imaging findings

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the radiologic results of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) that showed complete responses on follow-up imaging studies after radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of 23 patients (18 male, 5 female, aged 15-71 years; mean age, 48.5 years) affected with NPC, from August 1995 to July 2000, who were examined with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan before and after either radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The median follow-up was 24.7 months and ranged from 12 to 48 months. We analyzed the primary tumors by ascertaining/measuring tumor size, depth, middle ear effusion, skull base invasion, and lymphadenopathy. The treatment responses for primary tumors were classified as either atrophy, scar (asymmetric elevation without enhancement), or normalized. The tumor response and the appearance of bone regeneration in the previous destructive part of the skull base were also recorded. RESULTS: The 23 patients consisted of 12 superficial tumors, for whom treatment results were normalized in 10, atrophy in 1, and scar in 1 and 11 deep tumors for whom treatment results were scar in 6, normalized in 3, and atrophy in 2. Skull base invasion was detected in 6 patients, 5 of whom showed complete healing of skull base destruction after radiotherapy. However, the other patient exhibited an unusual hyperostotic change in the skull base mimicking fibrous dysplasia of the skull base. CONCLUSIONS: The superficial tumors tended to be radiologically normalized even when they were large. However, the deep tumors mainly changed to scar after radiation therapy. On the other hand, skull base invasion could be normalized after radiotherapy.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颅底骨感染坏死的治疗体会

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放疗后颅底放射性骨坏死(ORN)的临床处理策略。 方法 收集11例确诊为鼻咽癌ORN的病历资料,分析其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后特点。 结果 7例鼻咽部放射性骨坏死(NORN)患者中(其中3例合并上颌骨坏死),2例于术后1年分别因颅内感染、肺部感染死亡,其余5例生存患者中,3例感染控制,骨质坏死未见扩大(1例随访5年,1例随访3年,1例随访1年),2例骨坏死范围均有不同程度扩大(1例随访1年,1例随访8个月)。4例颞骨放射性骨坏死(TORN),其中3例为局限性,1例术腔完全上皮化(随访3年),2例术腔间断性渗出(分别随访1年、2年),上述3例均未发现有明显的骨质坏死扩大现象。另1例为广泛性坏死,最终死于颈内动脉破裂大出血。11例中有3例行责任血管栓塞治疗。 结论 鼻咽癌放射治疗后引起的颅底骨感染坏死病情复杂,早期积极采用内镜下彻底清除坏死骨质是治疗该病的有效途径。责任血管栓塞既可避免突发大出血,降低死亡率,又能降低手术风险,彻底清理坏死灶。     

内镜手术治疗鼻咽癌放射治疗后颅底软组织坏死的临床研究

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗(放疗)后颅底软组织坏死患者的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2015—2019年收治的7例鼻咽癌放疗后颅底软组织坏死且不合并骨组织坏死患者的临床资料。7例患者中男6例,女1例;年龄45~80岁,中位年龄54岁。分析7例患者的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。7例患者的主要临床症状包括:头痛7例;听力下降7例;长期鼻部恶臭5例;反复鼻出血2例。7例患者术前均行颅底高分辨率CT、MR以及磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查。7例患者高分辨率CT检查可见鼻咽部软组织病灶,骨皮质完整,颅底软组织病灶与颅底骨面交界处可见小气泡影;MR、MRA检查显示鼻咽部为广泛炎性反应改变,6例可见鼻咽旁不规则坏死腔,病变中心无强化,周围软组织水肿。所有病例均采用全身麻醉内镜下扩大经鼻入路手术切除坏死组织的治疗方式。7例患者均行鼓膜切开置管术;5例行部分或全切患侧咽鼓管软骨段;1例同时行全组鼻窦开放术。7例患者均在围手术期进行抗炎等对症处理,术后随访6个月至3年,观察记录患者恢复情况。结果 7例患者手术清除的鼻咽颅底坏死组织经术后组织病理学检查,结果证实为坏死软组织及坏死的软骨组织,无肿瘤复发。全部患者术后症状均得到不同程度的改善,包括:听力提高7例;头痛消失5例,头痛缓解2例;鼻部恶臭消失4例,减轻1例。随访期间5例存活,2例死亡。2例未切除咽鼓管的患者中1例术后3个月再次出现鼻咽坏死灶,之后死于鼻咽大出血;1例术后6个月出现严重颅内感染导致死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后颅底软组织坏死诊断需依据患者的放疗病史、临床表现和影像学检查综合分析,颅底高分辨率CT、MR、MRA对于诊断非常重要,早期积极采用内镜下大范围坏死灶清除同时根据咽鼓管软骨受累情况行咽鼓管软骨的部分切除或全切除是治疗放疗后颅底软组织坏死的有效手段,可提高患者的生活质量。     

鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部出血原因分析及治疗对策探讨

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部出血的原因及治疗对策。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2017年12月住院的25例鼻咽癌放疗后导致鼻咽部出血患者的临床资料,治疗方法主要包括鼻咽鼻腔填塞、鼻内镜下鼻咽痂皮及坏死肉芽清创、介入治疗、低温等离子手术止血、鼻内镜下鼻咽肿瘤切除术。结果25例患者中,由鼻咽癌复发引起鼻咽出血8例,其中3例大出血死亡;5例由假性动脉瘤引起,其中3例大出血死亡,2例经介入治疗止血;11例为鼻咽放疗后痂皮及肉芽出血,其中有7例经低温等离子手术成功止血,3例经介入后止血,1例经填塞止血;1例不明原因大出血窒息死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部出血是致死率高的并发症, 其中以鼻咽癌复发及假性动脉瘤危险性最高。积极检查明确出血原因,采取有针对性的治疗措施,能够有效降低鼻咽癌放疗后出血的死亡率。     

鼻咽癌颅底骨质破坏放射治疗后预后因素分析

目的 评价分析鼻咽癌颅底骨破坏在首程放射治疗后无期疗效及预后因素。方法 1985-1986年100例经病理证实为鼻咽癌,均为鳞状细胞癌,其中低分化96例,高分化4例。所有病例经CT扫描证实颅底骨质被破坏,胸部X线摄片及腹部B型超声检查未见异常。采用^60Co或直加单纯外照射,总剂量66-80Gy/6-8周,2Gy/次。所有患者均定期随访,平均随访22.3个月（2-174个月）。采用Kaplan-Meier统计生存率,Cox模型分析各种预后因素,包括侵犯海绵窦、蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦,咽旁间隙侵犯、头痛、颅神经损害,治疗后头痛缓解入颅神经损害的修复等。结果 1、3、5、10年生存率分别为78.8%、38.0%、26.9%、13.0%,但伴有前组颅神经（Ⅰ-Ⅷ）和后级颅神经（Ⅸ-Ⅻ）同时侵犯者5年生存率仅为7.7%。死亡原因包抱局部复发59例,远处转移21例,局部复发加远处转移1例,非肿瘤原因死亡5例。经多因素分析：影响预后的独立因素为颅神经损害、放射治疗后颅神经修复及头痛缓解。结论 鼻咽癌颅底骨质侵犯患者的长期访结果分析,发现颅神经损害、放射治疗后颅神经修复及头痛缓解。结论 鼻咽癌颅底骨质侵犯患者的长期随访结果分析,发现颅神经损害、放射治疗后颅神经修复及头痛症状的缓解对预后有重要意义。     

鼻咽癌颅底骨质破坏放射治疗后预后因素分析

目的评价分析鼻咽癌颅底骨质破坏在首程放射治疗后远期疗效及预后因素.方法1985～1986年100例经病理证实为鼻咽癌,均为鳞状细胞癌,其中低分化96例,高分化4例.所有病例经CT扫描证实颅底骨质被破坏,胸部X线摄片及腹部B型超声检查未见异常.采用60Co或直加单纯外照射,总剂量66～80 Gy/6～8周,2 Gy/次.所有患者均定期随访,平均随访22.3个月(2～174个月).采用Kaplan-Meier统计生存率,Cox模型分析各种预后因素,包括侵犯海绵窦、蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦,咽旁间隙侵犯、头痛、颅神经损害,治疗后头痛缓解及颅神经损害的修复等.结果 1、3、5、10年生存率分别为78.8%、38.0%、26.9%、13.0%,但伴有前组颅神经(Ⅰ～Ⅷ)和后组颅神经(Ⅸ～Ⅻ)同时侵犯者5年生存率仅为7.7%.死亡原因包括局部复发59例,远处转移21例,局部复发加远处转移1例,非肿瘤原因死亡5例.经多因素分析影响预后的独立因素为颅神经损害、放射治疗后颅神经修复及头痛缓解.结论鼻咽癌颅底骨质侵犯患者的长期随访结果分析,发现颅神经损害、放射治疗后颅神经修复及头痛症状的缓解对预后有重要意义.     

Differentiation of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Skull Base Osteoradionecrosis by Epstein‐Barr Virus‐Derived Latent Membrane Protein‐1 Gene

Objectives In patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the differentiation between recurrent primary cancer and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is clinically difficult. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐derived latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) has been demonstrated to be highly associated with NPC. The objective of this study is to define the role of the LMP‐1 gene in the differential diagnosis of recurrent NPC and ORN. Study Design Prospective. Methods From July 1998 to June 2000, 15 postirradiated patients with NPC who were initially diagnosed to have skull base ORN underwent endoscopic sequestrectomy. The sequestra were examined for the presence of the LMP‐1 gene and cancer. Results Two of 15 patients had recurrent cancer and only these two patients demonstrated a positive LMP‐1 gene in their surgically removed sequestra. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in the sequestrum coincided with biopsy‐proven local recurrence. Conclusions The LMP‐1 gene is a potential marker to differentiate between recurrent NPC and ORN. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in patients with ORN may indicate local recurrence.     

Endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with postirradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of postirradiated NPC patients who received ESS for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in Taichung Veterans General Hospital. Symptoms, endoscopic findings, and computed tomography were used to evaluate the efficacy of ESS in these patients, and the safety was evaluated by intraoperative findings and complications. RESULTS: Since 1996, 10 postirradiated NPC patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have been treated by ESS and followed up for at least 2 years. The interval between radiotherapy and ESS was from 4 months to 16 years. After surgery, 7 patients felt improved except for one patient who died of tumor recurrence and computed tomography scores changed from 6.6 to 3.7, although prolonged nasal crusting was observed in most patients by endoscopy. One patient was complicated with cerebrospinal fluid leakage and the dura defect was immediately repaired without any sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that ESS is effective for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in postirradiated NPC patients if they failed medical treatment.     

头颈部恶性肿瘤治疗后大出血成功救治体会

目的 探讨不同头颈部恶性肿瘤治疗后大出血有效的急救方法 .方法 对18例成功抢救的不同头颈部恶性肿瘤手术和(或)放射治疗后大出血的病例进行回顾性分析.9例鼻咽部大出血病例中,1例大出血引起窒息进行紧急手术抢救,6例颌内动脉破裂行数字减影血管造影术(DSA)栓塞颌内动脉止血,2例鼻咽部溃疡者行溃疡切除,采用帽状腱膜鼻咽缺损修复止血.9例颈部大出血中,皆先行指压暂时止血,或立即在床旁用三角针、7号或10号丝线经皮行颈动脉破裂口上下结扎,再到手术室行规范的手术.结果 1例由鼻咽癌放疗后引起的颅底颈内动脉破裂出血行颈总动脉结扎术;6例鼻咽大出血病例行CT和DSA检查证实颌内动脉破裂引起,行DSA介入栓塞颌内动脉止血成功;2例鼻咽部深部溃疡出血帽状腱膜修复缺损止血成功.3例鼻咽癌、3例喉癌和1例下咽癌颈动脉破裂口结扎止血后,颈部溃疡用胸大肌皮瓣修复6例,下斜方肌修复1例.6例肌皮瓣修复成功,1例喉癌修复颈部创而的胸大肌肌皮瓣部分坏死,颈动脉再次破裂出血后成功止血.1例甲状腺癌多次手术放疗后无法修复缺损创面;1例颈部淋巴瘤全身状况极差,未修复缺损创面.所有患者出血抢救后无偏瘫,1例鼻咽癌放疗后出血行颈总动脉结扎术后部分脑梗死,6个月后死于肺部感染;2例鼻咽癌出血抢救成功后在11个月后死于局部复发;其余病例在12～36个月内死于再复发(7例)、远处转移或(和)全身衰竭(8例).结论 针对不同头颈部恶性肿瘤治疗后大出血时的具体情况选择不同的治疗方法 ,DSA介入栓塞治疗和指压止血经皮颈动脉结扎分别是鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽大出血和颈动脉破裂出血救治的有效方法 .     

鼻咽癌局部扩散与远处转移的相关性

目的:探讨鼻咽癌局部和区域扩散与远处转移的相关性。方法:分析204例鼻咽癌初治患者的临床资料(其中放疗后无瘤生存≥5年者101例,为无瘤组;放疗后远处转移者103例,为转移组),重新阅读其治疗前CT片,确定局部扩散范围和方式,并进行单因素和Cox模型分析。结果:单因素分析表明,鼻窦侵犯,颅底破坏,脑神经损害,咽旁间隙侵犯程度,颈淋巴结转移侧数、个数、大小及活动度,临床分期,T分期与N分期均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05);多因素分析只显示鼻窦侵犯,脑神经损害,颈淋巴结转移侧数、个数和大小,临床分期具有统计学意义;对局部扩散各种因素与区域扩散相关性分析显示,无论是局限性病变,还是颅底、咽旁间隙等扩散,转移组并区域淋巴结转移及其转移程度(N2,3)均明显高于无瘤组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:区域淋巴结转移及其程度是鼻咽癌放疗后远处转移最主要、最恒定的因素,原发灶局部扩散主要是通过区域淋巴结转移来影响远处转移。     

Endoscopic management of skull base osteoradionecrosis

OBJECTIVE: Osteoradionecrosis is one of the most serious complications in radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We describe a new endoscopic approach to resolve resultant skull base osteoradionecrosis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic management of skull base osteoradionecrosis. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of the outcome of endoscopic management for patients with skull base osteoradionecrosis. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1998 six patients who had irradiation previously for nasopharyngeal carcinoma had skull base osteoradionecrosis. A sinoscopic approach was applied for diagnosis and sequestrectomy. This diagnosis was based on the criterion of exposed necrotic bone after removing all crust in the nasopharynx and further confirmed on pathological examination after sequestrectomy. Effective cure was defined as intact mucosal coverage without any ulcer or exposed necrotic bone observed in the nasopharynx and the absence of antecedent accompanying symptoms after management. RESULTS: Six patients (10%) were symptom free. Five (83.3%) patients had effective cure. There was no surgical morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic sequestrectomy is a justified approach to skull base osteoradionecrosis.     

颈颌腭入路-下颌骨外旋在鼻咽癌挽救性手术中的应用

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗后复发肿瘤的挽救性手术方法.方法回顾性分析应用颈颌腭-下颌骨外旋入路,手术治疗鼻咽癌放射治疗未控患者2例、鼻咽部复发病变8例;二程放射治疗后病变复发2例,共1 2例（rT1 4例、rT2 7例、rT3 1例）患者的临床资料、手术方法及随访结果.结果 12例患者通过颈颌腭（下颌骨外旋）入路切除肿瘤,10例术中用带蒂颌下组织瓣Ⅰ期修复鼻咽部缺损;2例用游离下鼻甲修复鼻咽顶部缺损,7例患者无瘤生存、1例带瘤生存、3例患者死于局部复发、1例死于远处转移;患者2年总生存率为75%（9/12）.结论颈颌腭-下颌骨外旋入路切除鼻咽部肿瘤手术视野显露良好;可在直视下切除鼻咽及咽旁肿瘤处理颈内动脉,肿瘤切除后用带蒂颌下组织瓣Ⅰ期修复鼻咽部缺损手术及术后并发症少,是鼻咽癌放射治疗后复发肿瘤挽救性手术的一种理想的手术入路.     

鼻咽癌死亡病例临床资料分析

目的 :研究鼻咽癌患者死亡因素。方法 :对 1974～ 1990年收治的 6 77例鼻咽癌死亡患者的临床资料进行系统分析。结果 :本组患者男女之比为 4 .3∶1,4 0～ 6 0岁年龄组最多 ,以低分化鳞癌为主 ,Ⅲ Ⅳ期病例占81.3% ;放疗与化疗联合治疗组存活时间较单纯放疗组长 ,5 4 .9%死于远处转移 ,2 0 .9%死于局部或区域淋巴结未控制。结论 :鼻咽癌主要死因为远处转移、局部或区域淋巴结未控制 ,化疗与放疗联合治疗有可能延长生存时间 ,降低死亡率     

Analysis of the risk of death and clinical management for nasal or nasopharyngeal bleeding occurring after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the risk factors for death in patients with nasal or nasopharyngeal bleeding after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and to explore clinical management strategies for the disease.Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. The clinical data from patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal or nasopharyngeal hemorrhage after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between January 2006 and October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square analysis and odds ratio (OR) calculation were performed to evaluate the death risk factors associated with the disease. And binary logistic regression analysis was used to detect some independent factors in this study.Results: Of the 85 patients, 71 (83.5%) were male and 14 (14.5%) were female; 11 patients died (mortality rate: 12.9%), of which 9 died of asphyxia (7 with hemorrhagic shock), 1 died of multiorgan failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 1 died of left cerebellar infarction. Nine potential mortality factors were evaluated; age, sex, nasal tamponade, and open mouth restriction were not significantly associated with death (P > 0.5); absence of immediate airway protection (in the major bleeding group) , absence of angiography, skull base destruction, major bleeding, and re-irradiation were significantly associated with death (P < 0.05). Among these factors, binary logistic regression model showed increased risk of death in patients without immediate airway protection (OR=18.14,95%CI:1.48–221.64), in patients without angiography (OR=14.65, 95%CI:2.37–90.73), and in those with re-irradiation (OR=13.23,95%CI:1.004–174.23).Conclusion: Binary logistic regression model shows that absence of immediate airway protection, absence of angiography, and re-irradiation are independent risk factors for death. The mortality rate due to bleeding after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is high, and active management and intervention to address the risk factors for death is key to treat the disease and save patients' lives. At the same time, we need to consider the patient's causative state of bleeding.     

颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨颅中窝．侧颅底沟通性晚期恶性肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法 16例颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤分别采用了：①耳后“C”形切口,颞骨次全切除进路与高位颈侧切开联合进路行颅中窝-侧颅底和腮腺区肿瘤切除6例;②颞侧舌形切口,颅中窝进路颅内外肿瘤切除4例;③颞-耳-下颌骨外旋进路行咽旁、颞下窝、颅中窝肿瘤切除6例。其中13例术后进行放射治疗。结果 16例中11例术后存活3年以上,5例术后3年内死亡。按寿命表法统计,3年生存率为69％。结论 本组所采用的三种手术方式,能较好地暴露颅内外病变,并进行肿瘤切除。对颅底区晚期恶性肿瘤采用手术及术后放射治疗等积极措施可取得一定的治疗效果。     

鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例

目的探讨鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤的可行性，并分析其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下手术治疗的鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例患者临床资料。结果5例患者均于气管插管全麻下行经鼻内镜下鼻咽颅底肿瘤切除术，所有患者术后相关症状均有不同程度改善，未出现并发症。其中2例术后影像学检查示肿瘤残留，1例海绵窦区肿瘤残留者，术后3个月脑侵犯死亡；另外1例存活16个月后死于肿瘤复发压迫脑干呼吸衰竭。3例术后影像学检查未见肿瘤残留，其中1例拒绝放化疗，先后4次内镜手术，9个月后死于全身重要器官衰竭；1例术后行放化疗，20个月后死于颅内侵犯；另外1例行根治量放疗，存活20个月，最后因严重放射性脑病致无法进食，呼吸困难，全身重要器官衰竭死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后诱发肉瘤恶性程度高，预后差，如具备手术指征，应首选外科手术治疗，内镜手术联合术后放化疗有可能改善预后。     

Role of computed tomography imaging in predicting response of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to definitive radiation therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of posttreatment computed tomography (CT) scans in assessing response of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) to definitive radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between March 1999 and October 2003, a total of 132 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed NPC were studied. Sixty-one patients with AJCC stage I or II NPC were treated with radiation only; 71 patients with stage III or IV disease but no evidence of distant metastasis were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. All patients received CT scans of the head and neck, nasopharyngoscopy, and biopsies of primary sites at 4 to 6 months after completion of radiotherapy. Clinical response of the primary tumor as determined by comparison of pre- and posttreatment CT scans was correlated to pathology results. RESULTS: The median follow-up time for all patients was 25 months (range, 9-40 months). Radiologic progression was seen in five patients, stable disease in 18 patients, and radiographic partial (rPR) and complete responses (rCR) were seen in 67 and 42 patients, respectively, at 4 to 6 months of follow up. Biopsies of the nasopharynx were positive in six patients. For patients with rCR, two patients (4.8%) had positive biopsies. Four patients with residual disease (rPR, stable, or progressive disease) after treatment had positive biopsies. The positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity of CT scans in evaluating the NPC response to radiotherapy were 0.04, 0.95, 0.67, and 0.32, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic CR for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is usually evident at 4 to 6 months after definitive radiotherapy; however, there is no correlation between pathologic and radiographic response. Although longer follow up is required to define the relationship between radiographic and pathologic responses with respect to disease control, we find CT scan at 4 to 6 months after radiotherapy to be neither sensitive nor specific in predicting the response of primary NPC to radiotherapy.     

CT and MRI and clinical study of chordoma in the skull base]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic features of CT and MRI in chordoma of the skull base (CSB) and to estimate their value of clinical application. METHODS: Sixteen patients with CSB were performed CT and MRI examinations of the head, and 13 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 11 patients with pituitary adenoma (PA) which invaded the skull base were selected as control. In addition, 7 cases of chordoma were performed multiple planar reconstruction (MPR) of MRI. RESULTS: MRI was superior to CT in depicting the location and the extent of CSB. The bone destruction at mid-line skull base was demonstrated equally well on both CT and MRI. Based on the location of the tumor displayed on MRI, the CSB could be classified into selloclival, nasopharyngeal, and occipito-temperal types. The T2 weight imaging(T2WI) signal intensity of chordoma was significantly higher than those of NPC and PA (P < 0.01). On MPR images of MRI, oppressed and displaced optic nerves caused by chordoma were noted in 3 cases and encased optic nerves in 4 cases, encased abducent nerves in 7 cases with abducent paralysis and mildly oppressed oculomotor nerves in 3 cases. CONCLUSION: The extremely high T2WI signal intensity is the characteristic of MRI finding in CSB and has great differential value for the tumors of the skull base. The MPR of MRI plays an important role in the surgical treatment for these tumors.