国外医疗旅游研究现状及启示

文章通过对近年来医疗旅游的外文期刊文献进行归纳和整理,从医疗旅游定义、医疗旅游者决策影响因素、医疗旅游者面临的风险、医疗旅游的影响四个方面综合分析了国外医疗旅游研究现状。在此基础上,文章从医疗旅游者、医疗旅游陪同者、医疗旅游中介机构三个方面对我国医疗旅游研究进行了展望,建议通过构建医疗旅游发展模式、提供国际化的医疗服务、完善医疗旅游政策法规、培养和吸引医疗旅游人才等措施促进我国医疗旅游业发展。     

An Ethical Framework for Stem Cell Research in the European Union

The European Union is a nightmare from the perspective of the ethics and regulation of science. A hitherto insoluble problem has been the task of drafting ethical principles which do not founder on the radically different attitudes taken to the question of the moral status of the human embryo. Following the conclusions reached in an international project, EUROSTEM, we suggest that this problem can be solved by concentration on the scope of principles and we emphasize that European research should be funded in a way that does not discriminate between individual states and researchers in the EU. Finally, we observe that the availability of any eventual embryonic stem cell therapies will pose a dilemma for those countries and those people that have declared stem cell research to be unacceptable.     

我国健康旅游产业发展对策研究

在我国政府大力推进健康服务业发展的政策背景下,我国健康旅游产业正迎来发展的黄金时期。本研究在综合国内外文献的基础上,理清健康旅游的定义和分类,指出了当前我国健康旅游产业重点关注老年人、女性、高端医疗以及国际市场。在此基础上分析了我国健康旅游产业发展存在的问题,主要包括缺乏权威的行业统计标准、资源整合不足、缺乏明确定位、复合型人才缺乏、相关法律法规有待完善。为推动我国健康旅游产业的发展,建议应当制定行业发展规划与统计标准、整合相关资源、明确自身优势、建立信息共享机制、加强自身宣传、人才培养和科学研究。     

中国与“一带一路”沿线国家卫生合作研究及启示

目的:总结中国与"一带一路"沿线国家卫生合作研究的重点内容,为未来中国与"一带一路"国家在卫生领域的务实合作提供思路。方法:检索2013—2017年在中外文数据库公开发表的相关文献,采用文献研究法归纳总结卫生合作研究的现状。结果:通过对116篇文献研究发现,国内外学者主要关注7个方面:中医文化传播推动中医药国际合作;传染病防控需进一步加强国际机制建设;卫生服务和体制的建设要求国际经验的相互借鉴;健康产业发展前景广阔;卫生应急合作面临协调机制不足与语言障碍;对卫生发展援助的研究更加深入;关注人才培养方式。结论:现有研究主题覆盖面广,对中医药关注度最高,人才培养关注较少;强调卫生各领域的合作应加强国际经验借鉴以及政府与民间力量的共同参与;但与卫生相关的合作机制、法律法规、国际惯例和不同国家的卫生合作需求等方面的研究有待进一步的加强。     

与食品接触材料进出口管理法规的分析和对策研究

目的针对口岸检验检疫工作过程中发现的进出口食品接触材料的问题和隐患,分析发达国家相关产品的监管方法,为强化我国口岸执法,防止相关食品安全问题做出对策分析。方法通过介绍和整理我国与美国、日本等发达国家及欧盟的食品接触材料的标准和法规,对各国的法规标准体系和管理程序进行对比分析。结果通过对比分析,在今后的标准和法规建设中,应更加贴近全球食品安全管理体系的统一标准,加强对技术支撑机构检测评价能力建设,增进与行业协会等部门的沟通。结论通过对进出口食品接触材料管理法规的研究,能够指导我国加强和完善相关包装材料的法规、安全评价和检测能力的建设,突破相关技术壁垒,促进中国经济又好又快发展。     

人胚胎干细胞建系研究中的伦理管理

目的：建立国人胚胎干细胞系递交国际干细胞库,并在此基础上建立既符合中国国情又得到国际认可的相关伦理管理体系。方法：在比尔盖茨基金会的资助下,与北京大学生命科学院再生生物学实验室合作,募集胚胎建立人胚胎干细胞系,在此过程中探讨可行的符合国际伦理原则的相关伦理管理机制。结果：成功建立了国人胚胎干细胞系及相关伦理管理体系。结论：进行干细胞研究时应充分重视伦理问题,国际干细胞伦理管理与中国相关伦理原则是可以有机结合的。     

人胚胎干细胞建系研究中的伦理管理

目的：建立国人胚胎干细胞系递交国际干细胞库,并在此基础上建立既符合中国国情又得到国际认可的相关伦理管理体系。方法：在比尔盖茨基金会的资助下,与北京大学生命科学院再生生物学实验室合作,募集胚胎建立人胚胎干细胞系,在此过程中探讨可行的符合国际伦理原则的相关伦理管理机制。结果：成功建立了国人胚胎干细胞系及相关伦理管理体系。结论：进行干细胞研究时应充分重视伦理问题,国际干细胞伦理管理与中国相关伦理原则是可以有机结合的。     

Von der Grundlagenforschung in die Klinik

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells at the end of 1998 had a strong influence on the development of stem cell research and led to controversial discussions. The first therapeutic application of adult blood stem cells began after their discovery in 1963 and was accepted as an authorized therapy in the early 1980s. The way from basic research to therapeutic use needed about 20 years and was also discussed in a controversial way similar to the discussions of today. The regulatory environment at that time, however, allowed a quick translation of the results from basic research to the clinic. Today many new stem cell therapies for a multitude of diseases are under development. Their clinical realization is regulated by the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz). For nonclinical research as well as for clinical research, specific regulations are enacted to guarantee a structured and safe launch. Time, know how and money for planning, request for authorization and conduction of a clinical trial should not be underestimated. For clinical application of stem cell products authorization by the proper authorities is mandatory.     

Building China's municipal healthcare performance evaluation system: a Tuscan perspective

Regional healthcare performance evaluation systems can help optimize healthcare resources on regional basis and improve the performance of healthcare services provided. The Tuscany region in Italy is a good example of an institution which meets these requirements. China has yet to build such a system based on international experience. In this paper, based on comparative studies between Tuscany and China, we propose that the managing institutions in China's experimental cities can select and commission a third-party agency to, respectively, evaluate the performance of their affiliated hospitals and community health service centers. Following some features of the Tuscan experience, the Chinese municipal healthcare performance evaluation system can be built by focusing on the selection of an appropriate performance evaluation agency, the design of an adequate performance evaluation mechanism and the formulation of a complete set of laws, rules and regulations. When a performance evaluation system at city level is formed, the provincial government can extend the successful experience to other cities.     

干细胞专利技术现状研究

目的了解国内、外干细胞相关专利的情况，为更好地应用知识产权对我国干细胞技术领域的研究成果进行保护提供合理化建议。方法根据干细胞研究专业术语确定相关主题词，以德文特（Derwent）数据库为背景，对多个专利数据库进行检索、筛查和分类，建立干细胞专利数据库。从专利的角度人手，对数据库中的2571篇国际及228篇国内干细胞专利文献进行分类分析。结果干细胞研究领域的专利申请情况总体呈上升趋势；早期专利申请主要涉及遗传工程中的DNA或RNA、载体、宿主等方面，随着研究的发展，涉及人或动物细胞或组织的专利申请逐渐增多，1998年后涉及人类细胞或组织的专利申请数量有了大幅增加，但目前仍以动物源性的细胞或组织为主（15．9％）；国内2001年以后申请的专利集中在人或动物来源的细胞或组织方面，以涉及人源细胞或组织的占首位（28．1％）。结论国内外干细胞相关专利现状的分析表明，国内在干细胞研究方面存在一定优势，应从多角度应用知识产权对研究成果进行保护。     

中外学术论文与期刊的宏观差距分析及改进建议

【目的】 通过对比分析中外学术论文与期刊,更好地了解我国科学高质量发展道路上的优势和短板,并提出优化策略,助力建设现代化科技强国。【方法】 基于Web of Science数据库分别对中美英德法日六个主要科技大国在不同学科方向的SCI、SSCI论文和期刊的数量与质量进行对比分析。【结果】 一方面,我国在化学、数学、计算机科学、材料科学和工程学科的学术论文成果及国际影响力突出,但在医学和社会科学学科还有待提升;另一方面,我国各个学科的学术期刊发展水平明显落后于美国,相对于目前科研水平明显滞后。【结论】 我国应鼓励发表高水平论文;补齐短板、谋划未来;向美英学习,加快建设一流国际期刊。     

China's factory floors: an industrial hygienist's view

Determinants of workplace health and safety in China, including work organization, composition of the workforce, production regimens, lack of independent worker representation, and the status of government regulatory enforcement, are described and analyzed. The findings of reports of nongovernmental organizations and media articles are summarized. Key markers of working conditions in export-sector factories, i.e., accident and safety program compliance rates, chemical and noise exposures, and machine guarding issues, are analyzed. Four factors for improving workplace health and safety are proposed: 1) employer commitment and implementation of effective health and safety programs on a plant level; 2) Chinese government enforcement of regulations; 3) meaningful involvement of workers in plant health and safety programs; and 4) continued involvement of international professionals and "civil society" both to pressure multinational corporations and the Chinese government and to provide technical assistance and resources for building the capacity of employers, workers, and government agencies to improve factory working conditions in the world's fastest growing economy.     

“Better Than Bank Robbery”: Yuezi Centers and Neoliberal Appeals to Market Birth Tourism to Pregnant Chinese Women

“Birth tourism” has rarely been addressed by scholars. The ways that pregnant women are encouraged to leave their homelands and give birth abroad have not been investigated. Birth tourism agencies may seek to persuade women that particular destinations—such as the US—are ideal places for giving birth. An examination of how birth tourism agencies frame birth tourism may offer initial insights into this phenomenon. This study examines 34 agencies’ home pages and their arguments advocating birth tourism for Chinese expectant mothers. Using a thematic approach, we find four reasons offered to pregnant Chinese women that make birth tourism appealing. This perspective helps us to understand birth tourism both as a health-related behavior and a cosmopolitan issue. We use neoliberalism as an analytic framework to examine how birth tourism may enhance inequality in health resource distribution both domestically and internationally.     

The international electronics industry

High-technology microelectronics has a major presence in countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, now the third-largest manufacturer of semiconductor chips. The migration of European, Japanese, and American companies accommodates regional markets. Low wage rates and limited enforcement of environmental regulations in developing countries also serve as incentives for the dramatic global migration of this industry. The manufacture of microelectonics products is accompanied by a high incidence of occupational illnesses, which may reflect the widespread use of toxic materials. Metals, photoactive chemicals, solvents, acids, and toxic gases are used in a wide variety of combinations and workplace settings. The industry also presents problems of radiation exposure and various occupational stressors, including some unresolved ergonomic issues. The fast-paced changes of the technology underlying this industry, as well as the stringent security precautions, have added to the difficulty of instituting proper health and safety measures. Epidemiologic studies reveal an alarming increase in spontaneous abortions among cleanroom manufacturing workers; no definitive study has yet identified its cause. Other health issues, including occupational cancer, are yet to be studied. The microelectronics industry is a good example of an industry that is exported to many areas of the world before health and safety problems are properly addressed and resolved.     

医疗服务贸易自由化的全球趋势与我国特征

目的:明确我国医疗服务贸易自由化存在的问题,探索可行的解决方案.方法:运用文献研究方法系统梳理了我国医疗服务业对外开放的制度演进,以CRO和医疗旅游为案例深入剖析了医疗服务贸易的全球化趋势,基于GATS框架,阐述了我国医疗服务贸易的特征和问题.结果:医疗服务贸易自由化是经济全球化的重要内容,较之发达资本主义国家,我国医...     

Stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus: progress, prospects and challenges

Curative therapy for diabetes mellitus mainly implies replacement of missing insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, with pancreas or islet-cell transplants. The limited supply currently available from cadaveric donor islets for transplantation, however, determines that researchers must explore alternative sources of graft material. Stem cells represent a promising solution to this problem, and current research is being aimed at the creation of islet-endocrine tissue from these undifferentiated cells. Both embryonic stem cells (derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst) and adult tissue stem cells (found in the postnatal organism) have been used to generate surrogate beta cells or otherwise restore beta cell functioning. Nevertheless, cell replacement therapies that are stem cell based will remain fiction rather than fact until we can efficiently and reproducibly ensure that stable, fully functional cells can be generated in vitro. It is also critical to ensure that any surrogate or regenerated beta cells have perfectly regulated insulin production, which is essential for physiological glucose homeostasis. As in every emerging field in biology, early reports seem confusing and conflicting. Therefore, discrepancies between different results need to be reconciled. In addition, encouraging studies in rodent models may ultimately set the stage for large-animal studies. In this review, the authors provide insight into research efforts to overcome existing hurdles for this promising therapy.     

Codes of ethics (conduct)

Some international organizations and many societies of health and safety professionals have codes of ethics (conduct). The intent is to promote ethical behavior, though compliance is voluntary and enforcement is generally not possible. It is important that all occupational health and safety professionals adopt and live up to the same code. It also is important that the same code of conduct apply to industrializing countries just as it applies to developed countries. A new International Code of Conduct (Ethics) for Occupational Health and Safety Professionals, developed by 40 international health and safety professionals and set forth in this article, addresses professional obligations and responsibilities and introduces a higher standard of ethical conduct than formerly existed.     

中国英文科技期刊的国际影响力比较研究

【目的】掌握中国英文科技学术期刊的发展现状与国际影响力情况,为我国英文科技期刊国际化发展提供政策参考。【方法】 对中国英文科技学术期刊基本现状进行分布统计分析,基于《中国学术期刊国际引证年报》与JCR数据,进行期刊国际影响力的全面计量和多维度比较分析。【结果】 我国英文科技学术期刊发展势头良好,整体国际影响力不断提升,但期刊布局与发展尚不均衡,与出版强国相比还有差距,有较多国际引用来自国内机构。【结论】 国家的英文科技期刊扶持政策已见成效,应持续支持;建议进行学科与地域布局规划,针对两极分化进行统筹调整,建议在国际影响力评价指标中增加“海外机构引用比例”。     

中国疾病预防控制体系改革的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情应对和处置中暴露出中国重大疫情防控救治体系以及疾病预防控制体系存在的短板和不足。通过文献研究、专家咨询等方法分析认为,中国疾病预防控制体系发展对社会发展和人民健康做出了巨大贡献,但已不适应新时代社会发展的要求。公共卫生体系改革滞后,疾病预防控制系统发展停滞不前;公共卫生相关法律法规建设不完善,立法缺乏前瞻性,执法存在有法不依、执法不力等问题,需要全面加强和完善;疾病预防控制体系需要重新界定职能定位,建立符合国情的体制机制;需要开展公共卫生人才培养体系改革与实践,加强疾病预防控制机构人才队伍建设;健全财政投入保障机制,确保疾病预防控制机构的公益属性。