杭州市基层医务人员卫生应急能力现状及影响因素分析

  目的  调查杭州市基层医务人员卫生应急知识水平及卫生应急能力现状，了解医务人员卫生应急能力的影响因素，为提高医务人员在突发公共卫生事件中的应急救援能力提供具有针对性的建议。
  方法  采用修订后的突发公共卫生事件应急知识和应急能力问卷，对杭州市8家社区卫生服务中心417名医务人员进行调查，并从人口学因素和卫生应急知识维度对基层医务人员卫生应急能力的影响因素进行多重线性回归分析。
  结果  杭州市基层医务人员卫生应急能力各维度评分从高到低排列依次为:急救能力（3.91±0.71）分、综合能力（3.87±0.64）分、应急知识学习能力（3.73±0.70）分。多重线性回归分析显示:和无职称人员相比，高级职称人员应急能力得分提高0.216分；相比未参加过卫生应急培训者，参加过卫生应急培训的基层医务人员的得分提高0.186分；相比未经历过应急救援活动者，经历过应急救援活动者得分增加0.177分；相比单位没有完整应急预案者，单位有完整应急预案的基层医务人员得分提高0.192分（P < 0.01）。应急知识维度中，医务人员“重大传染病的特点和应对措施”维度得分每增加1分，应急能力得分增加0.475分；“法律责任”维度得分每增加1分，应急能力得分增加0.136分（P < 0.001）。
  结论  杭州市基层医务人员卫生应急能力处于中等略偏上水平，应加强针对基层医务人员的卫生应急培训，提高基层医务人员卫生应急知识，完善基层医疗卫生机构应急预案建设，强化应急演练，从而进一步提高基层医务人员卫生应急能力水平。
     

慢性肾脏疾病管理模式的探索与实践

目的探索适合农村地区慢性肾脏病(CKD)管理模式。方法通过对农村居民和基层医务人员CKD知识情况的调查,由肾科专家及基层医院全科医生协商制订并建立基层卫生院-综合医院CKD一体化管理模式,内容主要有:CKD分层管理制度,知识培训,健康宣传教育,CKD筛查、转诊和治疗等。观察实施期间转诊的126例CKD患者平均住院时间、人均总费用、人均药费、再住院率和病情恶化率。结果实施管理前后居民CKD知识知晓率提高,就医满意度由73.75%升至92.75%(P0.05)。管理前后基层医务人员CKD相关知识知晓率提高(P0.05)。CKD患者平均住院时间(11.6±1.2)d,人均总费用(3023±176)元,再住院率17.92%,病情恶化率4.76%,均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗稳定后转回率为80.95%。结论建立CKD的基层卫生院-综合医院一体化管理模式,可提高CKD知晓率,是解决农村看病难的一种方法 。     

Commentary From the Front Lines: Improving the National Health Service Corps' Use of Medical Providers

Abstract: Migrant and community health centers, funded by the Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC), provide a vital service to rural communities by ensuring accessible and affordable medical care. One way the BPHC helps communities staff these centers is through the National Health Service Corps (NHSC). In this program, medical professionals receive scholarships or educational loan repayment in return for practicing in medically underserved regions where migrant and community health centers are located. Nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and nurse midwives (nonphysician providers) are a recent addition to the NHSC, and they offer the advantages of reduced cost and a strong primary care orientation. In this commentary, the authors recount their own experiences as a nonphysician provider NHSC scholarship recipient and spouse, and they identify five underlying problems with the current system, which lead to poor nonphysician provider retention. (1) Too few potential placement sites are made available from the outset. (2) NHSC placement deadlines do not allow enough time for making the best possible placement. (3) Many community health centers are not highly supportive of or invested in the program. (4) NHSC efforts to support the development of local medical providers from within underserved regions are inadequate. (5) NHSC officers working with nonphysician providers do not demonstrate a high degree of commitment to achieving an optimal provider-site match. Changes in the NHSC program based on these five problems are recommended to improve the retention of nonphysician providers in this important program.     

孕妇对孕期营养运动体重管理知识认知调查分析

目的了解孕妇对孕期营养运动体重管理知识的认知,为开展孕期体重管理工作做准备。方法采用自行设计的孕期营养运动、体重管理知识调查问卷,对296名来本社区中心进行早孕保健检查围产建册的孕妇进行调查。结果孕妇对居民膳食平衡宝塔,豆类及豆制品营养价值,肉比汤有营养,孕中晚期每日钙的摄入量,孕期膳食指南,孕期运动原则,孕期体重管理,与营养关系密切的妊娠期并发症知晓率分别为18.5%,12.8%,5.1%,9.5%,8.4%,6.2%,16.9%,10.8%,孕期营养运动体重管理知识缺乏。92.3%孕妇们最希望从医务人员、临床营养医师处获得孕期健康教育知识。结论开展孕期营养运动体重管理健康教育很有必要,社区医院可将孕期体重管理作为孕产妇保健管理工作的重点。     

乡镇卫生院医务人员工作满意度分析——基于新疆三县的调查

目的:调查新疆乡镇卫生院医务人员工作满意度现状并分析其影响因素,了解医务人员心理需求,从而提高医务人员工作积极性,能更好地为病人提供高质量的医疗服务,促进农村医疗卫生事业的发展。方法:对新疆三个样本县中9所乡镇卫生院的所有医务人员进行问卷调查,运用Excel对数据资料进行录入,采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果:乡镇卫生院医务人员工作总体满意度水平偏低,不同满意度因子中最不满意的依次为报酬与工作量评价、工作的提升机会、机构政策的实施;单因素方差分析结果显示,各年龄阶段、学历层次、行政职务、专业技术职务的满意度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);logistic多元线性回归结果显示:年龄越小、行政业务管理职位越高,对工作满意程度越高。结论:通过多方调研与反馈,制定可操作性的政策,通过完善薪酬制度,提高工资待遇、健全人员培训机制、制定人员晋升培养计划等措施促进乡镇卫生院医务人员的工作满意度。     

乡镇卫生院护患纠纷原因及防范措施

随着人们物质和精神水平的提高,医学知识的普及和患者法律意识的增强,患者自我保护意识和对保健医疗水平的不断提高,医疗纠纷也逐渐呈上升趋势,然而目前医务人员中普遍存在法律意识淡薄的问题,特别是缺乏与医疗有关的法律知识,在遇到纠纷时不能用法律知识保护自己。尤其是乡镇卫生院,是营造温馨舒适,服务群众的医疗环境,所以更应加强管理,认真学习法律知识,注意维护病人和自身的权利,更新服务意识,提高医疗安全技能,树立＂以人为本＂的服务理念,营造和谐医患、护、患关系,以避免或减少医疗纠纷的发生。     

成都市孕妇营养知识、态度及行为调查与分析

目的：了解成都市孕妇营养知识及饮食行为及其影响因素，为今后孕妇营养教育工作提供科学依据。方法：采用问卷调查法对成都329名孕妇进行调查。结果：成都市孕妇营养KAP水平较差，总合格率27．1％；营养态度普遍较好；营养行为中的主要问题是：孕妇特殊需要食物如奶类（74．5％）、蛋类（57．4％）、豆类（17．0％）、海产品（7．0％）、动物内脏（0．9％）和血（0．3％）、坚果类（15．2％）等摄入不足，主食（93．9％）、蔬菜（88．1％）水果类（80．2％）食物的摄人频率较合理；营养KAP之间有明显正相关性，孕妇的营养KAP水平与其文化程度和丈夫职业呈正相关关系；孕妇希望获得营养信息的来源主要是医护人员（79．9％）和营养师指导（43．2％）、专业书籍。结论：目前孕妇人群的营养知识和饮食行为有待改善，建议利用孕妇营养态度普遍较好的有利条件，提高医护人员的营养知识技能水平，加强孕妇及家人的营养教育，以促进母子健康。     

Churches are joining the health care team

Although the extent of formal health-related programs in churches has not been well defined, sufficient anecdotal and empiric evidence exists to indicate that churches are becoming more involved in matters related to the health of their congregations and their communities. A pioneer in this field discusses how churches have been joined by physicians, other health professionals, and major medical centers in a wholistic health care program.     

家庭医生签约服务模式下农村基层医务人员工作内容比较研究

目的:了解家庭医生签约服务模式下农村基层医务人员的工作内容和职责分工现状,为进一步完善职责分工和签约服务模式提供依据。方法:2019年7月采用典型抽样、分层抽样和方便抽样相结合的方法,选取江苏省3个县(区)18个乡镇参与家庭医生签约服务的乡镇卫生院医生、护士、公卫医生、村卫生室医生进行问卷调查;采用描述性分析、卡方检验进行分析。结果:家庭医生签约服务模式下,乡镇卫生院医生主要参与疾病诊疗护理(91.8%)、健康教育(67.6%)、转诊服务(50.5%)、慢性病患者健康管理(50.5%)等工作;护士主要参与疾病诊疗护理(85.0%)、健康教育(61.5%)工作;公卫医生主要参与预防接种(65.9%)、老年人健康管理(51.2%)、慢性病患者健康管理(51.2%)工作;村卫生室医生主要参与医疗服务和绝大部分公共卫生服务项目。结论:家庭医生签约服务模式下农村基层医务人员的工作任务范围广,既参与医疗服务又参与公共卫生服务,促进了医防融合,但存在护士公共卫生服务职能未充分发挥、公卫医生对自身工作职责不清、村卫生室医生工作负担较重等问题。     

Oral Health Care Availability in Health Centers of Mangalore Taluk,India

Background:

Community-oriented oral health programs are seldom found in India. When primary health care systems were in the 1980s, dentistry was not adequately included. This has left oral health far behind other health services.

Objectives:

To find the availability of dental professionals, infrastructure, equipment, and treatments provided in health centers of Mangalore taluk.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical officers and dentists working in all the health centers of Mangalore taluk, using an interview schedule, the oral health care availability inventory (ORAI).

Results:

Among 23 health centers of Mangalore taluk, dental services were available at six health centers (26%) [two community health centers (CHCs) and four primary health centers (PHCs)]. Mouth mirrors, dental explorers, and extraction instruments were available at six health centers [two CHCs (100%) and four PHCs (19%)]. No health centers provided orthodontic tooth corrections, removal of impacted teeth, oral biopsies, and fabrication of removable dentures.

Conclusions:

Availability of dental services was limited in the health centers, and a vast majority of the rural population in Mangalore taluk did not have access to dental care.     

蒙自县医务人员对新型农村合作定点医疗机构服务质量的评价

目的了解蒙自县医务人员对新型农村合作定点医疗（以下简称新农合定点医疗）机构服务质量的评价，为提高新农合定点医疗机构服务质量提供科学依据。方法以问卷方式面对面调查随机抽取的部分蒙自县医务人员对新农合定点医疗机构服务质量的意见和建议。结果医务人员对各定点医疗机构医疗技术水平、可信度、医疗收费、总体满意度、卫生资源配置情况以及选择就诊的评价分布差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。非条件Logistic回归分析表明，医务人员喜欢选择县医院就诊的主要原因是其医疗技术水平较好，需要的药基本都有，总体满意度较高等。结论乡村卫生机构总体满意度较低，卫生服务资源匮乏；县级医疗机构收费过高。     

军队干部疗养员个性化营养处方的效果分析

目的根据军队干部的体检状况,设计并实施个性化营养处方并观察分析其应用效果,探讨适宜的营养干预方案,促进干部身体健康。方法选取152名体检异常的干部作为干预对象。采用自行设计的个性化营养处方对干部的营养知识、态度和饮食行为进行干预,在干预1年后分别进行营养KAP调查和体格检查。结果营养处方实施1年后,干部的营养KAP得分为52.49±6.55,健康状况得分8.14±1.49,分别与实施前的50.86±6.47、7.81±1.34比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。疾病检出率比较,营养处方实施前超重、肥胖、脂肪肝、高脂血症、高尿酸血症的检出率分别为36.2%、13.8%、49.3%、42.8%、38.8%,均显著高于营养处方实施一年后的23.0%、6.6%、37.5%、31.6%、26.9%（P〈0.05）。结论军队干部慢性代谢性疾病检出率较高,通过实施个性化营养处方对其营养知识、态度及饮食行为和生活方式进行干预,可有效促进慢性代谢性疾病的转归,抑制慢性病的发生发展,促进其身体健康。     

Recognition by medical and nursing professionals of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition in elderly hospitalised patients

Objective:  To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in a population of elderly hospitalised patients and to explore health professionals' perceptions and awareness of signs and risks of malnutrition and treatment options available.
Subjects and design:  One hundred elderly patients and 57 health professionals from medical wards of a tertiary teaching hospital. Quantitative and qualitative study design using a validated malnutrition assessment tool (Mini Nutritional Assessment) and researcher-designed questionnaire to assess health professionals' knowledge of nutrition risk factors.
Main outcome measures:  Mini Nutritional Assessment score, nutrition risk category and themes in health professionals' knowledge and awareness of malnutrition and its risk factors.
Results:  Thirty per cent of patients were identified as malnourished while 61% were at risk of malnutrition. Documentation by health professionals of two major risk factors for malnutrition—recent loss of weight and appetite—were poor with only 19% and 53% of patients with actual loss of weight or appetite, respectively, identified by staff and only 7% and 9% of these patients, respectively, referred for dietetic assessment. While health professionals' knowledge of important medical risk factors for malnutrition was good, their knowledge of malnutrition risk factors such as recent loss of weight and loss of appetite was poor. Medical staff focused on biochemical factors when assessing nutrition status, while nursing staff focused on skin integrity and turgor.
Conclusion:  Malnutrition in elderly hospitalised patients remains a significant problem with low rates of recognition and referral by medical and nursing staff. Considerable scope exists to develop training and education tools and to implement an appropriate nutrition screening policy to improve referral rates to dietitians.     

四川秦巴山区乡镇卫生院放射诊断应用及从业人员调查

目的 了解四川秦巴山区乡镇卫生院放射诊断应用及专业人员现状,分析基层医学影像人员工作量、人才需求及存在的问题,提出对策措施。方法 采用随机、分层、整群抽样方法,在四川秦巴山区开江、平武、通江、旺苍县通过问卷调查方式,对126家乡镇卫生院的普通放射诊断检查频度和人员配置情况进行调查。结果 乡镇卫生院医疗门诊量年均16431人次,放射诊断检查应用年均2456人次,放射诊断检查年应用占门诊量的14.95%,乡村全人口放射诊断应用为212人次/千人口;在有放射工作场所的乡镇卫生院中,放射人员配备率为36.51%,其中中专和专科学历占78.82%,初级职称占55.29%。医学影像人才的需求调查显示,大专毕业生的需求率达82.98%。结论 四川秦巴山区乡镇卫生院放射诊断检查应用低,医学影像专业应用人才贫乏;医学高等职业院校应加强对影像专业人才的培养,以适应基层医疗卫生服务需要。     

广州市孕妇营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查

[目的]了解广州市孕妇的营养知识、态度与饮食行为现况及其影响因素,为今后孕妇营养教育工作提供科学依据。[方法]采用问卷调查方法对广州市两所医院的169名孕妇进行调查。[结果]广州市孕妇对营养知识缺乏全面深入的了解,营养态度普遍较好。90%以上的孕妇每天都摄入粮谷类、蔬菜、水果;一半以上的孕妇每天都摄入奶及制品、蛋类、禽畜肉类;对豆及制品、鱼贝类的摄取一个月大于20d的孕妇亦超过一半;对菌藻、坚果类食物的摄取频率则较低,一个月超过20d的仅占19.1%和18.0%,几乎不吃的人数分别占17.9%和18.6%。营养KAP之间有明显正相关性,孕妇的营养KAP水平与其文化程度和丈夫职业呈正相关关系,孕妇希望获得营养信息的来源主要是医护人员和营养师指导（53.6%）。[结论]目前孕妇人群的营养知识和饮食行为有待改善,建议利用孕妇营养态度普遍较好的有利条件,提高医护人员的营养知识技能水平,在利用公共传媒的基础上加强有医务人员参与的咨询和讲座的力度,营养教育的内容重点在大力宣讲食物的营养价值及推荐合理的膳食结构,通过加强孕妇及家人的营养教育促进母子健康。     

长沙市社区卫生服务中心工作人员吸烟相关情况调查

目的 了解长沙市社区卫生服务中心工作人员吸烟状况及相关认知与态度,为制定控烟政策提供科学依据. 方法 采用分层随机抽样方法抽取长沙市40所社区卫生服务中心的800名工作人员进行吸烟相关的问卷调查.结果 被调查人员吸烟率为54.1％,现在吸烟率为21.3％,被动吸烟率为53.3％.95.1％社区卫生服务中心工作人员反对在医疗机构内吸烟.其对吸烟和被动吸烟导致的呼吸系统疾病认可率在90％以上,对烟草导致的非呼吸系统疾病认可率偏低.仅有32.2％的工作人员经常劝吸烟患者戒烟. 结论 应对社区卫生服务中心工作人员加强控烟知识培训,提高其烟草危害认识及对吸烟患者采取简短戒烟干预的意识,充分发挥其在烟草控制工作中的表率和支持作用.     

Attraction and retention of qualified health workers to rural areas in Nigeria: a case study of four LGAs in Ogun State, Nigeria

INTRTODUCTION: A shortage of health workers is a major problem for Nigeria, especially in rural areas where more than 70% of the population live. At the primary care level, trained community health officers provide services normally reserved for doctors or medical specialists. The community health officers must therefore be supported and motivated to provide effective quality healthcare services. This study aimed to determine factors that will attract and retain rural and urban health workers to rural Nigerian communities, and to examine differences between the two groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey measured health workers' work experience, satisfaction with, and reasons for undertaking their current work; as well as reasons for leaving a work location. Data were also gathered on factors that attract health workers to rural settings and also retain them. RESULTS; Rural health workers were generally more likely to work in rural settings (62.5%) than their urban counterparts (16.5%). Major rural motivators for both groups included: assurances of better working conditions; effective and efficient support systems; opportunities for career development; financial incentives; better living conditions and family support systems. The main de-motivator was poor job satisfaction resulting from inadequate infrastructure. Rural health workers were particularly dissatisfied with career advancement opportunities. More urban than rural health workers expressed a wish to leave their current job due to poor job satisfaction resulting from poor working and living conditions and the lack of career advancement opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: Motivational factors for attraction to and retention in rural employment were similar for both groups although there were subtle differences. Addressing rural health manpower shortages will require the development of a comprehensive, evidence-based rural health manpower improvement strategy that incorporates a coordinated intersectoral approach, involving partnership with a range of stakeholders in rural health development.     

Health care providers' attitudes toward nutrition

A survey questionnaire, assessing general attitudes toward the importance of nutrition in the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good health, was administered to physicians, nurses, dentists, and technicians at five U.S. Army medical centers. The various groups of health care specialists differed significantly on many items concerning the importance of good nutrition and eating habits for maintenance of good health and for recovery from illness, as well as on items concerning the importance of nutrition knowledge and training in their health care professions. More agreement was found among the groups on items concerned with the relationship between disease states and dietary factors and the effectiveness of health education programs in the prevention of various diseases. Self-reports of personal health habits did not correlate with scores on survey items concerned with the importance of good nutrition, suggesting that personal attitudes toward nutrition may be unrelated to other health practices.     

Training for health care in developing countries: the work of the Tropical Health and Education Trust

The Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET) was established to strengthen medical education and training for health care in developing countries. The Trust responds to requests from training institutions with a wide range of activities and programmes. Projects to meet specific needs are planned in outline with the Deans or Directors of institutions, as a basis for a long-term link with a similar institution in the United Kingdom. These links are now the preferred method for meeting requests to develop skills, strengthen services and promote staff development. However, funding is always necessary for their support. THET has promoted students' community-based training by enabling students in a team-training programme in Ethiopia to make interventions in primary health care. A prize for the best students' community, clinical or laboratory projects in six African countries encourages enquiry by the students, promotes independent learning, and relates academic work to problems in health care. Work with Ministries of Health includes a continuing medical education programme for rural medical officers in Uganda, courses in basic and life-saving surgery for Ethiopian health and medical officers, and a programme to update the skills of laboratory technologists in rural hospitals in Ghana. The range of projects that THET supports is wide because the needs, defined by those who are working in, and responsible for, training in the health service are diverse.     

Preparation of the community-medical dietitian: a survey of graduates

The 1984 Study Commission on Dietetics reports that dietetics education needs greater emphasis/depth on management, communications, and the scientific principles of nutrition, with a broader base in the behavioral sciences. This recommendation is supported by recent graduates and their employers. The skill area identified as deficient by the most employers was the ability to delegate or direct. At least 20% of these graduates felt a need to strengthen their role as interpreter of nutrition science and the curricular areas related to nutrient metabolism, educational methods, and behavior modification. Changes projected for the dietetics profession in the future include an increase in patient care outside the hospital; an increase in the need for nutrition services in independent medical practice associations, gerontology centers, and fitness centers; and an increase in opportunities in the business world. Educational programs must be sensitive to the new skills needed for practice in both clinical and community dietetics. They must continue to assess their effectiveness in providing these, because the dietitian best prepared with skills in both areas will be best prepared for the future.