前尿道拖入法治疗后尿道狭窄12例

1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 1月共施行前尿道拖入术治疗后尿道狭窄 1 2例 ,收到满意效果 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组 1 2例均为男性 ,年龄 1 8～ 63岁 ,均为骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤 ,伤后时间为 6个月至 3年。入院前 8例曾行尿道吻合术失败 ,其中 6例1次、2例 2次、3例行尿道会师失败 ,1例行单纯膀胱造瘘。入院时 1例留置膀胱造瘘管。入院后全部病例分别行经膀胱造瘘管顺行及经尿道逆行造影 ,或尿道镜检查 ,显示损伤部位均位于后尿道 ,狭窄范围 2 5～ 6ｃｍ ,其中 1例闭锁(单纯膀胱造瘘患者 ) ,3例伴有假道形成 ,4例合并膀胱结石。会阴部孤…     

电子膀胱软镜联合 S形尿道扩张器在尿道狭窄微创治疗中的应用

目的：探讨电子膀胱软镜联合S形尿道扩张器微创治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法采用平卧位局麻下电子膀胱软镜直视置入斑马导丝，沿导丝用套入法通过S形尿道扩张器进行尿道扩张治疗男性尿道狭窄31例，患者狭窄长度0.5~2.0cm。结果所有患者均成功手术，未发生医源性损伤。本组患者在治疗及随访中无假道，无明显出血，无尿道穿孔、直肠损伤，无永久性尿失禁等并发症发生。结论电子膀胱软镜联合S形尿道扩张器治疗尿道狭窄成功率高、安全、痛苦小，患者耐受性好。     

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的早期治疗

目的比较骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤3种手术方式的疗效,为临床选择手术方式提供依据。方法回顾性总结分析我院1993～2008年15年间36例骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的手术方式与随访结果。其中行单纯膀胱造瘘6例,一期尿道吻合术4例,尿道会师牵引术26例,并对其排尿情况与有无阳痿进行分析比较。结果单纯膀胱造瘘患者均全部出现尿道狭窄式闭锁,发生率100％,需行二期尿道成形术;术后发生阳痿2例,发生率为33％;尿失禁1例。一期尿道吻合术患者,有1例出现轻度尿道狭窄,经数次尿道扩张后治愈,无尿失禁及阳痿。26例尿道会师牵引术患者,有4例发生尿道狭窄,发生率为16％,发生阳痿3例,发生率12％,1例尿失禁。结论单纯膀胱造瘘患者几乎无例外的均需行二期手术,住院时间长,并发症发生率较高。一期尿道吻合术患者,虽疗效不错,但可选择的病例有限。尿道会师牵引术,手术操作简便,损伤小,疗效好,并发症少,不失为治疗后尿道损伤早期治疗的好方法。     

会阴阴囊岛状皮管一期尿道成形术治疗尿道直肠瘘的护理13例

采用我科自行设计的会阴阴囊岛状皮管一期尿道成形术[1] 用于治疗 13例尿道直肠瘘患者 ,疗效满意。精心的护理是手术成功的保证 ,现将我们的护理体会报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料13例患者年龄 3～ 6 8岁 ,平均年龄 2 6岁。病程 3～ 5 0个月 ,其中 2例系前列腺切除术损伤所致 ,9例系骨盆骨折损伤尿道及直肠合并感染所致 ,2例为先天性无肛合并尿道直肠瘘肛门成形术后。入院前均行乙状结肠造瘘。膀胱尿道造影显示瘘口位于尿道前列腺部 2例 ,膜部 9例 ,球部 2例。合并后尿道狭窄 9例 ,其中 5例有窦道形成 ,3例合并膀胱憩室。术前有 4例发…     

男性尿道狭窄超声显像与X线尿道造影的比较性研究

目的：比较尿道超声显像和X线尿道造影对男性尿道狭窄的诊断价值,方法：94例男性尿道狭窄患者,按常规行超声和X线尿道造影检查,并与手术结果进行对照,比较两种检查方法对尿道狭窄的显像特点,结果：尿道超声显像在狭窄部位的定位,狭窄长度的测量,瘢痕范围的估测,假道,活瓣,结石显示等方面明显优于传统的X线尿道造影,X线尿道造影在后尿道瘘道、骨盆畸形等显像上有较大的价值。结论：尿道超声显像应列为尿道狭窄常规的检查方法,结合X线尿道造影,可便全面地提供尿道狭窄病变的信息。     

尿道断裂内窥镜下会师术18例分析

目的 探讨内窥镜在后尿道断裂治疗中的临床价值.方法 对18例男性后尿道断裂患者施行内窥镜下自尿道断裂的近端或从膀胱造瘘处向尿道内口插入导丝,引入导尿管进入膀胱后,作固定牵拉对合断端.结果 13例采用逆行法,5例采取逆、顺联合法完成尿道会师,手术均获成功且排尿正常.11例1个月后排尿造影检查,7例3个月后尿道镜检查,未发现尿道狭窄.1例3个月时出现尿线细缓,间断扩张6个月后治愈.全组性功能均恢复,无尿失禁发生.结论 内窥镜下尿道会师术实现了骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的微创治疗,有效减少了术后并发症.手术具有操作相对简便、省时、费用低,患者痛苦小的优点.     

骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂一期吻合骨盆内固定术后护理

后尿道断裂是骨盆骨折、骨盆分离常见的合并症，多发生于男性，且以青壮年为主。传统治疗方法：先抢救危及患者生命的合并症，待病情稳定后，单纯耻骨上膀胱造瘘或尿道会师引流尿液，手术简单易行，但发生尿道狭窄的几率很高，往往造成骨盆的畸形愈合，后期处理困难。我院创伤科自1992—2006年共收治骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂66例，其中44例经急诊耻骨联合后方行尿道吻合和骨盆骨折内固定术，经1～2a回访，疗效满意。避免了以往患者采用尿道会师加牵引给患者带来的尿道狭窄需定期尿道扩张和尿道狭窄需行二期手术的痛苦。     

会师法尿道扩张术治疗后尿道狭窄的临床应用

目的：探讨会师法尿道扩张术治疗后尿道狭窄的临床效果。方法：对28例因骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤行会师术后患者,均采用尿道探子经膀胱造瘘口引导扩张治疗。结果：该治疗方法能够准确扩张狭窄段尿道,患者术后能自行排尿。结论：会师法尿道扩张术治疗后尿道狭窄是一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

软性膀胱镜检查与硬性膀胱镜检查中患者耐受性的比较

目的为进一步阐明软性膀胱镜在疼痛恢复方面相对于硬性膀胱镜的优势，我们对门诊患者在接受软性膀胱镜和硬性膀胱镜检查后的疼痛时间-过程做了统计比较。方法总共选择’85例患者随机分组进行软性膀胱镜或硬性膀胱镜检查。对所有的患者在检查前、检查中、检查后15min和检查后3d的疼痛采用数字评分法（NRS评分，0～10分）进行评分。结果44例患者接受了软性膀胱镜检查（A组），41例患者接受了硬性膀胱镜检查（B组）。两组患者在检查操作过程中的NRS评分分别为A组1．9分和B组3．9分（P〈0．001）。我们观察到，A组患者的疼痛评分在检查后15min就回到了检查前的疼痛评分水平（0．14～0．15），而B组患者在检查后15min其疼痛评分仍然维持在一个相对较高的水平（0．3～2．0）。最终，两组患者的疼痛评分在检查后3d均回到了检查前水平。结论软性膀胱镜在疼痛的恢复方面有其相对于硬性膀胱镜的优势。接受软性膀胱镜检查的患者较接受硬性膀胱镜检查的患者所经历的痛苦程度要轻。     

改良膀胱造瘘闭式引流器的临床应用

目的:探讨改良膀胱造瘘闭式引流器的临床应用的优点、缺点及应用价值。方法:自2000年1月以来,应用改良膀胱造瘘闭式引流器治疗的前列腺增生症50例,前列腺癌5例,骨盆骨折所致后尿道狭窄5例,外伤性球部尿道狭窄3例,尿道癌2例。结果:65例中,全部顺利应用改良膀胱造瘘引流器,总成功率100%,历时10min,比传统方法平均30min明显缩短,并发症少。结论:笔者认为应用改良膀胱造瘘引流器行膀胱造瘘方法简单易行,易控简便,引流效果好,尤其适用于基层医院。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.