复方聚乙二醇电解质散联合硫酸镁给药方法对便秘患者肠道准备的研究

目的探讨复方聚乙二醇电解质散(SF-PEG)联合硫酸镁(MgSO_4)给药方法对便秘患者肠道准备效果的影响。方法选取拟行结肠镜检查的便秘患者135例,分为A、B、C组,各45例,A组和B组5∶00~7∶00口服SF-PEG 219.2 g(2 000 ml),A组9∶00服50%Mg SO4 50 ml,再口服250 ml温水,B组7∶00服相同剂量MgSO_4,两组均11∶00行肠镜检查,C组于10∶00~12∶00口服复方SF-PEG219.2 g(2 000 ml),14∶00服50%Mg SO4 50 ml,16∶00行肠镜检查。根据Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)评分,并行肠腔内气泡评分,统计肠道准备过程持续时间,并记录肠道准备过程中患者的耐受性及不良反应。结果所有患者完成肠道准备,并顺利行肠镜检查,A组肠镜检查时间明显短于B组和C组(P0.05)。A组BBPS评分明显高于B组和C组(P0.05),A组和B组肠腔内气泡评分低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B两组肠道准备时间比C组少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),患者耐受性方面,A组和B组高于C组(P0.05),在不良反应方面,A组和B组低于C组(P0.05)。结论择时(5∶00~7∶00)间断服用SF-PEG和MgSO_4能缩短便秘患者肠道准备时间、提高肠道准备质量。     

结直肠术后患者结肠镜检查前的肠道准备方法探讨

目的改进结直肠术后患者肠道准备方法,提高结肠镜检查质量。方法选择拟行结肠镜检查的结直肠术后患者100例,分为两组,各50例。A组患者(同术前准备方法)结肠镜检查前5 h口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(SF-PEG)328.8 g(3 000 ml);B组患者结肠镜检查前1日3餐后2 h分别服用SF-PEG27.4 g(250 ml),检查前5 h口服50%硫酸镁(MgSO4)100 ml,再喝温开水1 000 ml,至排泄液似清水样。服药后5 h行结肠镜检查。应用Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)评分,对肠腔内气泡进行评分,比较两组患者肠道准备有效性、耐受性及安全性。结果 B组的结肠清洁程度BBPS总体评分(8.50±0.35)分,高于A组(7.35±1.25)分;B组进镜时间(3.85±1.20)min和退镜时间(6.25±0.60)min,少于A组进镜时间(5.35±1.75)min和退镜时间(8.20±0.85)min,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。B组患者肠道准备接受率、再次肠道准备接受率和总体不良反应评分分别为96.0%、94.0%和(1.35±0.05)分;A组患者分别为86.0%、72.0%和(1.75±0.30)分;差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),B组优于A组。结论结直肠术后患者肠镜检查前的肠道准备,采用间断冲击口服小剂量复方SF-PEG联合MgSO4,效果优于常规剂量。     

直肠癌Miles术后患者结肠镜检查肠道准备方法的探讨

目的探讨直肠癌Miles术后患者结肠镜检查前的肠道准备方法。方法纳入拟行结肠镜检查的90例直肠癌Miles术后患者,并随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组30例,A组于结肠镜检前6 h口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(SF-PEG)328.8 g(3 000 ml)清洁肠道;B组结肠镜检查前6 h口服328.8 g SF-PEG,检查前2 h开塞露40 ml入结肠造口;C组检查前1 d三餐后2 h口服SF-PEG 27.4 g(250 ml),检查前6 h口服164.4 g(1 500 ml)SF-PEG,检查前2 h开塞露40 ml入结肠造口。3组患者检查前1 d进流食,当日禁食至检查完毕。内镜医师行Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)和肠腔内气泡评分,采用问卷调查的方式评价患者对肠道准备的耐受性,记录肠道准备过程中的不良反应及肠镜检查时间。结果 C组BBPS总分(7.90±0.65)分明显高于A组(6.05±0.80)分和B组(6.65±0.35)分(P 0.05),C组肠腔内气泡评分(0.35±0.15)分明显低于A组(0.75±0.35)分和B组(0.55±0.45)分(P 0.05),C组肠镜检查时间(9.25±0.80)min少于A组(12.65±0.55) min和B组(10.50±0.75)min(P 0.05),C组肠道准备接受率(96.67%)高于A组(80.00%)和B组(83.33%)(P 0.05),C组再次肠道准备接受率(90.00%)高于A组(60.00%)和B组(70.00%)(P 0.05),C组总体不良反应评分(1.25±0.10)分明显低于A组(1.85±0.45)分和B组(1.55±0.35)分(P 0.05)。结论 SF-PEG联合开塞露用于直肠癌Miles术后患者肠道准备能明显提高肠道准备质量,减少不良反应,增加其依从性和耐受性。     

复方聚乙二醇电解质散联合石蜡油在便秘患者肠道准备中的应用

目的观察便秘患者应用复方聚乙二醇电解质散(PEGP)联合石蜡油的肠道准备效果。方法将拟行结肠镜检查的便秘患者120例随机分为A和B两组。A组结肠镜检查前6 h口服PEGP278.24 g,B组口服PEGP 139.12 g,且检查前1 d口服石蜡油50 ml,1天2次,清洁肠道。两组均于检查前1 d进少渣饮食,检查当天禁食至检查结束。内镜医师记录患者耐受性、不良反应,肠镜检查时间,行Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)和肠腔内气泡评分。结果肠道准备有效性方面,B组肠镜检查时间(7.25±0.60)min,少于A组(10.50±0.55)min(P0.05),B组BBPS总分(7.90±1.00)分,高于A组(6.35±1.25)分(P0.05),B组肠腔内气泡评分(0.35±0.55)分,低于A组(0.75±0.50)分(P0.05)。安全和耐受性方面,B组肠道准备接受率96.67%,高于A组65.00%(P0.05),B组再次肠道准备接受率90.00%,高于A组50.00%,B组总体不良反应评分(1.30±0.04)分,低于A组(1.85±0.25)分(P0.05)。结论便秘患者应用复方PEGP联合石蜡油肠道准备,能增强依从性及肠道准备效果,保障结肠镜检查。     

慢性腹泻患者结肠镜检查肠道准备方法的临床研究

目的探讨慢性腹泻患者在行结肠镜检查前的肠道准备方法。方法回顾性分析2017年3月-2018年3月行结肠镜检查的慢性腹泻患者,共119例。其中,37例患者(A组)于结肠镜检查前4 h开始口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(PGEP)139.12 g(2 000 ml);42例患者(B组)于检查前4 h口服PGEP 208.68 g(3 000 ml);另外40例患者(C组)检查前4 h服用PGEP 104.34 g(1 500 ml),检查前2 h口服50.00%硫酸镁(MgSO_4)50 ml,再饮用温开水500 ml,至排泄液似清水样。应用Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)评分,并对肠腔内气泡进行评分,比较3组患者肠道准备有效性、耐受性及安全性。结果 C组的进镜时间和退镜时间明显短于A组和B组;C组的BBPS评分明显高于A组和B组;C组的肠腔内气泡评分明显低于A组和B组;C组的肠道准备接受率、再次肠道准备接受率明显高于A组及B组;C组的总体不良反应评分明显低于A组及B组;差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论慢性腹泻患者采用PGEP联合MgSO_4进行结肠镜检查前肠道准备,其有效性、耐受性及安全性好。     

服药时间对结肠镜检查肠道准备效果的影响

目的探讨行结肠镜检查时服药时间对肠道准备效果的影响。方法选取行结肠镜检查的200例患者,分为两组,A组:5:00~7:00,B组:10:00~12:00,于肠镜检查前4 h口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(PGEP)(恒康正清)139.12 g(2 000 ml)作为清肠剂,内镜医师行Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)和肠腔内气泡评分,记录患者肠道准备时间,问卷调查患者对肠道准备的耐受性,记录肠道准备过程中的不良反应。结果所有患者均完成肠道准备及全结肠镜检查。A组BBPS总分明显高于B组(P0.05),A组肠腔内气泡评分明显低于B组(P0.05),A组肠道准备时间少于B组(P0.05),A组耐受性高于B组(P0.05),A组不良反应明显低于B组(P0.05)。结论 5:00~7:00服用PGEP行结肠镜检查肠道准备时间短、效果好,方便患者就医,能减少患者空腹等待及不适(头晕、饥饿感)等潜在风险,增加其依从性和耐受性,使肠镜检查顺利进行。     

复方聚乙二醇电解质散联合开塞露给药方法对结肠镜检查肠道准备的影响

目的探讨复方聚乙二醇电解质散(PGEP)联合开塞露给药方法对结肠镜检查肠道准备的影响。方法选择行结肠镜检查的患者600例,随机分为A、B、C 3组,各200例,A组于结肠镜检查前4 h口服2盒PGEP(139.12 g)清洁肠道,B、C组同法服药,B组检查前1 h开塞露40 ml 1次入肛;C组检查前1 h开塞露40 ml间隔30 min分2次入肛;3组患者检查前晚均进食流质、易消化饮食,检查当日禁食直至检查完毕。应用Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)评分,并对肠腔内气泡进行评分,比较3组患者肠道准备的有效性、耐受性及安全性。结果 C组结肠镜检查时间(7.13±0.88)min,明显短于A组和B组(9.65±0.85)和(8.20±0.76)min;C组BBPS总分(8.55±0.75)分,明显高于A组和B组(6.46±0.47)和(7.34±0.48)分;C组肠腔内气泡评分(0.23±0.10)分,明显低于A组和B组(0.85±0.34)和(0.55±0.42)分;C组再次肠道准备接受率(93.00%)明显高于A组和B组(78.00%,88.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。3组患者肠道准备接受率和总体不良反应评分无明显差异(P0.05)。结论口服PGEP联合结肠镜检查前1 h分次应用开塞露进行肠道准备,能显著提高肠道的清洁效果,且安全、简便。     

大黄贴敷联合复方聚乙二醇电解质散口服对便秘患者肠道准备给药时机的影响

目的探讨大黄贴敷神阙穴和天枢穴联合口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(PGEP)在便秘患者肠道准备中的给药时机。方法选择行结肠镜检查的便秘患者300例,分3组,各100例。A组检查前1天晚上9点,行中药贴敷神阙穴和天枢穴,检查当天早上5~7点服完PGEP 139.12 g(2 000 ml);B组检查前1天晚上9点行中药贴敷神阙穴和天枢,检查当天上午10~12点服完相同剂量的PGEP;C组检查当天早上5点行中药贴敷神阙穴和天枢穴,早上5~7点服完相同剂量的PGEP。服药后4 h行结肠镜检查。应用Boston肠道准备量表(BBPS)评分,并对肠腔内气泡进行评分,比较3组患者肠道准备有效性、耐受性及安全性。结果 A组的肠镜检查时间(7.25±0.60)min明显短于B组(9.10±0.80)min和C组(10.50±0.55)min;A组的BBPS评分(8.50±0.35)分明显高于B组(7.35±1.25)分和C组(6.65±1.30)分;A组的肠腔内气泡评分(0.25±0.15)分明显低于B组(0.75±0.65)分和C组(0.55±0.50)分;A组肠道准备接受率、再次肠道准备接受率(96.00%、93.00%)明显高于B组(85.00%、70.00%)和C组(90.00%、88.00%);A组的总体不良反应评分(1.45±0.04)分明显低于B组(1.75±0.55)分和C组(1.60±0.25)分。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论检查前1天晚上9点大黄穴位贴敷联合检查当天早上5~7点口服PGEP对便秘患者行结肠镜检查肠道准备效果好。     

聚乙二醇溶液分次剂量法在结肠镜检查肠道准备中的应用

目的:探讨聚乙二醇溶液(PEG-ES)分次剂量法在结肠镜检测肠道准备中的应用效果。方法:选择我院2016年5~9月的门诊及住院患者4000例,利用高清晰度电子结肠镜施行检查,结肠镜检查前均签署知情同意书,将患者随机等分为A组与B组,A组采用PEG-ELS大容量(4 L)分次剂量,B组采用PEG-ELS大容量(4 L)1次剂量,比较两组患者肠道准备质量评分、不良反应发生率及耐受性。结果:A组患者的左半结肠以及横结肠肠道评分高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者的右半结肠评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);A组患者的BBPS总分明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者的恶心、腹胀、腹痛、睡眠障碍的发生率低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组均无肠穿孔、出血、心肺意外等结肠镜操作不良事件发生;且A组患者认为肠道准备容易完成患者及愿意再次进行肠道准备的患者明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:分次剂量给予PEG-ES进行结肠镜准备,较单次给予能取得更满意的肠道清洁效果,患者耐受性好,值得临床推广应用。     

小剂量复方聚乙二醇联合硫酸镁用于肠道准备的效果评价

目的以标准剂量复方聚乙二醇(PEG)及硫酸镁方案为对照,评价新方案在结肠镜检查前肠道准备中的有效性、耐受性和安全性。方法连续收集拟行结肠镜检查者330例,随机分为三组。A组服用标准剂量PEG(68.56g/包×2包),B组一次性服用硫酸镁(33%160 ml),C组连续服用小剂量PEG(1包)和硫酸镁(33%60 ml)行肠道准备。内镜医师用单盲法记录肠道清洁程度分级,记录结肠镜检查时间。问卷调查患者对药物的耐受性,记录服药后不良反应。监测用药前后心率、血压和实验室指标。结果所有患者均完成肠道准备和全结肠镜检查。A、C两组肠道清洁度显著高于B组(P0.05),结肠镜检查时间显著短于B组(P0.05)。A、C两组药物口感好评率、安全性高于B组(P0.05),C组愿意再服用率显著高于A、B两组(P0.05)。三组间完全服用率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论与标准剂量PEG及硫酸镁方案相比,连续服用小剂量PEG和小剂量硫酸镁用于结肠镜检查前肠道准备更为有效,耐受性更高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.