超声引导下输尿管软镜钬激光肾盂旁囊肿切开内引流术的临床分析

目的探讨超声引导下经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光切开内引流术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的安全性和有效性。方法收集2014年11月-2019年3月民航总医院收治的肾盂旁囊肿患者的临床资料。该组共23例,男12例,女11例,年龄33～75岁,平均58.3岁。腰痛6例,余为体检发现。合并同侧肾结石5例,合并同侧肾盂肾盏积水16例,合并患侧肾功能受损者1例。术前超声、泌尿系CT增强提示肾盂旁囊肿,直径4.0～8.5 cm,平均5.9 cm。23例全麻下行输尿管软镜钬激光肾盂旁囊肿切开内引流术。术中电子输尿管软镜观察集合系统与囊肿的解剖关系,在超声引导下用200μm钬激光光纤向凸起的囊壁"十字"切开1.5～2.0 cm,囊腔内留置双J管内引流。记录手术成功例数以及术后症状缓解、囊肿变化和并发症情况。结果 23例手术均成功。手术时间17～50 min,平均28.0 min。腰痛者症状缓解,合并结石者术后复查无残留,肾功能减退者手术后肾小球滤过率(GFR)有所改善。1例术中出现肾被膜下积液,保留双J管引流24 h后消失。随访12～64个月,平均28.0个月。15例囊肿消失,8例直径较术前缩小 1/2。23例均未出现囊肿感染、血肿、复发和癌变等。结论超声引导下经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光切开内引流术治疗肾盂旁囊肿是安全、有效的,且微创、并发症少,值得临床推广。     

输尿管软镜治疗肾盏憩室结石及经皮肾镜治疗憩室结石的对比研究

目的对比经尿道输尿管软镜下钬激光治疗肾憩室结石和经皮肾镜治疗憩室结石的临床疗效。方法采用回顾性研究的方法,选取2011年3月-2013年5月41例肾憩室结石患者,输尿管软镜治疗的患者19例,经皮肾镜治疗患者22例,观察两组患者治疗效果、并发症及术后随访结果。结果用输尿管软镜治疗肾憩室结石中,有1例患者改为经皮肾镜治疗,其余均成功;经皮肾镜下治疗方法均取得成功。术中的手术时间两组相似,而术中出血量,术后疼痛分数及术后住院时间方面,输尿管软镜治疗明显优于经皮肾镜,差异均有显著性(P0.05)。第3个月复查KUB,未见结石复发。结论经尿道输尿管软镜技术治疗肾憩室结石具有近期微创、安全、有效、无痛苦、并发症少、住院时间短旦恢复快的疗效,但憩室的疗效需要进一步观察,但对于较大的憩室结石或者下盏的憩室结石,还是优先考虑经皮肾镜的方法。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光内切开引流术治疗肾盂旁囊肿11例报告

目的探讨经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光内切开引流术在治疗肾盂旁囊肿疾病中的适用性与可行性。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年1月该院收治的11例肾盂旁囊肿患者的病史资料,男5例,女6例,年龄45～73岁,平均58.8岁,囊肿位于左侧3例,右侧5例,双侧3例,直径3.9～7.8 cm,平均5.2 cm。7例并发单侧或双侧肾结石,2例合并肾功能不全,另分别各1例合并右肾积水、左输尿管结石、膀胱结石或多囊肾。11例均在全麻下行经尿道输尿管软镜下肾盂旁囊肿钬激光内切开引流术,部分合并尿石症者均一并行钬激光碎石取石术。术中先留置斑马导丝,沿斑马导丝插入Cook输尿管软镜鞘管至肾盂管连接处,沿输尿管软镜鞘插入Olympus电子输尿管软镜,顺利通过肾盂管连接处进入肾盂,接着用200μm钬激光光纤于囊肿挤压明显且肾盂壁薄处汽化切开,保证局部引流通畅,最后经输尿管软镜置入斑马导丝至切开囊内,拔除鞘管,并留置双J管引流。结果 11例患者均顺利完成手术,术中及术后无重大并发症。术后随访3～24个月,4例有腰痛症状者症状逐渐好转,2例血尿患者最终血尿消失;影像学检查结果示8例囊肿消失,3例囊肿相比术前CT直径明显减小;2例伴肾功能不全患者血肌酐水平稳中有降,1例合并肾积水患者积水明显减少。结论经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光切开内引流术在治疗肾盂旁囊肿微创、有效和安全可靠。     

逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并肾结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并肾结石的安全性、可行性及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2017年5月11例肾盂旁囊肿合并肾结石患者的临床资料.囊肿大小约3.5cm×3.0cm～4.8cm×4.3cm,平均约（4.1±0.3）cm,肾结石直径约1.0～1.8cm,平均约（1.5±0.3）cm.全身麻醉下行经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光肾盂旁囊肿内切开引流术＋肾结石碎石取石术.采用输尿管软镜逆行进入肾盂,使用钬激光在囊肿压迫肾盂最明显的无血管处切开,使其与集合系统完全相通,随后进行钬激光碎石,并留置双J管引流.结果 11例手术均成功完成,手术时间69～118min,平均88min,其中囊肿处理时间21～39min,平均28min,术中、术后无严重并发症发生.术后随访3～12个月,囊肿消失8例,缩小3例,无囊肿及结石复发.结论 逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并肾结石是安全可行的,并且创伤小、恢复快、无复发,临床疗效确切.     

肾盂旁囊肿输尿管软镜内开窗术的临床应用研究

目的探讨通过输尿管软镜内开窗术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2019年7月收治肾盂旁囊肿患者共32例,术前均行CT、增强CT、核磁共振成像及尿路造影(IVU)检查以明确诊断,选择≤2个的靠近肾集合系统的肾盂旁囊肿为入组病例。所有患者均行手术。结果 32例患者中2例中转腹腔镜去顶减压手术,其余均开展输尿管软镜内开窗手术。手术后并发症:持续疼痛3~5d有8例;不同程度血尿15例;输尿管双J管移位1例;腰痛伴发热2例。上述并发症均得到有效治疗并恢复出院。出院2~4周后,在当初进行手术治疗的医院或当地医院门诊行膀胱镜拔除输尿管双J管。术后3个月复查双肾彩超或双肾CT,29例患者囊肿消失,1例患者囊肿缩小一半;术后半年复查双肾彩超或双肾CT,30例患者囊肿均消失;最长随访两年,复查双肾彩超或双肾CT,在同一位置未见囊肿复发。结论肾盂旁囊肿输尿管软镜内开窗术,具有创伤小、出血少、安全性高、恢复快及疗效满意等特点,值得临床推广。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗复杂上尿路结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗复杂上尿路结石的疗效.方法 36例患者均采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石清石术治疗,其中输尿管上段结石21例,肾盏结石15例,结石长径0.7～2.0 cm,平均1.3cm.经尿道逆行进镜28例,另有8例肾盏结石采用经皮肾造瘘通道进镜.寻找到结石后,用365μm光纤,100W 钬激光碎石治疗.结果 36例患者术后2个月复查,结石全部排净29例,占80.6%,1例进镜失败,6例仍有结石残留,需体外震波碎石治疗.该组无输尿管穿孔、大出血等严重并发症发生.结论 榆尿管软镜下钬激光碎石清石术治疗上尿路结石安全、有效,具有损伤小、恢复快等优点,尤其适用于输尿管硬镜无法到达的输尿管上段结石,以及经皮肾镜无法发现的肾上下盏内的结石,使这部分患者避免开放手术.     

一次性电子输尿管软镜同期治疗上尿路结石合并肾盂旁囊肿的初步观察（附13例报告）

目的 初步探讨一次性电子输尿管软镜同期治疗13例上尿路结石合并肾盂旁囊肿的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2018年12月－2021年12月该院收治的13例肾孟旁囊肿合并上尿路结石患者的临床资料。13例患者术前均预置双J管5～7 d，一次性电子输尿管软镜置入肾盂，确定结石和囊肿位置后，先用200 μm钬激光光纤将结石击碎成粉末状，较大的结石碎块用套石篮取出，然后再用光纤切开集合系统微凸起的肾盂旁囊肿壁，使囊腔和集合系统相通，留置双J管，近端置于切开的囊肿内，引流4周，观察手术时间、出血量和并发症等情况。结果 13例患者手术均一次性成功，手术时间19～46 min，平均（28.6±10.2）min。无继发出血、严重感染和尿外渗等并发症。1例孤立肾肾盂旁囊肿术后29 h无尿，经治疗后，36 h尿量恢复正常，复查肌酐和尿素氮均正常。术后随访3～36个月，平均（12.6±9.8）个月，上尿路结石完全清除，无囊肿复发。结论 一次性电子输尿管软镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石合并肾盂旁囊肿，损伤小，并发症发生率低，疗效确切，手术安全。     

肾盏憩室误诊为肾囊肿三例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾盏憩室的临床特点及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析2010年9月—2014年12月我科收治的3例肾盏憩室误诊病例资料并复习相关文献。结果本组3例均为青年患者,因腰部隐痛或体检发现"肾囊肿"就诊,影像学检查均提示"肾囊肿",术前均误诊为肾囊肿。2例行肾囊肿去顶术后出现漏尿,1例经肾盂造影确诊,行保守治疗;1例经输尿管导管注入亚甲蓝注射液,发现液体自囊底渗出确诊,后行憩室切除术。另1例行左肾囊肿去顶术,术中经输尿管导管注入亚甲蓝注射液,发现液体自囊低渗出确诊,中转行憩室切除术。术后随访均无复发。结论静脉肾盂造影及CT增强延迟扫描有助于肾盏憩室诊断,术前放置输尿管导管、术中逆行注入亚甲蓝注射液,观察囊壁有无蓝染,是诊断该病的可靠方法。     

经尿道输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石治疗肾盂结石的探讨

目的：探讨经尿道输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石治疗肾盂结石的疗效。方法：回顾分析7例肾盂结石经尿道输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石术式治疗的临床资料。结果：5例术后复查出现大小不等上尿路残余结石,分别予经皮肾镜碎石,经尿道输尿管镜碎石,体外振波碎石治疗后复查无残余结石。结论：肾盂结石经尿道输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石治疗需要根据结石的大小、形态及位置严格掌握适应症。     

组合式输尿管软镜联合超声引导下可视穿刺治疗肾下盏结石的临床疗效观察

目的观察铂立组合式输尿管软镜联合超声引导下可视穿刺系统治疗肾下盏结石的临床疗效。方法采用输尿管软镜联合超声引导下可视穿刺系统治疗,回顾性分析2016年1月-2017年1月该院63例肾下盏结石患者(多发结石16例,单发下盏结石47例)的临床资料,包括手术时间、出血量、结石清除率和术后并发症发生率等,评估该手术方式的安全性及有效性。结果该组患者手术时间30~60 min,平均45 min,术后并发症发热3例,疼痛2例;无需输血患者;2例因视野模糊术中改行经皮肾镜手术。术后住院时间2或3 d,平均2 d,术后复查结石残留3例,2周后行体外碎石治疗,术后1个月复查患者结石清除率100.0%。结论逆行组合式输尿管软镜联合超声引导下可视穿刺治疗肾下盏结石安全、有效,可行。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.