瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚用于老年开胸患者全凭静脉麻醉的效果分析

目的评价瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚用于老年开胸患者全凭静脉麻醉的临床效果。方法 60例拟行开胸手术的老年患者,ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组),和芬太尼组(F组),每组各30例。麻醉诱导:R组采用咪唑安定0.05 mg/kg,丙泊酚2 mg/kg,瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。F组采用芬太尼3μg/kg,代替瑞芬太尼。气管插管行机械通气。麻醉维持:R组持续泵注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.3μg/(kg.min),丙泊酚3~4 mg/(kg.h)。F组芬太尼0.03~0.05 mg/(kg.min),丙泊酚3~4 mg/(kg.min)持续泵入,两组均间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.03 mg/kg。R组在手术结束前10 min停止泵入丙泊酚,在手术结束时停止泵入瑞芬太尼。F组在手术结束前25 min停止泵入芬太尼,手术结束前10 min停止泵入丙泊酚。结果 R组诱导时血压下降幅度明显小于F组。麻醉维持期间,R组血流动力学变化小于F组。结论瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于老年开胸患者麻醉效果好,对患者的心率及血压改变不明显,术毕苏醒迅速。     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在宫腔镜手术中的应用

目的观察丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于宫腔镜手术的临床效果和安全性。方法选择拟行无痛宫腔镜手术患者100例,随机分为瑞芬太尼(R)组50例和芬太尼(F)组50例。F组先静脉滴注芬太尼2μg/kg,同时静脉滴注丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg,随后以2～3 mg/(kg.h)持续泵入。R组先静脉滴注瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,同时静脉滴注丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg,随后瑞芬太尼以0.1μg/(kg.min)持续泵入,丙泊酚以2～3 mg/(kg.min)持续泵入。结果 R组麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间、丙泊酚用量少于F组;心率、平均动脉压呼吸抑制两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术中皱眉或肢动R组明显少于F组。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉能够很好地满足宫腔镜手术的需要。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉在小儿扁桃体手术中的应用

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿扁桃体手术的临床疗效和安全性.方法 将择期行扁桃体切除术的患儿50例按随机数字表分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组25例.麻醉诱导:R组予瑞芬太尼1μg·kg(-1)(稀释后缓慢注射),F组用芬太尼3μg·kg(-1),其他用药均相同,为咪达唑仑0.1mg·kg(-1),丙泊酚2mg·kg(-1),阿曲库钱0.5mg·kg(-1);麻醉诱导后:R组持续输注瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚;F组持续吸人异氟醚维持麻醉.记录2组诱导前(T0)、诱导后(T1)、插管时(T2)、手术开始后5 min(T3)、拔管时(T4)的MAP,HR,记录2组自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、再入睡率等.结果 2组T0,T1的MAP和HR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);R组T2,T3,T4的MAP,HR均低于F组(均P<0.05);R组苏醒时间、拔管时间、再入睡率均少于F组(均P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿扁桃体手术较芬太尼、丙泊酚、异氟醚静吸麻醉围术期血流动力学更稳定,术后苏醒迅速.     

瑞芬太尼和芬太尼在婴幼儿腭裂手术中的应用比较

目的:比较瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对婴幼儿先天腭裂修补术血流动力学的影响,术后苏醒时间等。方法:选择患儿60例,随机分为瑞芬太尼组[R]组和芬太尼组[F]组。两组患儿均采用气管插管,全身麻醉,术中R组泵注瑞芬太尼0.2μg/kg·min,丙泊酚60～100μg/kg·min,F组泵注芬太尼0.08～0.1μg/kg·min,丙泊酚60～100μg/kg·min,两组均30min～40min追加阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg～0.4mg/kg,记录两组患儿血流动力学变化、术毕恢复时间等。结果:两组患儿麻醉时间无显著差异,自主恢复呼吸时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间,瑞芬太尼组均少于芬太尼组,而躁动是芬太尼组少于瑞芬太尼组。芬太尼组插管即时,切皮时,血压心率均加快,而瑞芬太尼组则平稳。结论:瑞芬太尼比芬太尼更适合用于患儿腭裂修补术。     

舒芬太尼在儿童全麻肠镜检查中的临床应用

目的观察舒芬太尼在儿童全麻肠镜检查中的临床效果和安全性。方法择期全麻下行肠镜检查患儿80例,年龄5~10岁,体重18~35 kg,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组40例。S组静注舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg,F组静注芬太尼2.0μg/kg,随后两组均静注丙泊酚2.50 mg/kg,置入双腔喉罩,丙泊酚6.00~8.00 mg/(kg·h)泵注复合七氟醚2%~3%维持麻醉。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、放置喉罩时(T_1)、肠镜至回盲瓣时(T_2)及手术结束时(T_3)等时点的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(Sp O_2)及呼吸频率(RR),同时记录苏醒时间、注射部位疼痛、术中体动、术中有无返流、术后舌后坠、恶心呕吐、咽喉部疼痛及躁动等情况。结果 F组在T1和T2时HR、MAP高于麻醉诱导前(P0.05),而S组HR、MAP差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。T_1时两组RR均较诱导前明显降低(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。T_1、T_2时S组HR和MAP明显低于F组(P0.05)。S组注射疼、诱导及苏醒时间、术后躁动发生率均较F组低(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼用于静吸复合全麻双腔喉罩通气下行小儿肠镜检查安全有效,麻醉效果满意,术中呼吸循环更稳定,术后苏醒质量高。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼对腹部手术患者麻醉气管插管血流动力学的影响

目的观察瑞芬太尼与芬太尼对腹部手术患者麻醉气管插管血流动力学的影响。方法择期行腹部手术病人42例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、年龄18～72岁，随机分为瑞芬太尼组（R组，21例）、芬太尼组（F组，21例）；诱导方法：丙泊酚2mg／kg、罗库溴胺0．6mg／kg，其中R组用瑞芬太尼2μg／kg，F组采用芬太尼3μg／kg快速诱导；记录以下各时点的SBP、DBP、HR，麻醉诱导前1min（T0），诱导后1min插管前即刻（T1）及插管后1min（T2）、3min（T3），5min（T4）。结果R组SBP、DBP、HR在T1、T2、T3与基础值及与F组比较降低，差异分别为P〈0．01、P〈0．05，插管后5min回升至插管前水平。F组SBP、DBP在T1降低，T3恢复至插管前水平，HR差异无统计学意义。结论芬太尼、瑞芬太尼均能维持患者麻醉诱导插管时血流动力学稳定，瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管的应激反应优于芬太尼，但心率减慢、血压下降亦比芬太尼明显。     

瑞芬太尼或芬太尼复合全麻下行脊柱手术的疗效比较

【目的】比较瑞芬太尼与芬太尼复合全麻应用于脊柱外科手术的效果。【方法】40例择期手术病人,随机分成瑞芬太尼组(RF组)和芬太尼组(F组)。麻醉诱导RF组采用瑞芬太尼2μg/kg,F组采用芬太尼2.5μg/kg;两组均给予咪唑安定、阿曲库铵、异丙酚诱导。行气管插管。麻醉维持:RF组瑞芬太尼(0.2~0.3)μg/(kg.min),F组:芬太尼(0.1~0.2)μg/(kg.min),持续静脉泵入。同时吸入3%~4%异氟醚,适时追加维库溴铵或阿曲库铵,术中控制麻醉深度,适时追加瑞芬太尼或芬太尼和异丙酚。术中唤醒试验前和手术结束前15 min停止吸入异氟醚;试验前和术毕前5 min停止瑞芬太尼或芬太尼泵入。记录两组各时段血流动力学变化。【结果】麻醉诱导期:RF组比F组血流动力学改变明显。麻醉维持期两组血流动力学无明显改变,但RF组因苏醒快能很好地配合术中术后唤醒试验,使医生能及时评估病情。【结论】瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵入和异氟醚吸入复合全麻能很好地配合完成脊柱手术。     

靶控输注丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼在高血压患者神经外科手术的比较研究

目的比较丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼靶控输注维持麻醉在高血压患者神经外科手术麻醉中临床效果。方法 57例血压控制不佳高血压患者(男32例、女25例),年龄42~75岁,随机分配到3组,芬太尼组(F组n=19)、舒芬太尼组(S组n=19)和瑞芬太尼组(R组n=19)。麻醉诱导:3组均丙泊酚(CP 4μg/mL)靶控输注诱导,F组给予芬太尼(3μg/kg)、S组和R组分别给予舒芬太尼(Ce0.6 ng/mL)和瑞芬太尼(CP 6 ng/mL)靶控输注。丙泊酚靶控诱导时间1 min,患者入睡后即脑电双频谱指数(BIS)<40,顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg诱导插管。麻醉维持方式同诱导。BIS值>90拔管。分别观察麻醉前(T0)、插管即刻(T1)、插管后5 min(T2),上头架前(T3)、上头架即刻(T4)、上头架后5 min(T5),拔管前(T6)、拔管即刻(T7)、拔管后15 min(T8)患者血压心率的变化。结果瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼对控制插管和上头架引起血压升高明显优于芬太尼组(P<0.05),瑞芬太尼组引起心率下降明显大于术前或其他2组(P<0.05)。拔管即刻瑞芬太尼组血压和心率和芬太尼组没有显著性差异,舒芬太尼组血压和心率显著低于芬太尼组和瑞芬太尼组。结论仅从围麻醉期间血压和心率波动来考虑,丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼靶控输注维持麻醉在高血压患者神经外科手术麻醉中更优。     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼增强丙泊酚在无痛人流术中麻醉效果的对比观察

目的：对比观察瑞芬太尼、芬太尼在无痛人流术中增强丙泊酚的麻醉效果,探求理想麻醉方式。方法：分别应用0．5μg／kg、1μg／kg瑞芬太尼、1μg／kg芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于门诊无痛人流术,对比观察患者生理变化、苏醒时间、镇痛效果、不良反应和丙泊酚用量。结果：3组间镇痛效果无差异,术中3组SBP均有下降,但呈一过性,术中F组、R1组HR变化不明显,R2组减慢。SPO2 F组及R1组下降,R2组显著下降。术后各生理指标接近术前,丙泊酚首次用量R2组少于F组和R1组。结论：0．5μg／kg瑞芬太尼或1μg／kg芬太尼复合丙泊酚对患者生理干扰小、麻醉效果确切、安全,而瑞芬太尼组能更早苏醒和离室,可推广应用。1μg／kg瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚可明显减少丙泊酚的用量,但呼吸抑制和胸肌僵直发生率较高,应在具备复苏设施条件下慎用。     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼持续泵注在颅内动脉瘤电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞术的临床应用

目的:研究丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼静脉持续泵注应用于电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞术的可行性。方法:选择择期颅内动脉瘤患者30例,随机分为R、F两组(各15例),R组行丙泊酚4~6 mg/(kg.h)和瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2μg/(kg.min)持续泵注维持麻醉,F组行单纯丙泊酚持续泵注4~6 mg/(kg.h),间断追加芬太尼维持麻醉。记录两组麻醉前(T1)、气管插管后1 min(T2)、股动脉置管后1 min(T3)、拔出气管导管时(T4)的血压(MBP)、心率(HR),术毕停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间(t1)、睁眼时间(t2)、拔管时间(t3)。结果:F组在气管插管后、股动脉置管后及拔出气管导管时的血压及心率显著高于R组,F组的呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间显著长于R组。结论:丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼持续泵注,应用于颅内动脉瘤电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞术操作简单、麻醉诱导快、术中血流动力学稳定,术后苏醒迅速而平稳,是理想的麻醉方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.