冠状动脉支架内再狭窄临床相关因素分析

目的　探讨冠状动脉支架内再狭窄与临床因素的关系。方法　前瞻性选择了冠心病易患因素、靶病变长度、支架术后管腔最小直径等 17项观察指标 ,对成功置入冠状动脉内支架 (coronarystent ,CS)并进行冠状动脉造影随访的 81例病人 (10 6条靶血管、12 2枚支架 )进行临床资料分析。单因素和多因素回归分析上述各种临床因素与再狭窄的关系。结果　 81例中有 2 7例病人的 33处原支架内发生再狭窄 ,靶病变再狭窄率为 2 7 0 %(33/ 12 2 )。单因素分析发现 :再狭窄组病人中空腹血清胰岛素 >15 μU·mL-1、血管病变长度≥ 15mm、支架术后管腔最小直径 <3 0mm者的比率明显高于无再狭窄组 (分别为 5 9 3%、33 3% ,P <0 0 5 ;6 3 6 %、38 2 % ,P <0 0 5 ;5 4 5 %、2 9 2 % ,P <0 0 1)。多元Logistic回归分析发现 :支架术后管腔最小直径 <3 0mm、靶病变长度≥15mm、空腹血清胰岛素 >15 μU·mL-1是CS术后再狭窄的独立危险因素。结论　较小的支架术后管腔最小直径、过长的靶病变、高胰岛素血症是CS术后再狭窄的最重要的独立危险因素。     

冠状动脉支架术后病人发生再狭窄的危险因素分析

目的　探讨冠状动脉支架术后再狭窄的危险因素。方法　回顾性分析我院行冠状动脉内支架植入术并进行冠状动脉造影复查随访的 49例病人的临床和造影资料。用单因素和Logistic多因素逐步回归分析方法分析了病人临床特征及冠状动脉造影特征等 2 9个变量与再狭窄的关系。结果　复查冠状动脉造影时间 ,再狭窄组明显短于无再狭窄组。再狭窄组病人合并有糖尿病史比例较无狭窄组明显增多。Logistic回归分析 :再狭窄与复查造影时间、术前心肌梗死溶栓试验 (TIMI)血流、支架直径、支架植入后病变处管腔血流速度呈显著负相关 ;与糖尿病史、美国心脏病学会和美国心脏病协会 (ACC AHA)冠状动脉病变分类呈显著正相关。结论　冠状动脉支架术后病人发生再狭窄多在术后 6个月以内。糖尿病史 ,术前TIMI血流分级 ,支架直径 ,ACC AHA病变分型 ,支架植入后病变处管腔血流速度为支架植入术后再狭窄的独立危险因素。     

冠心病支架术后再狭窄危险因素分析

目的 探讨冠心病支架术后再狭窄危险相关因素. 方法 入选126例冠心病支架术后患者,男85例,女41例,年龄38岁～81岁,按照冠状动脉造影结果分为狭窄组56例,无再狭窄组70例,平均随访时间(6.81±5.7)个月. 结果 男性、吸烟、糖尿病、病变长度、术前狭窄程度与支架内再狭窄有显著差异性(P＜0.05);和患者年龄、高血压、血脂、病变部位、分型、病变血管支数无显著差异性(P＞0.05). 结论 男性、吸烟、糖尿病、病变长度、术前狭窄程度是冠心病支架术后再狭窄危险因素,而患者年龄、高血压、血脂等与再狭窄无关.     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者金属裸支架置入术后再狭窄的临床和造影预测因素

目的探讨冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生的危险因素,建立冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测模型,为中国冠心病合并糖尿病患者药物洗脱支架的合理使用提供循证医学证据。方法分析我院2002-2004年1126例冠状动脉内非药物洗脱支架置入术患者（2376处病变）,使用多元逻辑回归分析比较术后出现再狭窄组和无再狭窄组冠心病合并糖尿病患者临床数据和造影资料,并使用上述数据库建立支架术后再狭窄发生概率预测表。结果在889例（78．9％）有6个月随访冠状动脉造影资料的患者中,151例（17％）有糖尿病。再狭窄定义为支架内及前后5mm范围内狭窄≥50％参考管腔直径。在非糖尿病组（738例）,再狭窄的发生率为21．2％,糖尿病组（151例）再狭窄的发生率为35．9％（P〈0．001）。多元逻辑分析结果显示参考血管直径（≤3．0mm）,病变长度（〉15mm）和胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素（P〈0．05）。支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测表结果显示冠心病合并糖尿病患者再狭窄发生概率首要依赖于参考血管直径。结论冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率显著增加。参考血管直径、病变长度和需要胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素。非糖尿病患者合并短病变（〈15mm）而无论参考血管直径,糖尿病患者合并冠状动脉大直径血管（〉3．0mm）合并短病变（〈15mm）预期再狭窄发生率〈15％,可以考虑使用金属裸支架。除此之外,建议使用药物洗脱支架。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体基因多态性与冠状动脉血管病变及支架内再狭窄的关系

目的 :探讨血管紧张素 - 1型受体 （AT1 R）基因的 A116 6 C多态性与冠状血管动脉硬化进程以及支架术后血管内膜增殖的相关性。方法 :对 10 6例接受冠状动脉血管造影 （CAG）和支架术的患者 ,采用 PCR进行 A116 6 C多态性检测 ,并对其中 6 0例患者于半年内行 CAG随访 ,按 CAG结果分为再狭窄组与无再狭窄组。判定血管动脉硬化进程及再狭窄与 AT1 R A116 6 C多态性的相关性。结果 :10 6例患者中无 AT1 R CC基因型。 AT1 R AA和 AC型患者术前参照血管直径及最小管腔直径均无差异 ,血管平均狭窄程度也无差异 （P>0 .0 5 ）。再狭窄组中 AA,AC和CC基因型频率分别为 0 .941,0 .0 5 9和 0 .0 0 0 ,而无再狭窄组分别为 0 .885 ,0 .115和 0 .0 0 0 ,两组间无显著性差异（χ2 =0 .6 17,P=0 .432 ）。再狭窄组 116 6 C等位基因频率为 0 .0 2 9,无再狭窄组为 0 .0 5 8,无显著性差异 （χ2 =0 .5 9,P=0 .44 2 ）。结论 :AT1 R A116 6 C多态性与血管动脉硬化进程及支架术后内膜的增殖无相关性。     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术后再狭窄的临床多因素分析

目的:通过对再狭窄和临床易患因素关系的分析,希望找出再狭窄的独立预测因素.方法;本研究回顾性分析了50例(共61支血管)在我院成功进行了PTCA术,并于术后6个月有完整冠状动脉造影随访资料的病人,通过单因素及多因素方法分析再狭窄与临床因素的关系.结果:再狭窄率为49.2%(30/61).单因素分析中发现病变AHA/ACC分型B和C型、长病变、术前直径狭窄百分比较大、术前最小管腔直径较小组的再狭窄率高,以上4个因素和再狭窄的关系有显著统计学意义(P<0.01).球囊最大充气压较大和梗塞相关血管的再狭窄率较高,以上2因素和再狭窄的关系有统计学意义(P<0.05).多元Logistic回归分析结果显示病变分型为B和C型、梗塞相关血管、最大球囊充气压较大可使再狭窄率增高.结论:病变分型、梗塞相关血管、球囊最大充气压力再狭窄的独立预测因素.     

冠心病PCI术后再狭窄的临床分析

目的：了解冠心病冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后再狭窄的原因,为预防再狭窄发生提供根据。方法：回顾性分析我院冠脉支架置入300例中冠脉造影随访的74例的临床、血管造影及处理资料。并根据随访结果有、无再狭窄分为再狭窄组（42例）,无再狭窄组（32例）,分析病人年龄、性别、冠心病易患因素,靶病变形态学及术后最小管腔开放直径（MLD）等因素与再狭窄的关系。结果：与无再狭窄组比较,再狭窄组的男性（34.4%比76.2%）、吸烟（46.9%比71.4%）、PCI术后管腔直径〈3.5mm（40.0%比62.2%）显著增加。结论：男性、吸烟、支架直径〈3.5mm与PCI后冠状动脉再狭窄有关。     

药物洗脱球囊对冠状动脉支架内二次再狭窄的临床疗效观察

目的探讨药物洗脱球囊(DEB)对不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉药物洗脱支架(DES)二次再狭窄(ISR)的临床疗效。方法回顾性选取新乡市中心医院心内科2014年6月至2016年6月冠状动脉造影证实支架内二次ISR、并需再次介入治疗的不稳定型心绞痛患者124例,根据治疗方式分为DEB组和DES组,记录两组患者介入治疗术中、术后即刻冠状动脉情况,并随访术后1年冠状动脉造影情况及主要不良心血管事件发生率。结果两组患者基线临床资料差异无统计学意义(均为P 0. 05),但两组冠状动脉支架内二次ISR病变多位于前降支、表现为局灶型狭窄;两组患者介入前靶血管直径、靶病变最小直径、靶病变长度及靶血管狭窄百分比差异均无统计学意义(均为P 0. 05),术后即刻靶血管直径和靶病变最小直径差异亦无统计学意义(均为P 0. 05),但DES组靶血管即刻获得直径和残余百分比明显优于DEB组(均为P 0. 0001)。随访1年,DES组患者的靶病变最小直径、靶病变直径狭窄百分比、晚期管腔直径丢失和晚期管腔直径净获得均优于DEB组(均为P 0. 05),DES组患者晚期管腔直径丢失率明显小于DEB组(P=0. 003),且急性心肌梗死、全因死亡、靶血管血运重建及靶病变再次血运重建率均低于DEB组(均为P 0. 05)。多因素分析发现,高血压、糖尿病、靶病变长度和支架内弥漫型病变是二次ISR的危险因素,而术后靶血管直径是其保护因素。结论 DEB治疗冠状动脉支架内二次ISR的效果不理想,不应作为冠状动脉支架内二次ISR的首选治疗方案,但需更多研究证实。     

药物洗脱支架治疗后冠状动脉再狭窄相关因素的分析

目的探讨药物洗脱支架治疗后冠状动脉再狭窄与临床和造影的相关因素。方法入选416例冠状动脉造影(CAG)资料完整的冠心病患者,男性328例,女性88例,共置入支架470枚,按照CAG结果分为再狭窄组59例和无再狭窄组357例,平均造影随访时间(7．91±2．37)个月。结果再狭窄组CAG示61枚支架发生再狭窄(13．0％),女性、既往冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)病史、慢性闭塞(CTO)病变病史、最大球囊释放压力、置入支架长度与术后再狭窄相关(P<0．05);置入支架血管直径与再狭窄高度相关(OR=0．61,95％CI:0．43～0．82,P< 0．01)。结论女性、既往CABG病史、CTO病变、血管直径、置入支架长度是支架术后再狭窄的危险因素,而糖尿病史等与再狭窄无关。     

冠状循环内巨噬细胞集落刺激因子浓度与冠状动脉介入治疗术后再狭窄的关系

目的 :评价经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)前和支架置入术后即刻、4h、2 4h冠状循环内巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(MCSF)浓度的变化及其与术后再狭窄的关系。方法 :62例接受了PTCA及冠状动脉支架置入术的稳定性心绞痛患者纳入本研究 ,均为左冠状动脉单支、单处病变。检测入选者PTCA术前和支架置入术后即刻、4h、2 4h冠状循环内血清MCSF浓度的变化 ,并对其进行了 6个月的随访 ,61例随访结束时进行冠状动脉造影 ,按有无术后再狭窄分成两组 :支架置入术后发生再狭窄 (再狭窄组 ,n =2 2 ) ,支架置入术后无再狭窄 (无再狭窄组 ,n =3 9)。结果 :支架置入术后 4h(P <0 0 1)、2 4h(P <0 0 0 1)冠状循环内血清MCSF浓度较术前显著增高 ;术后 2 4h冠状循环内血清MCSF浓度与术后 6个月靶血管直径丧失指数呈显著正相关 (r =0 49,P <0 0 1)。随访结束时 ,再狭窄组患者支架置入术后 2 4h冠状循环内MCSF浓度显著高于无再狭窄组患者 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :冠心病患者PTCA及支架置入术导致冠状循环内MCSF浓度显著增高 ;术后 2 4h冠状循环内血清MCSF浓度增高可能是支架置入术后再狭窄的预测因子。     

药物涂层球囊治疗冠状动脉药物洗脱支架内再狭窄临床分析

目的分析药物涂层球囊(DCB)在治疗冠状动脉药物涂层支架内再狭窄病变中的疗效。方法回顾性分析20例冠状动脉药物洗脱支架内再狭窄患者接受药物涂层球囊治疗的临床资料及随访结果。结果 20例患者共21处再狭窄病变接受DCB治疗,术中即刻成功率95.23%,1处病变在应用DCB治疗后并发夹层并出现TIMI 2级血流,然后植入药物洗脱支架(DES)治疗。所有病例术后随访至今无心绞痛再发,未发生主要心血管不良事件。其中12例患者在术后6~9个月接受冠状动脉造影复查,复查时靶病变最小管腔直径与术后即刻直径比较,按病变血管统计,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);合计统计比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 DCB治疗DES支架内再狭窄即刻及短期疗效肯定,可以作为支架内再狭窄的一种新的治疗手段。     

Repeated coronary angioplasty due to restenosis and disease progression - a case report

We present a case of a 71-year-old male with exercise angina and two-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). As the first step of treatment, the patient underwent successful coronary angioplasty with a stent implantation in the circumflex artery and remained free from angina for the following month. After this period, the patient underwent elective angioplasty of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery which was complicated by dissection, requiring implantation of two stents. Because of recurrent angina the patient underwent three months later another coronary angiography which revealed in-stent restenosis in LAD. The patient underwent repeated angioplasty with a good angiographic results, however, without cessation of angina Clinical and angiographic indications for percutaneous coronary interventions, according to the recent ACC/AHA guidelines, are discussed.     

Intravascular Ultrasound Predictors of Angiographic Restenosis in Lesions Treated With Palmaz-Schatz Stents

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the clinical, procedural, preinterventional and postinterventional quantitative coronary angiographic (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predictors of restenosis after Palmaz-Schatz stent placement.Background. Although Palmaz-Schatz stent placement reduces restenosis compared with balloon angioplasty, in-stent restenosis remains a major clinical problem.Methods. QCA and IVUS studies were performed before and after intervention (after stent placement and high pressure adjunct balloon angioplasty) in 382 lesions in 291 patients treated with 476 Palmaz-Schatz stents for whom follow-up QCA data were available 5.5 ± 4.8 months (mean ± SD) later. Univariate and multivariate predictors of QCA restenosis (≥50% diameter stenosis at follow-up, follow-up percent diameter stenosis [DS] and follow-up minimal lumen diameter [MLD]) were determined.Results. Three variables were the most consistent predictors of the follow-up angiographic findings: ostial lesion location, IVUS preinterventional lesion site plaque burden (plaque/total arterial area) and IVUS assessment of final lumen dimensions (whether final lumen area or final MLD). All three variables predicted both the primary (binary restenosis) and secondary (follow-up MLD and follow-up DS) end points. In addition, a number of variables predicted one or more but not all the end points: 1) restenosis (IVUS preinterventional lumen and arterial area); 2) follow-up DS (QCA lesion length); and 3) follow-up MLD (QCA lesion length and preinterventional MLD and DS and IVUS preinterventional lumen and arterial area).Conclusions. Ostial lesion location and IVUS preinterventional plaque burden and postinterventional lumen dimensions were the most consistent predictors of angiographic in-stent restenosis.     

Late target lesion revascularization after implantation of sirolimus‐eluting stent

Objectives : We evaluated the incidence, clinical presentation, and angiographic in‐stent restenosis (ISR) pattern of late target lesion revascularization (TLR) after sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) implantation. Background : Late TLR is an unusual finding beyond 6–9 months after bare‐metal stent implantation. However, late TLR after SES implantation has not been sufficiently evaluated. Methods : The study population consisted of 804 patients with 1,020 native lesions that were patent at 6‐month follow‐up angiogram after SES implantation. Results : Late TLR was performed in 18 patients with 18 lesions (1.8%) at 24.1 ± 2.6 months (range; 18–30 months) after SES implantation. Clinical presentation of late TLR patients was silent ischemia in eight patients and recurrent angina in 10 patients, but none had an acute coronary syndrome. Angiographic ISR pattern of late TLR lesions were focal ISR in 12 lesions (67%) and diffuse ISR in six lesions (33%). Serial quantitative coronary angiographic analysis of these lesions showed a minimal lumen diameter of 2.6 ± 0.5 mm immediately after SES implantation, 2.4 ± 0.4 mm at 6‐month follow‐up and 0.7 ± 0.6 mm at 24‐month follow‐up (ANOVA P < 0.001). By stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictor of late TLR was stent length (P < 0.001, OR = 1.040, 95% CI = 1.019–1.061). Conclusions : Late TLR was performed in 1.8% of 1,020 native lesions that were patent at 6‐month follow‐up angiogram. Clinical presentations of late TLR was either silent ischemia or recurrent angina, but not acute coronary syndrome. Two‐thirds of late TLR lesions had a focal angiographic ISR pattern. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Incidence and predictors of late total occlusion following coronary stenting

To determine the incidence and predictors of total occlusion in‐stent restenosis, we reviewed three randomized stent vs. stent trials and one stent registry, which provided 955 coronary artery lesions with 6‐month angiographic follow‐up. Fifteen (1.6%) of the 955 stented lesions were totally occluded at 6‐month follow‐up. Most patients with total occlusion presented with recurrent angina at the time of repeat angiography (60.0%) while no patient presented with an acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The univariate predictors of total occlusion following elective coronary stenting included stenting for restenosis after a previous percutaneous intervention (P = 0.001), longer stent length (P < 0.001), longer lesion length (P < 0.001), smaller reference vessel diameter (P = 0.022), smaller preprocedure minimum lumen diameter (MLD; P = 0.004), and smaller postprocedure MLD (P = 0.036). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that stenting for restenotic lesions (P = 0.004), longer stent length (P < 0.001), and smaller preprocedure MLD (P = 0.012) were independent predictors of total occlusion following coronary stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:344‐351. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Results of the quantitative coronary angiographic analysis in the angiographic subgroup of the Multi-Link 2.5 Portuguese Registry.

INTRODUCTION: The restenosis rate of stents implanted into small coronary arteries is considered higher than that of stents in arteries > or = 3 mm, but could be influenced by clinical parameters and by the type and length of the stents. OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of angiographic restenosis at 6 months after implantation of 2.5 mm ACS RX Multi-Link (ML) stents, 15 and 25 mm length, in de novo coronary stenosis. DESIGN: Angiographic substudy of the Portuguese Multi-Link 2.5 Registry, which included Interventional Cardiology centers with facilities for coronary angiographic recordings allowing quantitative analysis. POPULATION: Between April 7 and November 20 1998 and in the 5 hospitals that agreed to participate, 61 patients were enrolled and 40 selected as having procedural and 6-month angiographies of sufficient quality for quantitative analysis. The only significant differences in the demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics of the patients relative to those of the Registry were the lower prevalence of unstable angina and smoking in the angiographic substudy. There were 43 lesions and 46 ML stents were implanted. In 37% the lesions were located in the LAD, in 37% in the LCx and 26% in the RCA. 29 stents of 15 mm length and 17 stents of 25 mm were used. METHODS: The morphologic characteristics of the lesions were analyzed subjectively using the AHA/ACC classification. Quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) was performed, in an independent laboratory using the CAAS 2 system, for reference vessel diameter, lesion length, percentage of stenosis, minimum lumen diameter (MLD) and related parameters. Restenosis was defined as > or = 50% lumen obstruction at 6-month angiography. RESULTS: In the subjective analysis, 2 lesions were type B1, 27 type B2 and 14 type C. The overall restenosis rate was 32.6%. Restenosis was 27.7% for 15 mm stents and 36% for 25 mm stents (p = 0.4). For the QCA parameters analyzed, only MLD at the end of stent implantation was a predictor of 6-month restenosis (2.19 +/- 0.30 without vs. 2.03 +/- 0.18 with restenosis, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: The restenosis rate of the Multi-Link 2.5 mm stents, of 15 and 25 mm length, was similar to that described with other types of stents in small coronary arteries. Minimum lumen diameter after stenting was found to be the best predictor of 6-month restenosis.     

The new Polish stent Chopin. Assessment of safety and efficacy in the treatment of de-novo coronary lesions using percutaneous angioplasty

AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) using the new Polish stent "Chopin" (Balton, Poland). METHODS: The study consisted of experimental and clinical parts. In the experimental phase, the new stent was implanted into 5 pigs and control coronary angiography as well as intracoronary ultrasonography (ICUS) were performed 30 days later. In the clinical phase, 101 patients (57% of males, mean age 55.6+/-10 years) with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) with "de novo" coronary lesions (including 12% of patients with unstable angina and 19% with acute myocardial infarction [MI]) underwent stent implantation. The patients were followed for 6 months for the occurrence of cardiac events. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS: In total, we attempted to implant 107 stents, which resulted in the successful deployment of 106 stents to 105 coronary arteries. The mean diameter of the stents was 3.2+/-0.3 mm, and length - 15.4+/-2 mm. During a one month follow-up period no cardiac events were noted. During a 6-month follow-up no death or new MI were recorded. Repeated target vessel revascularisation due to recurrent angina and in-stent restenosis was required in 15 (15.5%) patients. Control coronary angiography was performed in 97 (96%) patients. Of 101 stents, angiographic restenosis (narrowing of dilated lesion by >50% of vessel lumen) was documented in 18.8% of cases. The mean late vessel lumen loss was 0.77+/-0.6 mm, and stenosis - 29.1+/-20%. The restenosis rate was significantly higher in patients with unstable angina rather than in those with stable angina or acute MI. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of the new Polish stent "Chopin" during PCI is safe and effective.