肱骨远端骨折全肘关节成形术

从4篇病例报道与1篇对照试验的研究可以看出,肱骨远端骨折行全肘关节成形术(TEA)效果良好.绝大多数患者TEA后功能结果为优良,很少发生松动、感染等并发症.异位骨化发生率为6%～16%,但是由于多数研究样本量较小、随访期限短,缺乏TEA与开放复位内固定比较的大量研究,因此还不能说TEA优于ORIF.     

双侧重建钢板治疗肱骨远端骨折

肱骨远端骨折治疗方法很多,但效果并不令人满意.切开复位内固定术是治疗肱骨远端骨折的主要手段,但也常常出现术后固定不稳定,影响肘关节功能恢复.该文通过对各种手术入路及内固定方法的分析,认为双侧重建钢板固定治疗肱骨远端骨折能提供有效持久的固定,显著降低了相关并发症的发生,促进了肘关节功能的恢复.     

全肘关节置换术治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折的早期临床疗效分析

目的探讨肘关节置换术治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折的早期疗效。方法2005年8月至2006年4月,通过肘关节置换术治疗3例复杂肱骨髁间骨折患者。1例男性,38岁,伴血友病关节炎,AO分型为C2型骨折,行一期肘关节置换。2例女性,年龄分别为66、82岁,伴类风湿关节炎,其中1例AO分型为C1型,行一期肘关节置换;另1例AO分型为C2型,行切开复位内固定手术失败后接受肘关节置换术。以Mayo评分评估其肘关节功能。结果3例患者均获得随访,随访时间3～10个月。1例伴血友病关节炎的肱骨髁间骨折患者术后的Mayo评分为良(75分),2例伴类风湿关节炎的肱骨髁间骨折患者中,内固定手术失败后接受肘关节置换的患者Mayo评分为良(85分),另1例患者的Mayo评分为优(95分)。3例肘关节置换患者近期随访均未出现疼痛、假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症。结论对年龄偏大、骨质疏松明显、骨折粉碎难以复位和固定、关节毁损严重的老年肱骨髁间骨折患者,实施肘关节置换术可获得满意疗效。     

人工肘关节置换术治疗复杂肱骨远端骨折

目的 探讨人工肘关节置换术治疗复杂肱骨远端骨折的意义.方法 2005年5月至2008年10月对12例新鲜肱骨远端骨折接受肘关节置换术的患者进行临床随访.患者平均年龄60岁,平均随访时间12个月.骨折按照AO分型,C2型3例,C3型9例.关节假体均为半限制型Coonrad-Morrey假体.随访内容包括疼痛评估,关节活动度、稳定性检查和肌力检查,并发症检查,Mayo肘关节评分,上肢失能评分(DASH评分),放射学评估,有无假体松动和异位骨化.结果 2例患者有轻度疼痛.平均屈曲98.3°,平均伸直受限17.9°,平均旋前82.9°,平均旋后70.8°.12例患者肘关节检查均为稳定的关节.患者对治疗结果均满意.1例伤口不愈合,2例有尺神经症状.1例肘关节屈伸肌力Ⅳ级.未发现异位骨化和假体松动.Mayo肘关节评分优3例,良9例.DASH评分平均41.3分(25～75分).结论 对于严重骨质疏松、骨折粉碎严重而内固定不能获得稳定固定、关节面严重破坏(骨折或者关节炎病变)预计会发展为创伤性或炎症性关节炎的病例进行肘关节置换可以获得良好功能.     

The outcome of peri-operative humeral condylar fractures after total elbow replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

We compared the outcome of peri-operative humeral condylar fractures in patients undergoing a Coonrad-Morrey semiconstrained total elbow replacement with that of patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing the same procedure without fractures. In a consecutive series of 40 elbows in 33 patients, 13 elbows had a fracture in either condyle peri-operatively, and 27 elbows were intact. The fractured condyle was either fixed internally or excised. We found no statistical difference in the patients' background, such as age, length of follow-up, immobilisation period, Larsen's radiological grade, or Steinbrocker's stage and functional class. There was also no statistical difference between the groups in relation to the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, muscle strength, range of movement, or radiolucency around the implants at a mean of 4.8 years (1.1 to 8.0) follow-up. We conclude that fractured condyles can be successfully treated with either internal fixation or excision, and cause no harmful effect.     

Distal femoral fractures treated by hinged total knee replacement in elderly patients

Although the use of constrained cemented arthroplasty to treat distal femoral fractures in elderly patients has some practical advantages over the use of techniques of fixation, concerns as to a high rate of loosening after implantation of these prostheses has raised doubts about their use. We evaluated the results of hinged total knee replacement in the treatment of 54 fractures in 52 patients with a mean age of 82 years (55 to 98), who were socially dependent and poorly mobile. Within the first year after implantation 22 of the 54 patients had died, six had undergone a further operation and two required a revision of the prosthesis. The subsequent rate of further surgery and revision was low. A constrained knee prosthesis offers a useful alternative treatment to internal fixation in selected elderly patients with these fractures, and has a high probability of surviving as long as the patient into whom it has been implanted.     

Distal humeral fractures in adults

Distal humeral fractures in adults are relatively uncommon injuries that require operative intervention in the majority of cases. Dual plate fixation, with placement of a separate strong plate on each column and orientation of the plates either at 90° or 180° to each other, is indicated for all adult fractures involving both columns of the distal part of the humerus. Acute total elbow arthroplasty is the preferred treatment for elderly patients with a displaced, comminuted, intra-articular distal humeral fracture that is not amenable to stable internal fixation. Displaced coronal shear fractures of the distal humeral articular surface require operative fixation, most typically via a lateral approach.     

Distal humeral fractures in the adult

Distal humeral fractures in the adult often are complicated by pseudarthrosis, pain, and limitation of motion. Of 29 adult patients with distal humeral fractures treated in teaching hospitals, 22 obtained acceptable results. Twenty-two percent of those treated by open methods and 36% of those treated by closed methods had unacceptable results. Ninety percent of the patients starting physiotherapy within six weeks of injury recovered well, while over half of those starting physiotherapy after six weeks had unsatisfactory results. Even comminuted fractures healed when treated by internal fixation and started early on exercises. The most important indicator of end result was the starting time of physiotherapy. Rigid internal fixation is recommended for this fracture, but if stability is not likely to be accomplished by open reduction, nonoperative measures are preferable.     

Proximal humeral fractures treated with arthroplasty

P74ro50x%iyme aaolrfs h houulmdm.eer raAalfl t effrrraa cactgtuuerr ee5ss0,ainc wc oopumanteiten nf othsra vomeldo reaer m tthhucaanhnhigher incidence of proximal humeral fractures thanmen.In patients younger than50years old,high-energy trauma is the most common cause of proximalhumeral fractures,and after age50,minimal-to-moderate trauma is the most common cause.1Neer s classification,the most popularclassification system for proximal humeral fractures,isbased on the anatomical relationship o…     

Revision total elbow replacement

The range of general and specific adverse event in total elbow arthroplasty is similar in principle and practice to all other revision prosthetic arthroplasty but with three particular challenges: loss of humeral and ulnar bone stock; insufficiency of the extensor ‘mechanism’; and the management of the ulnar nerve. Total elbow replacement is presently performed for the management of complex non-reconstructable distal humeral fractures in osteoporotic bone, for post-traumatic arthropathy, and for medically managed inflammatory arthritides in which metaphyseal bone architecture is often preserved while the articular surface is degenerate. In all these conditions the patient often presents for revision total elbow arthroplasty with relevant co-morbidities and relevant musculoskeletal dysfunction (for example: ipsilateral shoulder, wrist, thumb or hand dysfunction).Infection is a universal concern for revision arthroplasty but where the soft tissue ‘envelope’ is compromised and already limited, as in the proximal forearm, it is difficult to eradicate, particularly in immunocompromised patients.Bone loss compromises subsequent implantation of a revision prosthesis, while failure to restore the working lengths of the humerus and ulna reduces the strength of the flexor and extensor compartment muscles for elbow motion.Failure to restore the continuity of the triceps aponeurosis - antebrachial fascia and triceps medial head-olecranon components of the extensor ‘mechanism’ also compromises extensor power. Prior triceps-dividing surgical approaches will determine the elasticity, and therefore pliability, of the extensor ‘mechanism’: this will have a role in determining how much gain in length of the humeral side can be safely achieved.The ulnar nerve, and its management during elbow arthroplasty, is a source of frequent concern, particularly for revision of an elbow arthroplasty undertaken for distal non-reconstructable humeral articular fractures or post-traumatic arthropathy, in which the position of the ulnar nerve is never anatomic. For these reasons revision total elbow replacement (RTER) is challenging: it requires experience with surgical exposures of the elbow including the major nerve trunks, familiarity with the restoration of bone stock, a range of prostheses and techniques for prosthetic implantation, the ability to achieve adequate soft tissue cover and primary closure, and a logical approach to individualised rehabilitation.     

肱三头肌两侧入路双钢板技术治疗肱骨远端骨折

肱骨远端骨折临床常见,对于粉碎性骨折,如果处理不当容易发生骨不愈合、肘内翻畸形及肘关节功能障碍等严重并发症.目前,对其治疗原则多趋向于及早切开复位、坚强内固定及术后早期功能锻炼,以降低并发症的发生率.我科自2004年2月至2007年7月采用肱三头肌两侧入路双钢板技术治疗肱骨远端骨折17例,获得了满意的疗效,现报告如下.     

Periprosthetic humeral fractures after total elbow arthroplasty: treatment with implant revision and strut allograft augmentation

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic fractures are among the most challenging complications of elbow arthroplasty, and published information about the outcome of treatment is limited. The purpose of the present study was to determine the results of implant revision and strut allograft augmentation for the treatment of humeral periprosthetic fractures that occur around a loose humeral component. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1999, eleven periprosthetic fractures that occurred around a loose humeral component were treated with cortical strut allograft augmentation and revision arthroplasty with use of a Coonrad-Morrey semiconstrained implant. Six fractures occurred after a primary arthroplasty, and five occurred after a revision arthroplasty. Two parallel strut grafts were used for fracture fixation in most cases. Patients were followed for an average of three years (range, nine months to 7.8 years) and were evaluated clinically and radiographically. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographic fracture union was obtained in ten of the eleven patients. One patient required revision surgery because of aseptic loosening of the humeral component seven years and nine months after fracture union; there were no other implant failures. Complications included one additional nondisplaced humeral periprosthetic fracture after surgery that failed to heal with closed treatment, one olecranon fracture, one permanent ulnar nerve injury, and one case of triceps insufficiency. At the time of the most recent follow-up, seven of the eight patients with an intact reconstruction had a functional arc of motion and no or slight pain and one had limited motion and moderate pain. CONCLUSIONS: Periprosthetic humeral fractures that are associated with a loose humeral component can be effectively treated with revision elbow arthroplasty and strut allograft augmentation. The technique is associated with a high rate of fracture union, implant survival, and satisfactory clinical results. However, the complication rate is substantial.     

肱骨远端骨折全肘关节成形术与切开复位内固定术的比较

概要 根据一项小样本随机对照研究和一项小样本回顾性队列研究的结果,肱骨远端骨折时,与切开复位内固定术(ORIF)相比,全肘关节成形术(TEA)可有效改善肘关节的功能恢复.研究认为,采用TEA治疗的患者术后肘关节Mayo功能评分明显更优.另外,TEA治疗组术后患者自述的DASH评分、肘关节活动度、二次手术率也优于ORIF治疗组,尽管该差异无统计学意义.两种治疗方法术后并发症的发生率相似,但是对于异位骨化的发生率各研究结论不一.     

Distal femoral replacement for selective periprosthetic fractures above a total knee arthroplasty

Background and aim

The management of distal femur periprosthetic fractures in the elderly remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of distal segmental femur replacement as an alternative to fixation in complex distal femoral periprosthetic fractures in elderly patients.

Methods

Twelve patients were included in this prospective study, with a mean age of 78 years (range 68–90 years); incidentally, all were female. Fractures of the distal femur were classified as per Kim et al.’s classification (Clin Orthop Relat Res 446:167–175, 2006); our series included eight patients with type III and four patients with type II periprosthetic fractures. All 12 patients were treated with segmental distal femur replacement (Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA). Nine patients required 90 cm and three patients required 130 cm of distal femur segment with a rotating hinge knee prosthesis.

Results

The mean follow up period was 20 months (range 15–28 months), with no major surgical complications reported. The mean duration of hospital stay following surgery was 12 days (range 7–36 days). All patients were mobilising full weight-bearing by day 3. All patients returned to their prior living arrangements. Ten patients returned to their original domicile, with one patient being discharged to a care home requiring minimal ambulatory assistance. The remaining two patients returned to their care homes.

Conclusions

WOMAC scores improved from the pre-injury state with a mean of 49.62 to 72.54 post-surgery (p-value of 0.0001). The Knee Society scores, possible only following surgery, had a mean value of 72. The mean VAS pain score was 1.75 (0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain ever felt). The average range of knee flexion was from 4° to 89° (range ?5° to 110°). The mean SF-36 physical functioning score was 45.64 [range 40.70–48.90; standard deviation (SD) ?2.62] and the mean SF-36 mental functioning score was 52.94 (range 45.8–57.70; SD ?3.38).     

Prosthetic replacement for proximal humeral fractures

The ideal management of complex proximal humeral fractures continues to be debatable. Evolution of proximal humeral fracture management, during the past decade, led to the implementation of many innovations in surgical treatment. Even though the pendulum of treatment seems to swing towards new trends such as locked plating, hemiarthroplasty remains a valid and reliable option that serves the patient's needs well. Hemiarthroplasty is indicated for complex proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients with poor bone stock and when internal fixation is difficult or unreliable. Hemiarthroplasty provides a better result when it is performed early post-injury. Stem height, retroversion and tuberosity positioning are technical aspects of utmost importance. Additionally reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is an alternative new modality that can be used as a primary solution in selected patients with proximal humeral fracture treatment. Failed hemiarthroplasty and fracture sequelae can be successfully managed with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Individual decision-making and tailored treatment that takes into consideration the personality of the fracture and the patient's characteristics should be used.     

Periprosthetic humeral fractures after shoulder and elbow arthroplasty

Due to rapidly increasing numbers of arthroplasty surgeries of the upper extremity, periprosthetic humeral fractures after shoulder and elbow arthroplasty, formerly described as rare, may hence increase in the near future. Therefore the aim of the present work was to give an overview of the existing literature including possible classifications as well as an update on treatment concepts and experiences with own cases. After a literature research have been done, existing prevalence, classifications and treatment options, mostly described in case series, were processed to create an overview of the existing state of knowledge. Additionally 7 own cases are described in detail to show the different treatment options used at the authors department. The currently used classification systems take fracture location, angulation and rotation and fixation of the implant into account. Possible solutions for periposthetic fractures of the humerus include conservative management, open reduction and internal fixation for stable prosthesis and long stemmed implants for lose implants as well as the use of additional allo- or autogeneous bone grafting and reverse shoulder arthroplasty in revision cases with rotator cuff dysfunction. After all treatment of periprosthetic humeral fractures after shoulder and elbow arthroplasty remain a challenging problem.     

Proximal humeral fractures with minimal displacement treated conservatively

We reviewed 27 patients with a minimally displaced proximal humeral fracture treated conservatively after a mean follow-up of 25 (12–34) months. All fractures had united. Patients were evaluated using the Constant-Murley scoring system, and isokinetic muscle strength was tested using a Cybex dynamometer. Finally, all shoulders were examined ultrasonographically. The mean Constant score for all patients were 81 (54–100). Twenty-three patients had no or only mild pain, while three had moderate and one severe pain necessitating regular use of oral analgesics. Twenty patients were able to perform all activities of daily living, but seven had mild trouble in overhead activities and weight carrying. Only in one patient, the abduction peak torque equalled the one of the opposite shoulder. In all other patients, the peak torque was lower than, and in 14 patients below, 50%. In nine patients, rotator cuff tears were seen at ultrasonography.

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Résumé Nous avons examiné 27 malades avec une fracture humérale proximale peu déplacée traitée dune manière conservatrice après un suivi moyen de 25 (12–34) mois. Toutes les fractures avaient consolidé. Les malades ont été évalués avec le score de Murley Constant et la force musculaire isokinetique a été testée par un dynamomètre Cybex. Toutes les épaules ont été examinées par échographie. Le score de Constant moyen pour tous les malades était de 81 (54–100). Vingt-trois malades navaient aucune douleur ou des douleurs très discrètes, trois avaient des douleurs modérées et une patiente avait des douleurs sévères nécessitant lusage régulier danalgésiques oraux. Vingt malades étaient capables dexécuter toutes les activités de la vie quotidienne mais sept avaient des difficultés pour les activités en hauteur et pour le port de charges. Chez seulement un patient la force dabduction maximum était égale à celle de lépaule opposée, pour tous les autres malades elle était inférieure et chez 14 dentre eux elle était même à moins de la moitié. Chez neuf patients une déchirure de la coiffe des rotateurs était visible à léchographie.