有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者近期疗效比较

目的比较单一经典抗精神病药物（奋乃静）或心境稳定剂（碳酸锂）合并小剂量经典抗精神病药物（奋乃静）治疗有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者的疗效和安全性;探讨影响患者近期疗效的主要因素。方法（1）将符合入组标准的精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者70例随机分为甲组34例和乙组36例两组进行为期6周治疗。甲组为单一中至大剂量经典抗精神病药物（奋乃静）治疗;乙组为心境稳定剂（碳酸锂）合并中至小剂量经典抗精神病药物（奋乃静）治疗。以Bech—Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMs）和临床总体印象量表（CGI）评定患者的疗效,以不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定患者的副反应;（2）采用临床流行病学方法,探讨影响有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者近期疗效的主要因素。结果（1）在治疗第6周末,甲组患者的临床治愈率38．2％,有效率94．1％（33／34）;乙组的临床治愈率63．9％,有效率100％（36／36）,乙组在临床疗效及药物不良反应上均显著性优于甲组（P〈0．05）;（2）有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者的近期疗效好,影响有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者近期疗效的主要因素为患者的起病年龄、病前社会功能、病程特点及患者的精神病性症状与心境的协调性,以急性起病、病前社会功能良好、间歇性病程及患者的精神病性症状与患者心境相协调者的近期疗效为佳。结论（1）心境稳定剂合并小剂量经典抗精神病药物在治疗有精神病性症状的躁狂发作时,临床疗效优于单一经典抗精神病药物治疗且副反应相对少;（2）有精神病性症状的躁狂发作患者的近期疗效好,患者的近期疗效受多种因素的影响。     

伴有与心境不一致精神病性症状的躁狂症临床特征对照分析

在情感性精神障碍的临床研究中，人们发现不少躁狂症伴有与心境不一致的精神病性症状。Welner等对221例躁狂发作的症状进行统计分析，结果发现真正属于“经典型”躁狂发作的仅占30％，大部分的躁狂发作呈现非典型表现，此类伴有与心境不一致的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂症，在临床治疗及分……     

伴有与心境不一致精神病性症状的噪狂症临床特征对照分析

在情感性精神障碍的临床研究中，人们发现不少躁狂症伴有与心境不一致的精神病性症状。Ｗｅｌｎｅｒ等对２２１例躁狂发作的症状进行统计分析，结果发现真正属于“经典型”躁狂发作的仅占３０％，大部分的躁狂发作呈现非典型表现［１］，此类伴有与心境不一致的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂症，在临床治疗及分类上有何不同，是否为情感障碍的一个独立亚型，不少学者对此进行了广泛和深入的研究［１～３］。本文选择一组非典型躁狂症的一般临床资料，将其与其它躁狂症进行比较，就其差异性进行进一步的探讨。１资料与方法本文资料来自华西医科大…     

伴有与心境不一致精神病性特征躁狂症的临床分析

随着情感性障碍临床研究的不断深入,人们发现躁 狂症较多出现精神病性症状。六十年代,Welner等对221例279次躁狂发作的症状进行统计分析,认为真正属于“经典型”躁狂发作的仅占30％。近十年来,非典型躁狂症的研究更为广泛。但迄今国内专门选择伴有与心境不一致的精神病性特征的躁狂症的临床报道甚     

典型和非典型抗精神病药合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的对照研究

目的探讨典型和非典型抗精神病药物合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的疗效。方法将94例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者分为典型抗精神病药物组（43例）和非典型抗精神病药物组（51例）,进行为期8周的疗效比较。采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床大体印象量表（CGI）、副反应量表（TESS）以及药物依从性量表分别于入组前和入组第1、2、4、6和8周末时进行评定。结果治疗结束时,两组BRMS评分较入组时均显著减低（P〈0．01）;临床总有效率：典型抗精神病药物组83．7％,非典型抗精神病药物组82．3％;两组疗效差异无显著性。非典型药物组的不良反应较典型组少,药物依从性较典型组高。结论非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的疗效肯定,不良反应较少,安全性高,依从性好,适合临床应用。     

精神分裂症与分裂情感性障碍的核心特征与治疗

精神分裂症是一种严重的精神障碍,在普通人群中的患病率为0.5%~1.0%,在住院患者中,其比例更高。由于精神分裂症的不同亚型在治疗上并无区别,并且容易给临床诊断造成混乱,因此,DSM-5去除了精神分裂症的亚型。分裂情感性障碍的患病率约为精神分裂症的一半。其症状相当于既有精神分裂症的A组症状,同时又有心境症状,例如重性抑郁或躁狂。诊断此障碍必须符合两个关键标准:(1)在半数以上的病程中,除了存在精神分裂症诊断标准A的症状以外,还伴有重性抑郁发作或躁狂发作;(2)在没有心境发作至少2周(抑郁或躁狂)的情况下,存在持续的妄想或幻觉,即证明这些精神病性症状并非由心境发作所致。     

伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者人口学及临床特征

目的比较伴与不伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者的人口学及临床特点。方法数据来源于"中国双相障碍患者诊断评估服务研究"项目,将来自全国13个研究中心的1172例抑郁症患者,根据有无精神病性症状,分为伴精神病性症状组和不伴精神病性症状组,采用自制调查问卷收集患者社会人口学及临床特征方面的资料,比较两组差异,并分析抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状的影响因素。结果 13.3%(156/1172)的抑郁症患者伴有精神病性症状。与不伴精神病性症状组相比,伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者起病早,年龄小,更多已婚,既往抑郁发作次数多,因精神疾病住院次数多,抑郁发作频繁,更多患者伴非典型特征、有周期性或季节性特点、伴自杀观念及精神障碍家族史(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,起病年龄(OR=0.972,95%CI:0.957～0.987)、抑郁发作频繁(OR=2.099,95%CI:1.233～3.573)、伴非典型特征(OR=1.937,95%CI:1.277～2.939)、伴自杀观念(OR=1.654,95%CI:1.147～2.385)与抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状相关(均P0.05)。结论伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者具有起病年龄早、抑郁发作频繁、更常伴非典型特征、伴自杀观念的特点。     

双相情感障碍抑郁相与单相抑郁发作临床分析

目的:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作进行临床分析。方法:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作患者各30例进行临床分析。结果:双相情感障碍抑郁相有如下特点:①发病年龄早;②女性多见;③具有“精力过盛”性人格;④一级亲属中有双相障碍的家族史;⑤症状多为非典型抑郁发作或伴有精神病性症状。结论:如首次抑郁发作的症状符合以上特点,则可能以后发展为双相情感障碍,应使用足量心境稳定剂,谨慎使用抗抑郁剂,以免转为躁狂发作。     

碳酸锂合并典型和非典型抗精神病药治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的1年随访

目的探讨碳酸锂合并典型和非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者1年的疗效及安全性。方法将94例双相障碍躁狂发作患者分为两组,分别给予碳酸锂合并典型抗精神病药物(典型组,43例)和非典型抗精神病药物(非典型组,51例)治疗,随访1年。采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)、临床大体印象量表(CGI)、副反应量表(TESS)以及药物依从性量表分别于入组前和入组第1、2、4、8、12个月末进行评定,比较两组的疗效及安全性。结果治疗结束时,两组BRMS评分较入组时均显著减低(P<0.01);典型组和非典型组的临床总有效率分别为95.3%和96.1%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。非典型组在12个月末依从性优于典型组(P<0.05)。结论碳酸锂合并典型和非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效相当,但后者依从性更好     

卒中后躁狂与早发躁狂,晚发躁狂的对照研究

目的 探讨卒中后躁狂与早发躁狂、晚发躁狂的临床特征。方法 将符合CCMD-2-R躁狂发作诊断标准的25例卒中后躁狂患者与16～30岁首发躁狂的早发组、60岁以后首发躁狂的晚发组进行对照。结果 卒中组较早发组男性多见,少有家族史,个性多内向,多伴与心境不协调的被害妄想、记忆减退、计算力下降、表情欣快、情感不稳等器质性表现;且在合并用药及剂量方面有差异。与晚发组相比,起病多缓慢,且多无诱因。三者临床疗效均较好。结论 卒中后躁狂、早发躁狂、晚发躁狂各有其临床特征。     

Classification of long-term clinical course of 'atypical psychosis': a 20-year follow-up study at a medical school hospital]

To study the long-term clinical course and outcomes of atypical psychosis, 8 patients diagnosed with atypical psychosis were observed for more than 12 years (mean, 20 years). Retrospective examination was performed, particularly with respect to clinical features at each episode. The overall course of each case was classified as one of the following three types: Type I--"Recurrent confused state" type. Patients frequently repeated acute transient confused or dream-like states in a similar way, sometimes and/or for part of the episode accompanied by a floating paranoid-hallucinatory state. Duration of psychotic episode was short, persisting for a few days to about one month. Type II--"Manic-depressive illness similar" type. After a long course of disease, the predominantly early middle-aged patients (30- to 40 years-old) demonstrated fewer original characteristic features of acute confused or dream-like states. Instead, manic or depressive episodes tended to predominate. Duration of psychotic episodes exceeded the duration of type I episodes, to a maximum of about 3 months. Type III--"Appearance of residual state" type. After several episodes characterized by transient confused state during middle age, residual states consisting of a slight depressive state, reduced spontaneity and flattening of emotions appear. These states become durable and the periodicity of the disease disappeared. We conclude that the core group of atypical psychosis patients presents with confused symptoms as a clinical feature of episodes, and with the recurrent confused state type representing the long-term clinical course. "Shift to manic-depressive illness similar" and "appearance of residual state" types were considered to be derived from the core group, according to the interplay of personality structure and viable dynamics.     

Manic episode with psychotic symptoms in a patient with Parkinson's disease treated by subthalamic nucleus stimulation: improvement on switching the target

Manic symptoms have been reported as adverse effects of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson's disease. In previous reports, manic symptoms were described as transient, not associated with psychotic features, and improved spontaneously or with medical adjustments. The medial part of the STN seems to play a key role in the occurrence of these manic symptoms. We report the case of a manic episode with psychotic symptoms in a patient with Parkinson's disease treated by STN DBS, which improved with a change in the stimulated target. This case demonstrates the efficacy of switching the stimulation target against a manic episode with psychotic features secondary to DBS.     

Symptômes psychotiques dans l’épisode maniaque. Un regard de psychiatre libéral

Private practice requires particular vigilance with regard to signs of mood instability in patients with bipolar disorders, in particular the manic aspect, because of the risk of disruption in care. Between the episodes, psychotic symptoms can be sequels or prodroms and, if so, often stereotyped from one episode to the next. During the manic episode, mood-congruent symptoms (grandiosity, possessing superpowers, having a special relationship with God or with celebrities) are most common, but mood-incongruent symptoms (delusions of persecution, auditory hallucinations, first-rank Schneiderian symptoms) are not uncommon. In the absence of delusions or hallucinations, the clinician must be alert to a decline in insight, or when the patient shows symptoms of formal thought disturbances. For certain classical authors, mania was, by itself, a psychotic experience. The relationship between the severity of mania and the existence of psychotic symptoms is strong, but not exclusive. Some patients that have not completely stopped their treatment can have moderate symptoms of mania, albeit with some psychotic symptoms. Congruent and non-congruent psychotic symptoms may persist beyond the manic episode, raising the question of schizoaffective (SA) disorder when elements of a diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are met. SA is a disputed diagnostic category, whose stability over time is unsatisfactory. The management of psychotic symptoms with mania is difficult in private practice: a clinical case of a female bipolar patient with erotomania before and during manic episodes illustrates the difficulties of management when the patient's insight fluctuates. The side-effects of treatments, a hypomanic switch, induced by an antidepressant despite two mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate), followed by a period of mood instability and a lack of medical coordination had contributed to an interruption in care. Statistical multivariate analyses and the grouping of symptoms and patients together with factor and network analyses suggest a partial independence of psychotic symptoms from other manic symptoms and, in cluster analyses, the likelihood of a subgroup of manic patients with psychotic symptoms.     

Clinical correlates of first-episode polarity in bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and long-term implications of mood polarity at illness onset. METHODS: During a 10-year follow-up prospective study, systematic clinical and outcome data were collected from 300 bipolar I and II patients. The sample was split into 2 groups according to the polarity of the onset episode (depressive onset [DO] vs manic/hypomanic onset [MO]). Clinical features and social functioning were compared between the 2 groups of patients. RESULTS: In our sample, 67% of the patients experienced a depressive onset. Depressive onset patients were more chronic than MO patients, with a higher number of total episodes and a longer duration of illness. Depressive onset patients experienced a higher number of depressive episodes than MO patients, who in turn had more manic episodes. Depressive onset patients made more suicide attempts, had a later illness onset, were less often hospitalized, and were less likely to develop psychotic symptoms. Depressive onset was more prevalent among bipolar II patients. Bipolar I patients with DO had more axis II comorbidity and were more susceptible to have a history of psychotic symptoms than bipolar II patients with DO. CONCLUSION: The polarity at onset is a good predictor of the polarity of subsequent episodes over time. A depressive onset is twice as frequent as MO and carries more chronicity and cyclicity.     

Phenomenology and outcome of subjects with early- and adult-onset psychotic mania

OBJECTIVE: This study examined clinical differences between subjects with early-onset and adult-onset psychotic mania. METHOD: Subjects were from an epidemiologically derived, hospitalized sample who met criteria for definite bipolar disorder after 24 months of follow-up and whose index episode had been manic. Information collected regarding demographic characteristics, psychotic and depressive symptoms, childhood behavior problems and school functioning, substance/alcohol use disorders, and episode recurrence for two subgroups were compared: those whose illness first emerged before age 21 (early onset) (N=23) and those whose first episode occurred after age 30 (adult onset) (N=30). RESULTS: A larger proportion of the early-onset subjects were male, had childhood behavior disorders, had substance abuse comorbidity, exhibited paranoia, and experienced complete episode remission less frequently during 24-month follow-up than the adult-onset subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These data add to the body of evidence that has suggested that many subjects with early-onset psychotic mania have a more severe and developmentally complicated subtype of bipolar disorder.     

Course of illness in psychotic mania: is mood incongruence important?

Previous research is inconsistent regarding the significance of mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in relation to the severity and course of bipolar disorder. In the present study, bipolar I patients were assessed at index hospitalization using standardized symptom measures and followed up to 28 months. We contrasted the symptomatic course in patients experiencing mood-congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms. Results revealed that patients spent an average of 29% of the time during follow-up in a mood episode, but only 5% of the time with psychotic symptoms. Few differences were found at the index hospitalization and no differences were found on any longitudinal course variables between mood-congruence subtypes. Although experiencing high levels of psychosis at baseline, both subtypes improved considerably following hospitalization, and psychotic symptom levels remained relatively stable. Current results suggest that when provided efficacious treatment, mood-incongruent psychotic mania does not predict a worse symptomatic course of illness.     

Diagnostic subtypes of bipolar disorder in older versus younger adults

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in diagnostic subtypes of bipolar disorder as according to ICD-10 between patients whose first contact with psychiatric health care occurs late in life (over 50 years of age) and patients who have first contact earlier in life (50 years of age or below). METHODS: From 1994 to 2002 all patients who received a diagnosis of a manic episode or bipolar disorder at initial contact with the mental healthcare system, whether outpatient or inpatient, were identified in Denmark's nationwide register. RESULTS: A total of 852 (49.6%) patients, who were over age 50, and 867 patients, who were 50 or below, received a diagnosis of a manic episode or bipolar disorder at the first contact ever. Older inpatients presented with psychotic symptoms (35.4%) significantly less than younger inpatients (42.6%) due specifically to a lower prevalence of manic episodes with psychotic symptoms. Conversely, older inpatients more often presented with severe depressive episodes with psychotic symptoms than younger inpatients (32.0% versus 17.0%). Among outpatients, no significant differences were found between patients older than 50 years and patients 50 years of age or younger. However, a bimodal distribution of age at first outpatient contact was found with an intermode of 65 years and outpatients older than 65 years more often presented with severe depressive episodes with psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar patients who are older at first psychiatric hospitalization (>50 years) present less with psychotic manic episodes and more with severe depressive episodes with psychosis than younger patients. The distribution of age at first outpatient contact is bimodal with an intermode of 65 years and outpatients older than 65 years more often present with severe depressive episodes with psychosis.