Stimulation of bile output by gastrointestinal hormones following portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

For biliary atresia portoenterostomy with externally draining conduit provides a model for quantitation of hepatic excretory function and for assessment of the physiologic response of the intrahepatic biliary system to gastrointestinal hormones in a human hepatopathologic condition. Four patients with biliary atresia were serially evaluated from 2 weeks to 43 months following total bile diverting portoenterostomy. A fifth patient with no bile flow provided a control for these studies. The pattern of Rose Bengal excretion for three patients with a satisfactory clinical course was different from that of a fourth patient with highly variable flow and persistent cholestasis. Marked volume and bicarbonate concentration increases in bile were noted 30 to 45 minutes after secretin infusion but only in the four patients with bile flow. The volume response to glucagon was more diffuse. Bilirubin and bile acid concentrations decreased in the stimulated bile flow periods and hourly outputs of these cholephils were not increased above basal. During two intervals of low bile output, secretin markedly increased bile flow in the patient with persistent cholestasis establishing the patency of the hepatoenteric anastomosis (functional obstruction) in contrast to the lack of secretin response in the control (structural obstruction).     

胆道流体力学改变对肝内胆管结石成因的影响

肝内胆管结石是存于肝内胆管、位于肝管分叉以上的结石。肝内胆管的胆固醇结石比例越来越高,这类结石的发生与胆道感染或梗阻无关。这一情况提示：肝内胆管结石的形成不仅仅存在于胆道微环境的改变,其源头很可能在于肝细胞或胆管细胞代谢功能的改变。笔者从胆道流体力学角度对肝内胆管结石的形成机制进行综述。     

医源性胆道损伤的原因分析与防治策略

目的：探讨医源性胆道损伤（IBDI）发生的原因、治疗方法与预防措施。 方法：回顾性分析2004年1月—2010年9月期间56例术后发生IBDI患者的临床资料。 结果：56例IBDI中,腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹胆囊切除术所致分别为36例（64.3%）与12例（21.4%）,胆总管探查术所致5例（8.9%）,胃癌根治术所致3例（5.4%）;术中发现胆道损伤33例（59.0%）,术后发现胆道损伤23例（41.0%）;分别行胆道修补、重建、胆肠吻合、胆道支撑等胆道修复方式,其中3例经3次修复术后仍再发胆道狭窄、肝内胆管结石,3例因术后感染性休克或肝衰竭死亡,术后随访优良率为89.3%（50/56）,疗效差占10.7%（6/56）。 结论：IBDI原因与局部解剖变异因素、病理因素、术者技术因素有关;IBDI需根据其发生原因、发现时间、损伤部位与程度,胆管狭窄程度及患者全身情况等综合因素行个体化胆道修复治疗。     

梗阻性黄疸肝内增生胆管上皮细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的：研究梗阻性黄疸肝内胆管上皮细胞凋亡对增生胆管的影响。方法：应用末端脱氧苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧三磷酸尿苷（dUTP）缺口末端标记技术（TUNEL）观察大鼠胆道梗阻及胆肠内引流术后肝内胆管上皮细胞凋亡与胆管增生的关系。结果：胆道梗阻后，肝内胆管明显增生，胆管上皮细胞凋亡明显增加；早期胆肠内引流术后，增生的胆管及胆管上皮细胞凋亡明显减少。结论：胆道梗阻胆管上皮细胞凋亡增加可能与清除过度增生的胆管有关，是机体维持自身组织稳定的一种重要机制；早期胆肠内引流术后，随着增生的胆管减少，胆管上皮细胞凋亡明显减少。     

Surgical anatomy of the bile ducts at the hepatic hilum as applied to living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anatomic variations of the biliary tree as applied to living donor liver transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anatomic variability is the rule rather than the exception in liver surgery. However, few studies have focused on the anatomic variations of the biliary tree in living donor liver transplantation in relation to biliary reconstruction. METHODS: From November 1992 to June 2002, 165 patients underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection; right-sided hepatectomy in 110 patients and left-sided hepatectomy in 55. Confluence patterns of the intrahepatic bile ducts at the hepatic hilum in the surgical specimens were studied. RESULTS: Confluence patterns of the right intrahepatic bile ducts were classified into 7 types. The right hepatic duct was absent in 4 of the 7 types and in 29 (26%) of the 110 livers. Confluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile ducts were classified into 4 types. The left hepatic duct was absent in 1 of the 4 types and in 1 (2%) of the 55 livers. CONCLUSIONS: In harvesting the right liver from a donor without a right hepatic duct, 2 or more bile duct stumps will be present in the plane of transection in the graft in 3 patterns based on their relation to the portal vein. Accurate knowledge of the variations in the hepatic confluence is essential for successful living donor liver transplantation.     

Comparison of magnetic resonance cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in the evaluation of bile duct strictures after cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) has been the preferred investigation to delineate the anatomy of the biliary tract in a patient with a bile duct stricture after cholecystectomy. Recently magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) has been described to evaluate the obstructed biliary tract. This paper reports a comparison of MRC with PTC in evaluating patients with an iatrogenic bile duct stricture. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 26 patients who had surgery for a bile duct stricture after cholecystectomy. Before operation all patients underwent both MRC and PTC, the results of which were compared with the intraoperative findings. RESULTS: Both PTC and MRC were comparable with regard to image quality, detection of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, assessment of the level of injury and detection of abnormalities such as intraduct calculi, cholangitic liver abscesses and atrophy of liver lobes. MRC provided additional information in four patients, including detection of associated fluid collections (n = 3) and portal hypertension (n = 1). In eight patients more than one puncture had to be performed during PTC to delineate the complete anatomy. CONCLUSION: MRC is an accurate and non-invasive imaging procedure for preoperative evaluation of patients with a bile duct injury after cholecystectomy, and is capable of providing additional information which may not be available with PTC.     

Expression of fas ligand on bile ductule epithelium in biliary atresia--a poor prognostic factor

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of Fas and Fas ligand system in biliary atresia. METHODS: Immunohistochemical stains of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) and in situ hybridization of Fas ligand messenger RNA (mRNA) were performed on paraffin-embedded liver specimens of 36 biliary atresia, 6 choledochal cysts, and 14 nontumorous parts of pediatric liver tumors. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The grade of liver fibrosis and results of bile drainage on the patients with biliary atresia were compared with the results of FasL expression. RESULTS: Fas protein was positive on the hepatocytes and bile ductule epithelia of all the livers examined and also positive on some monocytes around the portal area in all the biliary atresia patients. FasL protein was positive on bile ductule epithelia in 10 biliary atresia patients and also positive on some monocytes in most of the biliary atresia patients. Positive signals of FasL mRNA were noted on hepatocytes in 4 biliary atresia, bile ductule epithelia in 19 biliary atresia patients, and some monocytes in most of the biliary atresia patients. Apoptotic nuclei were present among monocytes in all the biliary atresia livers but present among bile ductule epithelia only on the BA with positive FasL mRNA signals on ductule epithelium. The fibrosis grade was similar between biliary atresia with positive FasL mRNA signals and negative signals. The bile drainage was better in the biliary atresia without positive FasL mRNA signals. CONCLUSIONS: Fas ligand expression on bile ductule epithelia in biliary atresia may be induced to counterattack the infiltrating lymphocytes. Although the factors for post-Kasai bile drainage are multiple, the authors suggest Fas ligand expression on bile ductule epithelia may be a poor prognostic factor by playing a role in the continuous damage and obliteration of intrahepatic bile ducts after Kasai operation.     

Pushing the boundaries in liver graft utilisation in transplantation: Case report of a donor with previous bile duct injury repair

IntroductionLiver transplantation is a recognised treatment for extensive bile duct injuries with secondary biliary cirrhosis or recurring sepsis. However, there have been no reports of successful liver transplantation from a donor who sustained a previous bile duct injury.Presentation of caseHere we discuss the case of a liver transplant from a 51-year-old brain dead donor who had suffered a Strasberg E1 bile duct injury and had undergone a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy 24 years prior to donation. The liver was successfully recovered and transplanted into a 56-year-old male recipient with end stage liver disease consequent to alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. The graft continues to function well 36 months post-transplant, with normal liver function tests and imaging revealing a patent hepaticojejunostomy.DiscussionThe potential associated vascular injuries should be identified during bench preparation whilst the management of biliary reconstruction at the time of transplant should follow the principles of biliary reconstruction in cases with biliary injuries, extending the hilar opening into the left duct.ConclusionThis case highlights the successful utilisation of a post bile duct injury repair liver, employing an experienced procurement team and careful bench assessment and reconstruction.     

Repetitive short-term bile duct obstruction and relief causes reproducible and reversible bile acid regurgitation

BACKGROUND: Long-term bile duct obstruction causes sinusoidal regurgitation of bile acids, a shift in bile acid metabolism, and alterations of liver histology. In this study we investigated the regurgitation of bile acids during short-term bile duct obstruction and its reversibility and reproducibility. In addition, the biotransformation of taurodeoxycholate and its appearance in bile and perfusate effluent were studied as well as liver histology. METHODS: Rat livers (n = 5) were perfused in vitro with 32 nmol/min/g liver taurodeoxycholate over 85 min with the bile duct being intermittently closed for 30 and 20 min, respectively. RESULTS: Within the first 5 min after bile duct obstruction bile acids started to regurgitate to the perfusate effluent amounting to approximately 15% of hepatic uptake until the end of the perfusion period. After relief of obstruction, bile flow and biliary bile acid excretion showed an overshoot phenomenon and were almost doubled compared to preobstruction. In contrast, sinusoidal bile acid regurgitation declined. The same phenomenon was observed during the second closure/opening cycle of the bile duct. Regurgitated bile acids consisted of significantly more taurodeoxycholate metabolites (approximately 70%) than did biliary bile acids (approximately 30%). Histology of liver parenchyma was preserved. CONCLUSIONS: During repetitive short-term bile duct obstruction bile acid regurgitation is reversible and reproducible. The absence of altered mechanical barriers suggests that specific pathways are involved in the regurgitation process of bile acids.     

Antibiotic excretion into the bile after hepatic-portojejunostomy in biliary atresia

Antibiotic excretion into the bile was studied using LMOX and CMZ in 16 postoperative cases of biliary atresia patients who had had hepatic portoenterostomy with Suruga II type enterostomy with the following results: Group I: Excellent excretion which was almost the same as that seen with adult patients; Group IIa: Good or poor excretion, depending on the amount of bile flow and liver function; Group IIb: Very poor excretion; Group III: Good excretion but depending on the amount of bile flow and liver function. As the total bile acid level in bile showed a higher level, the biliary excretion of antibiotics was greater. Our study indicates that antibiotic excretion into the bile in infants is closely related to the condition of the liver function and the biliary passages.     

肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的MRCP诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管成像技术对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法对52例经病理或随访证实的肝外胆管梗阻性疾病患者的MRCP资料进行回顾性分析,总结良恶性肝外胆管梗阻的不同MRCP表现。结果52例中,MRCP均能够准确测定胆管扩张程度和梗阻的水平,其中良性梗阻27例,MRCP主要表现为胆管均匀扩张及逐渐狭窄,肝外胆管较肝内胆管扩张明显,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝状”;恶性梗阻25例,MRCP主要表现为胆管截断,胆胰管扩张,出现“双管征”,肝内外胆管扩张一致。恶性梗阻患者的肝内外胆管扩张程度明显大于良性梗阻者。结论MRCP作为一种无创的影像检查方法,对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断具有较高准确性,     

肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的应用

背景与目的:对于肝胆管结石多次手术后复发患者,如何安全取尽结石,最大限度解除肝门甚至是肝内胆管的狭窄,并建立或修复通畅的胆流通道,一直是胆道外科治疗领域中的难点。本研究探讨肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月—2019年6月湖南省人民医院收治的36例复杂肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,36例患者既往平均手术2.4次,均存在不同程度的肝门部胆管狭窄,其中肝门胆管汇合部狭窄18例,合并右肝管狭窄8例,合并左肝管狭窄10例。结果:所有患者均行肝方叶切除、肝门胆管高位劈开整形、胆肠内引流手术,术中采用取石钳取石、塑形管冲洗、胆道镜探查等多种方式取尽结石。平均手术时间354.4 min,平均失血量230.5 mL。术后平均结石清除率在90%以上。术后2例患者出现胆汁漏,经积极引流治疗后好转,3例患者出现切口脂肪液化、感染,1例患者不完全性肠梗阻,均保守治疗后好转。术后采用门诊、电话随访12～48个月,4例患者出现反流性胆管炎,无胆肠吻合口再发狭窄病例。结论:肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形能有效解除肝门胆管高位狭窄,达到取尽结石、通畅引流的目的,同时能避免大范围的肝切除,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct with special reference to late complications after total excisional operation

The surgical treatment of 100 cases with congenital dilatation of bile duct with special reference to late complications was analyzed. There were no deaths nor occurrences of malignancy. Among 91 patients who had undergone the standard operation, namely total excision of the dilated extrahepatic bile duct and reconstruction after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, there were one early complication (pancreatic juice leakage) and five late complications (four intrahepatic gallstones and one liver abscess). The cause of intrahepatic gallstone formation after a total excisional operation was attributed to the remaining intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the stenosis located between the intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the common hepatic duct. Accordingly, these results support the total excisional procedure for this condition; however, with regard to the cases associated with cystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, completely free bile drainage from the dilated intrahepatic biliary system should be performed at the radical operation.     

Long-term biliary function after reconstruction of major bile duct injuries with hepaticoduodenostomy or hepaticojejunostomy

HYPOTHESIS: Normal biliary function can be achieved after reconstruction for major bile duct injuries using either hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) or Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients requiring biliary enteric reconstructions from February 1, 1993, through January 1, 2002, for bile duct injuries. SETTING: Academic multispecialty referral clinic. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven consecutive patients were evaluated who underwent biliary enteric reconstruction for bile duct injury caused during cholecystectomy. Patients were reconstructed either by HD (18 patients) or HJ (9 patients). INTERVENTIONS: Patients' medical records were reviewed and long-term evaluations were obtained via telephone questionnaire by 2 separate observers (R.J.M. and F.T.L.). Biliary function was evaluated in all using symptoms and liver function test results. Cholangiography was obtained, if indicated clinically. These were reviewed for stricture or dilatation. Any biliary interventions were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of long-term biliary function after HD vs HJ reconstructions. RESULTS: All patients were contacted after a median postoperative time of 54 months. Excellent or good results were observed for biliary function in 25 (92%) of the 27 patients. These results were obtained regardless of the type of reconstruction-HD (18 patients) or HJ (9 patients). CONCLUSIONS: We found biliary function to be normal at more than 4 years after biliary-enteric reconstruction for bile duct injury. When surgically feasible, we prefer HD to HJ.     

In biliary atresia duct histology correlates with bile flow

Three basic types of microscopic biliary structures at the portahepatis were distinguishable in infants with biliary atresia: bile ducts, collecting ductules of biliary glands, and biliary glands. Correlation between the type of biliary structure and the quantity and quality of post-operative bile flow was possible in 23 instances. At 2 weeks after operation, the 11 patients in whom a bile duct was identified had a daily bile flow of 68.0 +/- 11.5 mL. Bilirubin concentration in the bile was 13.6 +/- 3.3 mg/dL and total daily bilirubin excretion was 8.77 +/- 2.74 mg. In contrast, bile flow in 12 patients having only collecting ductules and/or biliary glands in the porta hepatis was 19.1 +/- 3.9 mL and bilirubin concentration in bile was 1.7 +/- 0.3 mg/dL. Thus, total daily bilirubin excretion was 0.34 +/- 0.08 mg (P less than 0.001). Postoperative cholangitis occurred only in patients with ducts. It is concluded that only bile ducts communicate with the intrahepatic biliary system and drain bile after hepatic portoenterostomy.     

Preoperative assessment of the aberrant bile duct using multislice computed tomography cholangiography

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the frequency of anatomic variations of bile ducts (aberrant bile ducts) using multislice helical computed tomography (MCT) cholangiography. METHODS: MCT scanning was performed after slow infusion of 100 mL meglumine iotroxate. Overlapping axial images, taken at 0.5-mm intervals, were reconstructed to create a multiplanar reconstruction with volume rendering. We analyzed anatomical variations of the biliary tree by MCT cholangiography. RESULTS: In a total of 113 patients, MCT cholangiography provided clear images of aberrant bile ducts in 18 patients. Major type (draining a particular segment of the liver) was found in 9 cases (8%) and minor type (draining a particular subsegment of the liver) in 9 cases (8%). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MCT cholangiography provides important information about the precise biliary anatomy and can reveal unexpected aberrant bile ducts prior to biliary surgery, especially laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

金石散对雌激素诱导的大鼠肝内胆汁淤积的影响

目的：观察金石散对雌激素诱导的大鼠肝内胆汁淤积的影响。方法：采用雌激素复制肝内胆淤并观察金石散对雌激素性大鼠肝内胆淤时血清、胆汁及肝脏指标变化的影响。结果：雌激素所致胆淤中，血清胆汁酸、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）明显升高，胆汁流及胆盐分泌速率下降，胆汁ALP分泌速率增加，毛细胆管膜与窦膜ALP活性升高，窦膜Na^ -K^ -ATPase活性下降。而经口投予金石散可拮抗雌激素所致血清胆汁酸、胆汁流及胆盐分泌速率、胆汁ALP分泌速率、肝细胞膜亚膜酶活性等出现的变化。结论：金石散具有减轻肝内淤胆性病变、保肝、利胆、维持肝细胞膜酶活性正常等作用。     

Intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma causing luminal common bile duct obstruction

BACKGROUND: Biliary cystadenomas are rare cystic tumours that arise in the liver or less frequently in the extrahepatic biliary system. They are commoner in middle-aged women, their most favoured site is the right hepatic lobe. METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: We present only the second case of an intrahepatic cystadenoma causing luminal obstruction of the common bile duct. Clinical presentation is often non-specific and can prove to be a diagnostic challenge. CONCLUSION: Wide local excision of biliary cystadenomas is recommended, with regular radiological follow-up.     

The role of nontransplant procedures for sclerosing cholangitis

Twenty-five of 38 patients with sclerosing cholangitis underwent operative therapy at our institution. Seven patients with primarily extrahepatic obstruction had biliary bypass procedures and maintained normal liver function for 1 to 96 months. Biliary procedures were performed in 11 patients with combined intrahepatic and extrahepatic disease. Seven patients underwent subsequent liver transplantation because of deteriorating hepatic function, and two patients died before transplantation could be performed. Although there were no significant differences in outcome of liver transplantation whether or not a biliary procedure had been performed previously, previous biliary tract procedures influenced the type of biliary reconstruction performed, and two complications occurred as direct results of prior operations. Nontransplant procedures should be restricted to those patients with primarily extrahepatic obstruction, whereas liver transplantation should be considered the initial procedure of choice for patients with diffuse sclerosing cholangitis.     

64层螺旋CT胆道三维重建技术协助胆道梗阻的术前评估

目的 研究64层CT胆道三维重建(spiral CT cholangiograply,SCTC)在胆道梗阻中的运用价值和优缺点.方法 对20例胆道梗阻患者,包括肝门部胆管癌8例,肝内外胆管结石6例,胰头肿物4例,胆管狭窄2例进行SCTC检查,了解胆道树成像的图像质量以及对梗阻性质判断的准确率.结果 8例肝门部胆管癌中6例患者得到较完美的胆道树成像,2例患者胆道树部分显影.7例患者的Bismuth-Corlette分型与手术探查一致.4例胰头肿物、2例胆管狭窄、1例胆总管结石的患者术前SCTC均能得到较完美的胆道树成像,能准确提示梗阻的部位和病因.5例复杂的左右肝内胆管结石患者,虽能正确提示肝内外胆管结石的分布和位置,但难以得到较完美的胆道树成像.结论 SCTC可作为除复杂左右肝内结石外的胆道梗阻患者的术前评估的常规方法,其运用价值值得进一步的研究和分析.