Relationship of ultrasonic and histologic findings in benign prostatic hyperplasia

We compared the ultrasonic and histologic findings in 25 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent retropubic subcapsular prostatectomy. Preoperative ultrasonograms showed a fine echogenic pattern in one case, a rough echopenic pattern in four cases, and a combination of these patterns in 20 cases. In cases exhibiting a mixed pattern, we analyzed each region individually. Ultrasonic and histologic findings were compared in a total of 45 regions. In the 21 regions with a fine echogenic pattern, 14 regions corresponded to those with complicated hyperplastic glands, one region with small cystic atrophic glands, and six regions with a mixture of the two types on histology in observation. In the 24 regions with a rough echopenic pattern, 20 regions corresponded to those with large cystic atrophic glands and an equal volume of large and small cystic atrophic glands were found in the other four. Thus, the echogenic structures observed in patients with BPH were determined by the presence of complicated hyperplastic glands and small cystic atrophic glands. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Three-dimensional measurement and analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia

BackgroundThe volume and thickness of intravesical prostatic protrusion and other characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia have not been investigated. We determine the effects of age and prostate volume on anatomical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia using three-dimensional measurement in this study.MethodsThis retrospective study included a total of 98 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Three-dimensional models of prostate, central gland, peripheral zone, intravesical prostatic protrusion, prostatic urethra and bladder were reconstructed according to pelvic T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of these patients. The models were used to measure the intravesical prostatic protrusion volume, intravesical prostatic protrusion thickness, intravesical prostatic protrusion index, intravesical prostatic protrusion, prostate volume, peripheral zone volume, peripheral zone thickness, peripheral zone index, prostatic urethra thickness, the angle and distance of distal prostatic urethra with regard to coronal plane and sagittal plane and so on.ResultsIntravesical prostatic protrusion volume, intravesical prostatic protrusion thickness and peripheral zone volume of prostate volume >80 mL group were significantly higher than these in prostate volume <80 mL group (P<0.001, 0.01, 0.01, respectively). These parameters significantly increased with age (P<0.001, 0.01, 0.05, respectively). Peripheral zone index was significantly lower of prostate volume >80 mL group than these in prostate volume <80 mL group (P<0.05). Peripheral zone index significantly decreased with age (P<0.01). Intravesical prostatic protrusion index had no significant difference in all age groups. Peripheral zone thickness and prostatic urethra thickness had no significant difference in all groups. The distance and angle of distal prostatic urethra prostatic urethra with regard to coronal plane were significantly higher than these with regard to sagittal plane (both P<0.001).ConclusionsThe rearward slope of the prostatic urethra is greater than the left or right offset during the process of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Three-dimensional measurement provides good supports for further clinical and scientific research.     

Bifluranol in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Bifluranol, a fluorinated bibenzyl drug with antiandrogenic properties has been studied for its efficacy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thirty five patients with bladder outflow obstruction received either Bifluranol 1.5 mg orally, t.d.s. or placebo in a double-blind trial. After twelve weeks there was improvement in symptoms of flow, urinary stream (p <0.01) and frequency (p <0.05) in the Bifluranol treated group. A significant reduction in residual urine volume was noted in the active treated group (p <0.05) but mean and peak urine flow rates, voided volume and prostate volume did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that Bifluranol has a measurably beneficial effect in urinary outflow obstruction due to BPH and further investigative studies with this drug are in progress.     

Trends in adverse events of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the USA, 1998 to 2008

Study Type – Harm (Cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? In clinical trials, oral medications for BPH have been effective at managing LUTS and preventing progression to urinary retention, urinary infections, and renal insufficiency. Population‐level trends of these adverse outcomes are poorly characterized. We identified a 400% increase in hospitalizations for BPH with acute renal failure, indicating that severe adverse events of BPH persist despite widespread use of oral therapies in the USA.

OBJECTIVE

? To determine if the adverse events (AEs) of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have declined in tandem with increased use of oral therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

? We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a 20% sample of USA community hospitals, weighted to estimate national numbers to characterize the prevalence of AEs of BPH from 1998 to 2008. ? We calculated the age‐adjusted prevalence of BPH and associated conditions and analyzed prevalence trends with regression modelling.

RESULTS

? Of 134 million estimated eligible discharges during the study period, 7 464 730 (5.6%) had either a primary or secondary diagnosis of BPH. ? The age‐adjusted prevalence of BPH among all hospitalizations, irrespective of primary diagnosis, increased from 4.3% to 8% (P < 0.001) during the study period. ? The age‐adjusted prevalence of BPH as a primary diagnosis decreased from 0.88% to 0.48% (P < 0.001). ? Discharges for BPH surgery decreased 51% (odds ratio [OR] 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–0.54, P‐trend <0.001) over time. Discharges for primary BPH with acute renal failure increased >400% (OR 4.28, 95% CI 3.22–5.71, P‐trend <0.001). ? There were no significant changes in discharges for primary BPH with urinary retention (P‐trend = 0.636), bladder stones (P‐trend = 0.117), or urinary infection (P‐trend = 0.101) over time.

CONCLUSIONS

? Increased hospitalizations for BPH with acute renal failure and stable hospitalizations for other AEs of BPH indicate that severe AEs of BPH persist despite widespread use of oral therapies in the USA. ? Further studies are needed to explain these trends.     

The efficacy and safety of dutasteride and finasteride in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAlthough the efficacy and safety of monotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been established clinically, the efficacy and safety of dutasteride and finasteride have not been compared. The aim was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two drugs in the treatment of BPH to provide medical evidence for clinical treatment.MethodsA search of relevant articles was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, China Academic Journals Full-text Database (CJFD), Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and Wanfang Database. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of finasteride (control group) with that of dutasteride (experimental group) in the treatment of BPH with respect to the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), prostate volume (PV), quality of life (QOL), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) after medication were strictly evaluated and considered for inclusion. Rev Man 5.4 software was used for the meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 8 RCTs were included, with a total of 2,116, patients. The meta-analysis showed that compared with finasteride, dutasteride can effectively improve the Qmax of patients with BPH [mean difference (MD) =0.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.01, 0.63); P=0.04]. There was no significant difference in reducing IPSS [MD =0.13; 95% CI: (−0.55, 0.82); P=0.70], improving PV [MD =−1.25; 95% CI: (−3.30, 0.79); P=0.23], reducing QOL [MD =−0.44; 95% CI: (−0.93, 0.05); P=0.08] and serum PSA level [MD =−0.04; 95% CI: (−0.15, 0.07); P=0.50], and the occurrence of ADRs [relative risk (RR) =−0.01; 95% CI: (−0.05, 0.04); P=0.72], there was no significant difference.DiscussionDutasteride is better than finasteride in improving the Qmax of patients with BPH. There was no statistically significant difference in symptoms, PV, PSA, QOL, or adverse reactions. Dutasteride is an effective and safe treatment for BPH. Due to the limitations of the methodological quality and sample size of the included studies, this conclusion needs to be verified by stratified RCTS with high volumes and long follow-up times.     

前列腺增生症患者压力-流率测定的诊断价值评估

目的评估压力-流率测定在前列腺增生症(BPH)患者诊断中的价值。方法对280名伴有下尿路症状的BPH患者进行尿动力学检查和IPSS评分。结果根据膀胱出口梗阻指数(BOOI)将患者分为3组,分别为BOO组156例,轻度BOO组61例,无BOO组63例,其最大尿流率(Qmax)分别为(6．44±1．44)ml／s,(7．49±1．76) ml／s,(8．11±1．97)ml／s,BOO组与另二组统计学分析有显著性差异;最大尿流率时的逼尿肌压力(Pdet-Qmax)分别为(73．49±15．91)cmH2O,(49．90±6．82)cmH2O,(30．70±6．04)cmH2O,3组之间统计学分析有显著性差异;术前IPSS评分分别为(20．55±5．09),(17．51±4．46),(17．54±4．96),BOO组与另两组之间统计学分析有显著性差异;术前剩余尿量(PVR)分别为(104．53±37．14)ml,(106．66±41．70)ml,(104．29±40．75)ml, 3组之间差异无显著性意义。结论压力-流率测定可了解BPH患者BOO严重程度,对BPH治疗的选择和判断预后具有指导意义。     

Association of TERT gene polymorphisms with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Chinese Han population of the Northwest region

BackgroundTo investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10078761, rs12696304, rs2853669, rs16847897, rs2736100, rs10069690) of telomerase gene (TERT) and the risk clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a Chinese Han population of the Northwest region.MethodsA total of 150 BPH patients and 150 healthy older males from the northwest Chinese Han population were included in this study. The sample size for this unmatched case-control study was estimated by the look-up table method. Meanwhile, the general information and disease data of patients were collected. Age was only collected in healthy control subjects for statistical correction. Genotypes were detected using a multiplex PCR + ligase detection reaction (LDR). Typing results and clinical data were statistically analyzed using multiple linear regression and logistic regression. Pearson correlation was used for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ResultsThe included population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was no significant association between SNP and the risk of BPH by correlation analysis. However, 4 haplotypes (TCTGGT, TCTGTC, TGCCTC, and TGTGTC) were identified as risk factors of BPH by haplotype analysis. The SNP rs2853669 is an independent risk factor for smooth muscle type of hyperplasia. Besides, rs2736100, rs10078761, and rs10069690 which are in linkage disequilibrium are associated with the severity of BPH.ConclusionsPolymorphism of the TERT gene determines the different disease development and pathological manifestations of BPH in the Chinese Han population the Northwest region.     

良性前列腺增生细胞因子变化的研究

目的　探讨与细胞增生有关的细胞因子与BPH发生的相关性。方法　人前列腺分对照组 (正常前列腺 )和实验组 (良性前列腺增生 )。常规组织学染色观察组织形态的变化 ,免疫组织化学方法观察bFGF ,VEGF和EGFR在BPH中的改变。结果　BPH的病理变化呈多类型化。BPH的组织中bFGF和VEGF在间质中明显增加 ;EGFR在腺上皮和间质细胞中都增加明显。结论　在BPH的组织异常增殖中 ,间质的增殖可能与bFGF和VEGF的分泌增多关系密切 ,而EGFR与间质和腺上皮的异常增殖均有关。     

良性前列腺增生的细胞酶学研究

对人正常前列腺和良性前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）组织进行细胞酶学观察,目的是探讨ＢＰＨ 组织细胞的功能状态。结果腺细胞ＡＣＰ和ＬＮａｓｅ 活性减弱;基质中的细胞ＡＣＰ、５’Ｎａｓｅ、ＳＤＨ 活性和ＰＡＳ反应增强,而βＧａｓｅ 活性减弱。说明ＢＰＨ 形成过程中基质中的细胞的增生起主要作用。     

Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Chinese herbal medicine is commonly used as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but its efficacy and safety remain to be examined. To compare the efficacy and adverse events of Chinese herbal medicine alone or used adjuvantly with Western medications for BPH. Two independent reviewers searched the major electronic databases for randomized controlled trials comparing Chinese herbal medicine, either in single or adjuvant use with Western medication, with placebo or Western medication. Relevant journals and grey literature were also hand-searched. The outcome measures included changes in urological symptoms, urodynamic measures, prostate volume and adverse events. The frequency of commonly used herbs was also identified. Out of 13 922 identified citations of publications, 31 studies were included. Eleven studies with a Jadad score ≥3 were selected for meta-analysis. Chinese herbal medicine was superior to Western medication in improving quality of life and reducing prostate volume. The frequency of adverse events in Chinese herbal medicine was similar to that of placebo and less than that of Western medication. The evidence is too weak to support the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine for BPH due to the poor methodological quality and small number of trials included. The commonly used herbs identified here should provide insights for future clinical practice and research. Larger randomized controlled trials of better quality are needed to truly evaluate the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine.     

Effects of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: The Bowman-Birk inhibitor is a soybean-derived protease inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. METHODS: A Phase I trial of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in 19 male subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has been performed. RESULTS: The results of the trial indicated that there was no dose-limiting toxicity of BBIC. There was a statistically significant decrease in serum PSA levels in all BBIC-treated patients. Some BBIC-treated patients exhibited a relatively large reduction in serum PSA levels, ranging up to a 43% reduction. There was also a statistically significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels and a decrease in prostate volume in the treated patients. The scores recorded in response to a urinary symptom questionnaire indicated improved urinary activities in the BBIC-treated patients; however, the control subjects exhibited similar improvements in urinary activities during the course of the trial. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in this trial, particularly the data suggesting that BBIC treatment may lead to reduced serum PSA levels and reduced prostate volumes, suggest that a Phase II clinical trial of BBIC for the therapy of BPH is warranted.     

Role of Doppler ultrasound and resistive index in benign prostatic hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess the resistive index in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and the role of power Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS: From April 1996 to December 1997, a total of 214 men aged 48-86 years with symptoms of BPH were prospectively enrolled to participate in our study. All patients presented to our clinic with lower urinary tract symptoms. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to calculate the total prostate volume (TPV), transition zone (TZ) volume, transition zone index (TZI = TZ volume/TPV) and presumed circle area ratio (PCAR). Power Doppler imaging was used to identify the capsular and urethral arteries of the prostate and measure its resistive index (RI) value. RESULTS: The RI of capsular arteries significantly correlated with theTPV, TZ volume, TZI (r = 0.470; P < 0.0001) and PCAR (r = 0.334; P < 0.0001). Correlations were found between the RI of capsular arteries and the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) (r = 0.389; P < 0.0001), peak flow rate of uroflowmetry (r = -0.393; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that an increase of the RI of capsular arteries correlated with increases in the TZI and PCAR in BPH. The lower IPSS and peak flow rate correlated with the high RI of capsular arteries; however, no correlation between the RI of urethral arteries and prostatic parameters was found. The findings suggested that the RI of capsular arteries may become the index for measuring lower urinary obstruction in the future.     

前列腺增生症患者合并前列腺炎对血清PSA的影响

目的前列腺增生患者合并前列腺炎症对血清前列腺特异性抗原的影响。方法研究对象为在本院就诊,行经尿道前列腺电切术的前列腺增生71例患者,术前均经B超或CT、MRI诊断为前列腺增生,术后病理确诊为前列腺增生合并炎症。术前评估项目包括：年龄、前列腺体积、血清PSA、残余尿量、最大尿流率、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分、尿中白细胞数、肌酐及术后病理诊断。纳入前列腺体积和年龄等因素的同时,分析前列腺腺周炎症、前列腺腺体炎症及基质炎症是否影响血清PSA浓度。结果前列腺体积（t=5.10）、基质炎症（χ2=10.35）、尿路感染（χ2=10.00）与血清PSA升高有关。结论血清PSA值与前列腺增生患者年龄及前列腺体积有关,前列腺炎的基质炎症与尿路感染也是前列腺增生患者血清PSA升高的危险因素。     

Correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and urethral function in benign prostatic hyperplasia

AIM: To examine the potential correlation between urethral function and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: Thirty-one patients with clinical BPH, who were confirmed to have benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) of 20 ml or more, were enrolled into the study. A mark-sheet questionnaire was used for obtaining the LUTS history. Multichannel pressure-flow urodynamic studies were performed and external urethral sphincter pressure (PEUS), intravesical pressure (PVES), and bladder neck pressure (PBN) were recorded both at maximum cystometric capacity and during voiding with 5-microtip transducers, for the purpose of detecting BPE-specific urodynamic findings at different levels within the urethra. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between hesitancy and detrusor bladder neck dyssynergia (DBND) (P = 0.0011) and between incomplete emptying and low PBN at maximum cystometric capacity (P = 0.0425). The hesitancy proved to have no correlation with bladder neck opening time (TBNO). CONCLUSION: Urodynamic evaluation of urethral function was beneficial for attributing LUTS to clinical BPH. Among various parameters, DBND was the most specific to clinical BPH, suggesting it to be a situation where a steep rise in PBN or prostatic urethral pressure remains greater than the increasing PVES, resulting in sustained difficulty in opening the bladder neck and subsequently the subjective sensation of hesitancy.     

Non-inferiority of silodosin to tamsulosin in treating patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Silodosin administered by 4 mg twice daily is as effective as tamsulosin 0.2 mg daily in treating patients with LUTS associated with BPH. Relative to tamsulosin, silodosin has less cardiovascular side effects as judged by the minimal changes of blood pressure and pulse rats after treatment.

OBJECTIVE

? To test the hypothesis that the efficacy of silodosin would not be inferior to tamsulosin in treating patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? At nine medical centres, 209 patients with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of ≥13 were randomized to silodosin (4 mg twice daily) or tamsulosin (0.2 mg once daily) for 12 weeks. ? The primary efficacy measure was the mean change from baseline to endpoint in IPSS. ? The non‐inferiority margin of the IPSS change was set at 1.0. ? Secondary efficacy measures included change in maximal urinary flow rate (Q_max) and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) score.

RESULTS

? Of the 170 (81.3%) patients who completed the study, 86.2% in the silodosin group vs 81.9% in the tamsulosin group achieved a ≥25% decrease in IPSS (P= 0.53). ? The mean difference (silodosin minus tamsulosin) in IPSS change from baseline was ?0.60 (95% confidence interval ?2.15, 0.95), inferring the non‐inferiority of silodosin to tamsulosin. ? The mean changes in the Q_max and HRQL score from baseline were comparable between the groups (both, P > 0.05). Although patients receiving silodosin had a significantly higher incidence of abnormal ejaculation (9.7% vs tamsulosin 1.0%, P= 0.009), only 1.9% discontinued treatment. ? Tamsulosin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure (?4.2 mmHg, within‐group P= 0.004) relative to the negligible change of silodosin (?0.1 mmHg, within‐group P= 0.96)

CONCLUSION

? The trial shows the non‐inferiority of silodosin 4 mg twice daily to tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily in patients with symptoms of BPH.     

The use of botulinum toxin in benign prostatic hyperplasia

The injection of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) into the prostate is a minimally invasive alternative treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms. To summarize the action mechanisms of BoNT/A on experimental animals and to analyze its effectiveness according to published clinical studies, we located 24 papers on the treatment of HBP with BoNT/A. The doses applied ranged from 100 (OnabotA) to 600 U (OnabotA and AbobotA). The IPSS score presented a mean post-treatment reduction, for all series, of 10.8 + 2.66 points. Other significant results included the overall mean reduction in QoL score of 2.1 ± 0.62 points, and the pre and post-treatment differences in prostate volume (22.43 ± 20.2 cm(3)), post-voiding residue (76.77 + 51.72 cm(3)) and PSA (1.15 + 0.93 ng/ml). However, only two clinical trials were on sufficient quality to be selected for meta-analysis, and it was observed that the difference of the means, pre- and post-treatment of maximum flow, prostate volume, IPSS and PSA were not statistically significant (P = 0.18). Neither was there any statistically significant difference between pre- and post-treatment post-voiding residue (P = 0.65). In conclusion, BoNT/A alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms due to HBP, but different studies present considerable variations regarding the dose administered, inclusion criteria and follow-up time, as well as poorly defined retreatment, losses to follow up and, above all, a high degree of variability in the communication of results (with large standard deviations). In consequence, further clinical trials are needed.