Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: the St. Jude experience

BACKGROUND: The association between race and outcome of treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been adequately studied. PROCEDURE: We compared the clinical characteristics, biological features, and outcomes between white and black children with AML who were treated on five consecutive clinical protocols (1980-2002) at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. We used proportional hazards modeling to investigate the relation between race and outcome. RESULTS: We observed no statistically significant differences between the 229 white and 58 black patients in clinical characteristics, FAB subtype, cytogenetic features, or outcome. There were no significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS) between the two race groups in individual clinical trials or in all studies combined. For the study group as a whole, the 5-year survival estimate was 39.2% +/- 3.6% for white patients and 33.8% +/- 6.5% for black patients. However, on our most recent trial (AML-97), there was a trend towards inferior outcome among black patients: the 5-year survival estimates were 55.6% +/- 12.3% and 27.3% +/- 13.5% for whites and blacks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although we detected no differences in treatment outcome between white and black children with AML over the entire study period, black children appear to have worse outcomes than white children during more recent studies. Improved treatment is needed for all children with AML.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗中大剂量甲氨蝶呤血药浓度影响因素分析

目的探讨大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗中各时间点的血药浓度与患儿病理生理状态的关系,发现影响药物体内消除因素,为甲氨蝶呤群体药动学研究提供线索,为临床治疗提供依据。方法89例ALL患儿接受HDMTX化疗,观察内容包括患儿性别、年龄(按月)、体重、身高、体表面积、单位体表面积MTX用量、血药浓度、化疗前肝、肾功能、单位体表面积液体出量、对应PH等逐一进行对比,分析各因素对MTX消除影响。结果高剂量组在24h、36h、42h、48h时药物浓度显著高于低剂量组(P<0.05);体型偏瘦患儿药物体内消除明显快于体型偏胖者(P<0.05);单位体表面积液体出量高的患儿MTX排泄相对快,表现在42h,48h,72h,96h药物浓度明显低(P<0.05),统计48h药物浓度大于1.2μmol/L事件:低出量组33例,高出量组21例,有统计学差异(χ2=4.39)。液体排出量明显影响药物体内消除;血清蛋白偏高组24h、36h、48h、72h、96h血药浓度低于蛋白偏低组,在24h、36h、48h有统计学意义(P<0.05);患儿性别、年龄与血药浓度无相关性,不影响药物在体内的消除。结论甲氨蝶呤量、患儿体型、液体出量、肝功等明显影响MTX体内消除。     

High-dose methotrexate therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: lack of relation between serum methotrexate concentration and creatinine clearance.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the relation of serum methotrexate (MTX) concentration with creatinine clearance, (2) to compare the leucovorin rescue dose administered to the patients based on creatinine clearance, with the one calculated according to serum MTX levels, and (3) to determine MTX-related toxicity. PROCEDURE: Thirty children with high-risk non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated according to the national protocol (PINDA 92) based on ALL BFM 90, were randomized to receive consolidation with four doses of either 1 or 2 g/m(2) MTX as a 24-hr infusion, at 2-week intervals (group M1 and M2, respectively). Serum MTX concentrations were measured at 24, 42, and 48 hr after beginning the infusion and were analyzed retrospectively. The creatinine clearance was calculated after 12-hr intravenous hydration prior to each MTX dose. Leucovorin dosage was adjusted according to creatinine clearance. RESULTS: Serum MTX concentrations at 24, 42, and 48 hr after starting the infusion were not related to creatinine clearance in both treatment groups. Leucovorin rescue administered according to creatinine clearance was excessive in 43% in group M1 and in 51% in group M2, as compared to the dose calculated according to serum MTX levels. No serious clinical complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that creatinine clearance is not a good parameter to calculate leucovorin rescue. MTX-related toxicity in this group of patients receiving a dose of 1 or 2 g/m(2) and rescued with leucovorin without monitoring serum MTX levels was acceptable.     

Methotrexate infusions in poor prognosis acute lymphoblastic leukemia: II. High-dose methotrexate (HDM) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: a pilot study from April 1981

The pilot study using HDM in all cases of ALL in childhood had been run for 4 1/2 years as of September 1985. Fourteen (23%) of all 62 diagnosed cases of ALL had WBC above 50 X 10(9)/L, all 14 achieved CR. Three of them were below one year of age, two also had WBC above 400 X 10(9)/L, the third infant had B-cell-leukemia. The remaining 11 children received our new HDM protocol (Fig. 1), one of them had relapsed (BM) as of September 1985.     

10岁以上儿童及青少年急性淋巴细胞性白血病的临床总结

目的总结64例年龄为10~17岁急性淋巴细胞性白血病(以下简称急淋)的临床疗效。方法64例患儿中男44例,女20例均接受99-XH-ALL方案治疗,随访1~116个月,平均随访时间为43个月,并应用SPSS 11.0软件进行无事件生存期和总生存期的分析。结果64例患儿中24例(37.5%)无不良临床特征,早期治疗反应良好,40例(62.5%)有不良临床特征及早期治疗反应不佳,64例患儿中58例达到CR,其中55例一疗程达到CR(85.94%),总CR率为90.63%,平均CR时间为38.45(25~56)天;13例复发(22.41%),平均复发时间为CR后15.77(2~58)个月;9例死亡(14.06%),其中4例死于感染,5例死于复发;随访中有21例失访,其中7例为复发后,10例为CR后,4例为未CR者,3例患儿接受移植,其中2例存活,1例死于移植后疾病复发,4例患儿出现并发症,占11.76%,其中1例乙肝(50个月),3例股骨头坏死(25、32、60个月),1例女孩4个月时发生第二肿瘤恶性葡萄胎,治愈存活至今。64例病人7年EFS:(37.31±7.23%),7年OS:(54.40±6.51%)。结论10岁以上儿童及青少年的急淋预后不良,长期生存率低。     

大剂量MTX治疗小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病毒副反应分析

目的分析大剂量甲氨蝶呤(MTX)治疗小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的毒副反应及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年1月包头市第四医院儿科100例ALL患儿的临床资料,所有患儿均给予大剂量MTX治疗,分析患儿毒副反应发生情况及其影响因素。结果 100例ALL患儿中共接受328例次大剂量MTX治疗,262例次发生毒副反应,检出率为79. 9%,其中胃肠道反应占20. 7(68/328)、骨髓抑制占20.1%(66/328)、肝功能异常占12. 5%(41/328)、排泄延迟占6.1%(20/328),肾功能异常占11. 6%(38/328)、皮肤黏膜损伤占8.8%(29/328)。毒副反应发生组与未发生组患儿的24h、48h、72h的MTX血药浓度(C24、C48、C72)及24h、48h的尿pH值(pH24、pH48)比较,差异有显著性(P <0. 05);但二组性别、年龄、体质量、体表面积、MTX剂量比较,差异无显著性(P> 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,高C24、C48、C72和低pH24、pH48可能是ALL大剂量MTX治疗后毒副反应发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 C24、C48、C72和pH24、pH48与ALL患儿经大剂量MTX治疗后发生毒副反应可能相关,对C24、C48、C72升高和pH24、pH48降低的患儿应提高警惕。     

Oral mucositis and salivary methotrexate concentration in intermediate-dose methotrexate therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The relationship between salivary methotrexate (MTX) concentration and severity of oral mucositis after administration of MTX was investigated in six children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. They received two administrations of MTX at 500 mg/m2 with one third given bolusly and the remainder by 24-hour continuous infusion. No significant difference among patients or administration session was observed in serum MTX concentration. Detectable concentrations of salivary MTX (greater than 0.01 microM) were observed during nine of the ten infusions. A concentration of 0.1 microM or more, apparently lasting at least 12 hours, was observed during one infusion and followed by severe mucositis. During two of the ten infusions for different patients, concentrations of 0.04 to 0.07 microM and 0.02 to 0.04 microM, apparently lasting at least 12 and 18 hours, respectively, were observed, followed by moderate mucositis. During the other seven infusions, either much shorter or no increase in salivary MTX concentration was observed, with only mild or no subsequent mucositis. Analysis by Kendall's rank method showed a statistical correlation between concentration at 6 hours of infusion and severity of oral mucositis. The findings suggest that the early secretion of MTX into saliva has a significant role in the development of oral mucositis in leukemic children.     

Biopterin and neurotransmitter amine metabolism in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving methotrexate therapy

To test the hypothesis that some of the neurologic sequelae of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) might be related to abnormalities in biopterin metabolism associated with methotrexate (MTX) therapy, total biopterin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were measured in a cross-sectional study of 80 children with ALL. For comparison, biopterins were also measured in a group of children of similar age undergoing investigation for neurologic disease. In children with ALL studied before therapy, no significant difference was found between the means of plasma biopterin or CSF biopterin concentrations and the means in the control group. In children receiving MTX, plasma biopterin values were higher in the group given maintenance therapy than in children observed before treatment. CSF levels were significantly increased only in those patients who had completed 2 years of maintenance therapy. CSF concentrations of HVA and 5HIAA in patients with ALL who had received no treatment (median values 52 and 18 ng/ml, respectively) showed a wide scatter and were inversely related to age. In patients receiving MTX, concentrations of these metabolites were higher than in the untreated group, again reaching a peak in patients just completing 2 years of treatment (median HVA 110 ng/ml, 5HIAA 34 ng/ml). These results provide no support for the idea that neurotransmitter amine deficiency occurs in children with ALL receiving MTX, and indicate, rather, that amine and biopterin synthesis increases in such patients.     

Abdominal aortic calcification in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study

Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), metabolic syndrome, and low bone mineral density (BMD) are risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and cardiovascular morbidity. We evaluated AAC in 662 adult survivors of childhood ALL (median age 31 years). AAC was present in 10% of subjects, metabolic syndrome in 36%, and low BMD in 29%. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for AAC among women with metabolic syndrome was 2.3 (95% CL = 1.0, 4.3). The adjusted OR for AAC in men with low BMD was 3.1 (95% CL = 1.3, 7.3). A substantial proportion of adult survivors of childhood ALL have AAC and/or metabolic syndrome, suggestive of early atherosclerotic disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1307–1309. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤化疗对急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)化疗对急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿肠道菌群的影响.方法 收集36名HDMTX化疗前后ALL患儿及36名健康对照组儿童的粪便标本,并提取目标细菌DNA.用细菌的16SrRNA/DNA序列设计双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌的引物,行常规PCR完成细菌的定性,然后取准确定量的2种细菌DNA,经系列稀释后做荧光定量PCR,制作出标准曲线,待测样品同时进行荧光定量PCR反应,并和标准曲线进行比较,获得各样品中2种细菌的量.结果 ALL组HDMTX化疗前1 d、化疗后第3、7天和对照组的肠道双歧杆菌数量的对数值分别为(7.24±0.33)拷贝数/克湿便、(6.00±0.27)拷贝数/克湿便、(6.59±0.33)拷贝数/克湿便和(9.49±0.41)拷贝数/克湿便;而大肠杆菌数量的对数值,ALL组化疗前1 d、化疗后第3、7天和对照组的分别是(6.62±0.42)拷贝数/克湿便,(5.96±0.42)拷贝数/克湿便,(7.02±0.41)拷贝数/克湿便,(7.52±0.43)拷贝数/克湿便.双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌对照组均较ALL组高(F=739.61,88.67,P均＜0.01).ALL组化疗前和后,大便标本中双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌数量变化差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),其中化疗第3天下降最明显,第7天有所回升.结论 (1)HDMTX化疗方案对ALL患儿肠道双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌有明显影响,化疗后数量显著下降;(2)ALL患儿肠道菌群和健康儿童相比,益生菌明显减少.     

儿童急性髓系白血病的疗效及预后相关因素分析

目的评价除急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)外的儿童急性髓系白血病(AML)的疗效并探讨其预后相关因素。方法 2000年-2013年间诊断的非APL的AML患儿61例,采用统一的治疗方案,分析其临床特征、诱导缓解情况、远期疗效及预后影响因素。结果(1)61例患儿中位随访时间36(1.1~186.2)个月,5年无事件生存率(EFS)为56.5%±7.1%,5年总生存率(OS)为69.6%±6.4%。(2)61例患儿分为低、中、高危组,5年OS率分别为72.7%±10.8%、74.1%±8.5%、42.9%±18.7%,两两相比差异无显著性(P0.05)。(3)单因素分析显示,初诊时存在髓外浸润、免疫表型CD56阳性患儿的远期疗效较差(P值分别为0.03和0.04)。1疗程获得缓解(CR)的患儿获得更高的OS值(P=0.03)。(4)多因素分析显示,初诊时存在髓外浸润、免疫表型CD56阳性、1年内复发、1疗程未获得CR是影响5年EFS的危险因素。(5)初诊时存在髓外浸润、1疗程未获得CR为复发的主要危险因素。结论非APL的儿童AML初诊时存在髓外浸润、免疫表型CD56阳性患儿预后较差,获得CR的疗程数是影响预后和复发的危险因素,降低复发是提高远期生存情况的关键。高危组患儿长期生存情况明显低于低、中危组患儿,应加强高危组患儿的化疗强度或早期行造血干细胞移植。     

儿童复发急性淋巴细胞白血病临床特征与疗效分析

目的探讨复发儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的临床特征,总结危险度分层方案治疗复发儿童ALL的中期疗效。方法回顾分析2008年8月-2014年6月初诊为ALL并经治疗后复发的46例患儿临床资料,其中28例根据复发时间、复发部位及免疫分型,分为S1、S2、S3、S4四组,采用ALL-REZ BFM 2002方案接受不同强度治疗。结果 46例患儿中,单独骨髓(BM)、单独中枢神经系统(CNS)、单独睾丸、联合复发(BM+CNS)分别为26例(56.5%)、13例(28.3%)、1例(2.2%)和6例(13.0%)。复发距第一次完全缓解(CR1)的中位时间为1.4(0.1~4.5)年,极早期、早期、晚期复发分别为22(47.8%)、15(32.6%)和9(19.6%)例。B细胞ALL 40例(87.0%),T细胞ALL6例(13.0%)。临床危险度分型S1、S2、S3、S4组分别为1、23、11例和11例。复发后放弃失访18例,坚持治疗28例,采用ALL-REZ BFM 2002方案治疗后CR2为82.8%。S1、S2、S3、S4期患儿的CR2分别为100%(1/1)、94.7%(18/19)、60%(3/5)和33.3%(1/3)。2年无病生存率(DFS)为(49.7±10.8)%。(S1+S2)与(S3+S4)组的2年DFS分别为(59.7±13.4)%和(25.0±15.3)%(χ~2=5.312,P=0.021)。结论在本组病例中,儿童ALL复发最常见于早期及BM复发,预后较差,而单独CNS复发预后良好,S1、S2期患儿采用ALL-REZ BFM 2002方案治疗可获得较好疗效,S3、S4期患儿仍需进一步寻找更为有效的化疗方案或接受造血干细胞移植,以改善最终预后。     

Methotrexate infusions in poor prognosis acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: I. The Norwegian methotrexate study in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, August 1975-December 1980

One hundred fifty-three children with ALL were diagnosed in Norway in the period August 1975-December 1980. One hundred thirty-two of them received 3 infusions of methotrexate as consolidation therapy combined with methotrexate intrathecally as CNS prophylaxis. Eleven (44%) of the total 25 methotrexate cases with WBC above 50 X 10(9)/L were in CCR after 4 1/2-10 years. Two more cases had discontinued therapy, while in second remission. The event-free survival of all diagnosed 32 children in Norway with WBC above 50 X 10(9)/L was 37%. Seven infants below the age of 1 year are included in the 32 cases.     

Cytomegalovirus disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Viral infections are an underrecognized problem in children on standard chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In countries with high baseline seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) such as India, it may be an important pathogen leading to fever, end-organ damage, and cytopenia. Data regarding the incidence and manifestations of CMV disease in pediatric ALL patients are scanty. The authors prospectively assessed all children on chemotherapy for ALL with prolonged febrile neutropenia (FN) for CMV disease over a 3-year period. Children with end-organ damage, including pneumonia, retinitis, and colitis, were also evaluated. Quantitative and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from blood, body fluids, or tissue was done along with ophthalmologic evaluation. CMV disease was detected in 10% of the children with prolonged FN. In addition, other children were identified due to end-organ damage, lung and eye being the common organs of involvement. Time of CMV reactivation was essentially during nonintense phase of chemotherapy. Lymphopenia was present in most children, and prolonged lymphopenia was associated with relapse of CMV infection after therapy. The authors conclude that CMV is an important pathogen in children on standard chemotherapy for ALL. It has a good outcome with early detection and directed therapy. Parenteral ganciclovir is needed for a period of 14–21 days to prevent recurrence.