Prognostic value of admission myeloperoxidase levels in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock

Inflammation plays a critical role in acute myocardial infarction. One inflammatory marker is myeloperoxidase (MPO). Its role as a predictor of in-hospital death in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presenting with cardiogenic shock (CS) is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of MPO as a predictor of in-hospital death in patients with STEMIs presenting with CS and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. In 38 consecutive patients with CS complicating STEMIs who were treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, serum MPO levels were measured at coronary care unit admission using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary study end point was in-hospital cardiac death. Among the 38 patients included in the study, 20 died during their coronary care unit stays, whereas 18 survived. Compared with patients who survived, patients who died showed, at coronary care unit admission, higher serum MPO levels (81 +/- 28 vs 56 +/- 23 ng/ml, p <0.006). After controlling for different baseline clinical, laboratory, and angiographic variables, baseline serum MPO level was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality on multivariate analysis (odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 7.5, p <0.001). In conclusion, admission MPO concentration is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with STEMIs presenting with CS.     

Prognostic value of admission hemoglobin levels in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients presenting with cardiogenic shock

Even in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS), mortality remains high. Whether admission hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a predictor of mortality in patients with CS treated with primary PCI is unexplored. We assessed the relation between admission Hb concentration and 1-year mortality in patients with STEMI and CS who were treated with PCI at admission. We investigated a cohort of 265 patients with STEMI with CS on admission. Patients were categorized in 3 groups according to plasma Hb levels at admission: 9.6 g/dl (group I, n = 22), 9.6 to 12 g/dl (group II, n = 59), and >12 g/dl (group III, n = 184). All-cause mortality at 1 year was 64%, 46%, and 35% for groups I, II, and III, respectively (p = 0.007). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds for mortality increased 17% for every 1.0 g/dl decrease in plasma Hb (odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.35, p = 0.042). In conclusion, admission Hb concentration is an independent predictor for 1-year mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.     

Impaired fasting glucose and cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: In-hospital outcome after acute myocardial infarction (MI) has not yet been evaluated with regard to the new category of Impaired Fasting Glucose level (IFG) patients defined by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). METHODS: Nine hundred and ninety-nine patients with acute MI from the RICO survey were included in the study. Fasting blood glucose was measured after admission. Patients were grouped according to ADA definitions: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (FG >/=7mmol/l or personal history of DM); IFG (FG 6.1 to 7mmol/l); NFG (normal FG <6.1mmol/l). RESULTS: Three hundred and eighty-one patients (38%) had DM, 145 (15%) IFG and 473 (47%) NFG. Mortality in the IFG group was twice that of the NFG group (8% vs 4%, P=0.049). A significant increase in cardiogenic shock (12% vs 6%, P=0.011) and ventricular arrhythmia (15% vs 9%, P=0.035) was observed in the IFG vs NFG group. IFG, after adjustment for confounding factors (age, sex, anterior location, and LVEF), was a strong independent predictive factor for cardiogenic shock (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: MI patients with IFG had an overall worse outcome, characterized by a higher risk of developing cardiogenic shock during their hospital stay.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with cardiogenic shock.

In cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has been reported to significantly improve the modest survival benefits afforded by emergency surgical revascularization and thrombolytic therapy. The records of all patients who underwent angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock were retrospectively reviewed to determine whether coronary angioplasty improves survival. Of the 45 patients, 28 (group 1, 62%) had successful dilation of the infarct-related artery and 17 (group 2, 38%) had unsuccessful angioplasty. The groups were similar in extent of coronary artery disease, infarct location, incidence of multivessel disease and hemodynamic variables. The overall hospital survival rate was 56% (71% in group 1 and 29% in group 2). Group 1 patients had more left main coronary artery disease, and group 2 patients were older and had a higher incidence of prior myocardial infarction. Multivariate analysis showed that the survival advantage in patients with successful angioplasty was statistically significant (p = 0.014) when these factors were taken into account. At a mean follow-up interval of 2.3 years (range 1 month to 5.6 years), there were five deaths (four cardiac and one noncardiac), for a 2.3-year survival rate of 80% in patients surviving to hospital discharge. During the follow-up period, 36% of hospital survivors had repeat hospitalization for cardiac evaluation, 8% had myocardial infarction, 8% had coronary artery bypass surgery and 24% had angina.     

Prognostic value of admission glucose in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction

Background

Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who have diabetes have an increased risk of death. In nondiabetic patients, admission glucose levels may be a predictor of survival. However, data regarding admission glucose and long-term outcome in nondiabetic patients treated with reperfusion therapy for AMI are limited.

Methods

We investigated long-term clinical outcome in 356 consecutive nondiabetic patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolysis as reperfusion therapy. Mean follow-up time was 8 ± 2 years. The patients were divided on the basis of admission glucose level: group 1, <7.8 mmol/L; group 2, 7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L; and group 3, ≥11.1 mmol/L.

Results

Mortality rate in group 1 (n = 163) was 19.0%; in group 2 (n = 151), 26.5%; and in group 3 (n = 42), 35.7% (P < .05). Higher glucose levels were associated with larger enzymatic infarct sizes (P < .01) and more reduced residual left ventricular function (P < .05). Multivariate analysis showed that Killip class >1 at admission (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7 to 5.0; P < .001), age ≥60 years (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.0, P = .001), thrombolysis as compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.7, P = .02), admission glucose category (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.9, P = .04), and anterior location (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6, 0.03) were independent predictors of long-term clinical outcome.

Conclusions

Elevated admission glucose levels in nondiabetic patients treated with reperfusion therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction are independently associated with larger infarct size and higher long-term mortality rates.     

早期发生急性肾衰竭与急性心肌梗死后心源性休克患者预后的关系

目的了解急性心肌梗死后心源性休克患者早期发生急性肾衰竭与其预后的关系.方法回顾性分析解放军总医院1993～2003年间,因急性心肌梗死或冠心病心绞痛住院,并出现心源性休克的病例,以24h内是否出现急性肾衰竭为标准,比较其住院期间死亡率,并采用多元Logistic回归分析,评估早期发生急性肾衰竭对患者预后的影响.结果符合统计分析标准的患者共172例,其中51例(30%)于24h内出现急性肾衰竭.有无早期发生急性肾衰竭的患者,其住院死亡率分别为90%(46/51)和56%(68/121).逐步回归分析表明,早期发生急性肾衰竭是影响急性心肌梗死后心源性休克患者预后的独立因素(OR=6.7,95%可信限2.5～18;P＜0.001).结论急性心肌梗死后心源性休克患者,早期发生急性肾衰竭,与其住院死亡率显著相关,可作为判断患者不良预后的指标.     

Initial experiences with the Impella device in patients with cardiogenic shock - Impella support for cardiogenic shock

BACKGROUND: We planned a study to assess the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of the Impella micro-axial blood pump in patients with cardiogenic shock. METHODS: From January 2001 to September 2002 inclusive, 16 patients in cardiogenic shock (maximal inotropic support and with IABP in 11 cases) underwent left ventricle unloading with the Impella pump. 6 were placed via the femoral artery (patients in the coronary care unit) and 10 directly through the aorta (postcardiotomy heart failure). In three patients, the device was used in combination with ECMO. Mean age was 60 years (range 43 - 75), 11 were male. RESULTS: A stable pump flow of 4.24 +/- 0.28 l/min was reached (3.3 +/- 1.9 l/min in patients with ECMO and Impella). Mean blood pressure before Impella) support was 57.4 +/- 13 mmHg, which increased to 74.9 +/- 13 mmHg after 6 hours and 80.6 +/- 17 mmHg (p = 0.003) after 24 hours. Cardiac output increased from 4.1 +/- 1.3 l/min to 5.5 +/- 1.3 (p = 0.003) and 5.9 +/-1.9 l/min (p = 0.01) at 6 and 24 hours. Mean pulmonary wedge pressure decreased from 29 +/- 10 mmHg to 17 +/- 5 mmHg and 18 +/- 7 mmHg at 6 (p = 0.04) and 24 hours. Blood lactate levels decreased significantly after 6 hours of support (from 2.7 +/- 1 to 1.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, p = 0.004). Device-related complications included three sensor failures (no clinical action), one pump displacement (replacement) and six incidences of haemolysis (peak free plasma haemoglobin > 100 mg/dl, no clinical action). Eleven patients (68 %) were weaned, six (37 %) survived. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular unloading with the Impella pump via the transthoracic or femoral approach is feasible and safe. Support led to a decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, increase in cardiac output and mean blood pressure, and improved organ perfusion in patients with severe cardiogenic shock.     

循环辅助支持治疗在心原性休克中的应用研究

目的:观察循环辅助支持治疗在心原性休克患者中的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析57例心原性休克患者的临床资料,根据是否进行主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)和体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助治疗将患者分为观察组(32例)和对照组(25例),比较2组患者的体检和实验室检查结果、心脏功能、住院病死率等相关指标。结果:观察组院内病死率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,观察组治疗后的左室射血分数(LVEF)明显增高(P0.05),而对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者治疗后的收缩压、舒张压均明显升高,心率均明显降低(P0.05)。结论:循环辅助支持治疗可以改善心原性休克患者的心功能,降低院内病死率。     

Prognostic value of blood gas analyses in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Blood gas abnormalities in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) may be related to disease severity and prognosis. The present authors performed a 12-yr retrospective analysis assessing arterialised capillary blood gases, haemodynamics, exercise variables and survival in 101 patients with IPAH. At baseline, arterial oxygen tension (P(a,O(2))) and carbon dioxide arterial tension (P(a,CO(2))) were 9.17+/-1.86 and 4.25+/-0.532 kPa, respectively. While P(a,O(2) )was not associated with survival, a low P(a,CO(2 ))was a strong and independent prognostic marker. When patients were divided according to a baseline P(a,CO(2 ))value above or below 4.25 kPa, a cut-off value determined by receiver operating characteristics analysis, survival rates were 98 and 86% at 1 yr, 82 and 69% at 2 years, 80 and 51% at 3 yrs, 77 and 41% at 5 yrs, and 65 and 12% at 8 yrs, respectively. P(a,CO(2 ))after 3 months of medical therapy was strongly associated with survival. Hypocapnia at rest and during exercise correlated with low cardiac output, low peak oxygen uptake and reduced ventilatory efficacy. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 6-min walking distance, right atrial pressure and P(a,CO(2 ))were independently associated with survival. In patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, hypocapnia (carbon dioxide arterial tension <4.25 kPa) is an independent marker of mortality.     

Prognostic value of low blood glucose at the presentation of E. coli bacteremia

Purpose

Septicemia is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States, and Escherichia coli is the most common isolate in blood cultures. Low blood glucose is a known complication of sepsis. The prognostic role of low blood glucose in E. coli bacteremia is unknown. The study’s objective was to identify the incidence of low blood glucose at the presentation of E. coli bacteremia and determine its influence on prognosis and outcome.

Subjects and methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in university-affiliated community hospitals. Subjects were consecutive patients diagnosed with E. coli bacteremia between 1997 and 2003. We identified 1060 patients with documented E. coli bacteremia. We excluded 105 patients who were younger than 18 years old or pregnant. We recorded demographic characteristics, discharge diagnosis, and outcome.

Results

Among the 955 patients with E. coli bacteremia, the average age was 64 ± 19.4 years. Overall, 4.6% had documented low blood glucose (blood glucose <70 mg/dL) at presentation. The incidence of low blood glucose was the same in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Patients with low blood glucose had a 4.7 times higher risk of death compared to patients with non-low blood glucose. Race, age, sex, and diabetes had no influence on survival. Gastrointestinal and genitourinal sources for E. coli bacteremia were more commonly associated with low blood glucose (P <.001). The study was limited to E. coli-positive blood cultures and to the one hospital system.

Conclusions

Low blood glucose is present at the onset of E. coli bacteremia in 4.6% of patients. This represents a potentially large number of patients because E. coli is the most common blood culture isolate. Low blood glucose predicts poor outcome, especially in patients with abnormal hepatic and renal function. Low blood glucose should be considered an early clinical sign of E. coli bacteremia and aggressive therapy should be instituted to potentially save lives.     

Predictors of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiogenic shock (CS) is the leading cause of death for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, reliable predictive factors in the acute stage, such as cardiovascular peptides, have not yet been identified. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 42 consecutive AMI patients with CS on admission, successfully treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 12 h of onset, related factors including brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and adrenomedullin, were investigated 24 h from onset, as well as the 1-year mortality rates. During the 12-month follow-up period, 15 patients died from cardiovascular causes (group D). There were no significant differences in patient characteristics, angiographic findings, and left ventricular systolic function between group D subjects and the survivors (group S: n=27). Multivariate analysis identified high levels of adrenomedullin as an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (risk ratio: 6.42, 95% confidence interval, 1.49-43.31, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The acute-phase plasma concentration of adrenomedullin may be a reliable predictor of mortality in patients with AMI complicated by CS and successfully treated by direct PCI, as may be BNP concentration, peak-creatine kinase value, and ventricular fibrillation.     

主动脉内球囊反搏术治疗心源性休克

目的 回顾性分析主动脉球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation,IABP)治疗心源性休克的疗效.方法 IABP治疗心源性休克38例,其中急性心肌梗死34例,病毒性心肌炎4例.利用无创血流动力学监测系统(Bioz.com)连续监测患者IABP术前和术后的血流动力学改变.结果 患者心率、平均动脉压、心输出量、顺应指数、左心室做功指数、胸液量、系统血管阻力等血流动力学指标均得到明显改善(P＜0.05),在急性心肌梗死患者34例中,24例行冠状动脉造影术,15例行球囊扩张术及支架植入术,术后死亡7例.5例行冠状动脉旁路移植术,术后死亡2例;治疗组总病死率为9/20(45%).未治疗组14例,死亡12例(12/14,86%);4例病毒性心肌炎死于心源性休克患者3例.结论 IABP能明显改善心源性休克患者的血流动力学指标,对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克疗效好.     

Prognostic value of blood count parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundRecent studies have shown that complete blood count (CBC) parameters can effectively predict long-term mortality and re-infarction rates in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the role of these parameters in predicting short term mortality has not been studied extensively. The main objective of this study was to determine whether CBC parameters can predict 30-days mortality and the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) in ACS patients.MethodologyA total of 297 patients with ACS were recruited in this prospective study. The relationship of baseline white blood cell (WBC) to mean platelet volume ratio (WMR) with MACE and mortality was assessed during a 30-days follow up. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A [WMR < 1000] and Group B [WMR > 1000]. Multivariate COX regression was performed to calculate hazard ratios (HR).ResultsWMR had the highest area under receiver operating characteristics curve and highest discriminative ability amongst all CBC parameters in predicting mortality. Patients in Group B had a higher mortality rate (p < 0.001) than patients in Group A. WBC count (p = 0.02), platelet count (p = 0.04), WMR (p = 0.008), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.001) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the MACE-positive group as compared to MACE-negative. In multivariate cox regression analysis, WMR > 1000 (HR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3–6.5, p = 0.01) was found to be strongest biochemical marker in predicting mortality.ConclusionWMR is an easily accessible and an inexpensive indicator, which may be used as a prognostic marker in patients with ACS.