扩大翼点入路硬脑膜成形术治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤

重型额颞部脑损伤在脑外伤患者中发生率高，损伤重，死亡率高，手术治疗应强调彻底减压-即颞下充分减压，作者自2002年以来用扩大翼点入路并硬脑膜成形术治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤98例，获得较好疗效，现报告如下。     

扩大翼点入路在额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中的应用

目的探讨扩大翼点入路在额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中的应用。方法对我院1998年至2005年间收治的107例额颞对冲伤患者分别采用传统手术入路（37例）和扩大翼点入路（70例）治疗,并进行对比分析。结果根据GOS预后评价标准,传统额颞瓣入路手术治疗的37例中,恢复良好11例,中残2例,重残3例,植物生存2例,死亡19例,死亡率51.4%;经扩大翼点入路手术治疗的70例中,恢复良好29例,中残8例,重残6例,植物生存3例,死亡24例,死亡率34.3%;两者比较,死亡率差异显著（P〈0.05）,且改良的扩大翼点入路患者的预后明显优于额颞瓣入路患者（P〈0.05）。结论扩大翼点入路手术在治疗额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中具有明显优越性。     

改良翼点入路治疗额颞部对冲伤

对额颞部病变手术治疗传统习惯应用单额、双额冠状切口或翼点入路切口，但对额颞部严重脑挫裂伤并颅内血肿，特别是已发生脑疝的患者，往往达不到完全暴露病灶，充分减压的目的。从2003年4月至2007年4月我们采用改良翼点入路治疗35例额颞部严重脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿患者，获得满意效果，现报告如下：     

扩大翼点入路手术治疗重型颅脑损伤分析

目的总结分析39例重型颅脑损伤以扩大翼点入路手术治疗经验。方法以yasargil翼点入路为基础,根据处理损伤病灶需要适当向额颞顶区扩大,强调先钻颧弓上颞窝处第一孔并挑开硬膜减压,尽可能向下咬除蝶骨嵴及颞骨使前中颅窝相通,以释放出颅底减压空间,形成以外侧裂为中心的减压窗。结果按GOS分级,生存30例,其中良好23例,中残5例,重残2例。死亡9例。结论扩大翼点入路手术治疗重型颅脑损伤处理损伤灶方便,减压充分有效,是较为理想的方法。     

扩大额颞骨瓣开颅治疗额颞部重度颅脑损伤32例的疗效观察

近3年来,我科采用扩大额颞骨瓣开颅治疗重度额颞部颅脑损伤32例,疗效较好,现报告如下。1对象与方法1.1对象本组男45例,女17例;年龄12～63岁,平均5岁;病程1～9h,平均3.6h。车祸伤43例,坠落伤17例,其他2例;着力部位:枕部50例、颞部或顶部12例。格拉斯哥评分3～5分9例,6～8分53例;     

额颞扩大骨窗入路治疗重型颅脑损伤

随着我国经济和交通的发展 ,颅脑损伤发生率和致死、致残率逐年增加。重型颅脑损伤的死亡率在 2 5 %以上 ,占颅脑损伤的 2 0 % [1] 。特重型颅脑损伤病死率超过 6 0 % [2 ] 。及时合理的诊治 ,可提高疗效、改善预后。我科自 1997年 1月至2 0 0 1年 8月采用额颞扩大骨窗入路手术治疗重型颅脑损伤 39例 ,同以往开颅手术相比较 ,取得较好效果 ,现报告如下。一、对象与方法1.一般资料 :本组 39例 ,男性 30例 ,女性 9例 ,年龄 1～80岁 ,平均 35岁 ,其中 6 0岁以上 5例。受伤至入院时间 1～2 8h ;入院至手术时间 1～ 15h ,平均 4h。车祸伤 19例 ,…     

改良翼点入路治疗严重对冲性额颞部脑损伤

目的 提高严重对冲性脑损伤的治疗效果。方法 我院自1997—2002年采用改良翼点入路治疗32例严重额颞部对冲伤患者。结果 GOS-Ⅴ-Ⅲ级56．3％，Ⅱ级6．3％，Ⅰ级(死亡)37.5％。结论 改良翼点入路可显著提高疗效，降低死亡率。     

扩大翼点入路治疗颅脑车祸损伤的临床观察

目的探讨扩大翼点入路大骨瓣开颅术治疗颅脑车祸损伤的临床疗效。方法对32例车祸致颅脑损伤患者采用扩大翼点入路大骨瓣开颅术。扩大翼点入路是在经典翼点入路基础上扩大术野显露,可达额颞底、额颞顶较大范围。结果术后半年随访,预后良好18例。中残4例,重残4例。死亡6例。结论扩大翼点入路大骨瓣开颅术治疗颅脑车祸损伤可以降低患者死亡率和致残率,宜于临床推广应用。     

改良的手术方法治疗高原额颞部重型颅脑损伤

目的 探讨改良的手术方法治疗高原额颞部重型颅脑损伤的效果。方法 采用改良式Kelly问号形切口，从颞骨鳞部开窗，颅骨钻孔，取下骨瓣扩大，切开硬脑膜，清除血肿及挫伤的脑组织，同时根据颅内压及脑组织膨出的具体情况选择去骨瓣减压。结果 本组46例患者经手术治疗后存活36例，其中良好28例，中度残废6例，重度残废2例，死亡10例。结论 采用改良的手术方法扩大入路，硬脑膜成形术治疗高原额颞部重型颅脑损伤，可提高治疗效果。     

Ipsilateral head deviation in frontal lobe seizures

PURPOSE: The lateralizing value of ictal head deviation (HD) in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a matter of debate. Although FLE is typically associated with tonic or clonic HD contralateral to seizure onset, ipsilateral HD has been noted in numerous reports. Whether both types of HD can be distinguished according to their clinical patterns has not yet been specifically investigated. METHODS: We studied the clinical pattern and time of occurrence of HD of 129 seizures in 13 consecutive patients, who underwent successful surgery for FLE, including 12 investigated with an intracerebral stereotactic EEG procedure. RESULTS: Ictal HD was ipsilateral to the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in four (30%) patients and 27 (20.9%) seizures and contralateral in five (38%) patients and 15 (11.6%) seizures. Ipsilateral HD was rarely tonic and never associated with clonic manifestation. Contralateral HD was always tonic, unnatural, and associated with hemifacial clonic movements in 86% of seizures. Ipsilateral HD occurred earlier than contralateral HD (p < 0.03), with a mean delay of 1 +/- 2 s after the first detectable ictal sign, as compared with a delay of 17 +/- 11 s for contralateral HD. Moreover, ipsilateral HD always occurred before contralateral HD when both signs coexisted in the same seizure. Our patients with ipsilateral HD demonstrated either an anterior or dorsolateral frontal EZ. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral HD is a common ictal sign during FLE and can be distinguished from contralateral HD by its time of occurrence at or immediately after seizure onset and its lacking association with clonic movements.     

Ictal head turning in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the difference of ictal head turning movements between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Methods: We investigated 38 seizures of 31 patients with unilateral TLE and 22 seizures of 14 patients with unilateral FLE where head turning occurred in the seizure evolution. The head movements were defined as ipsilateral or contralateral in reference to the lateralization of the patient’s focal epilepsy syndrome. Head movements were quantified by either referencing the head position with manually placed markers or by automatic detection of infrared marked reference points. The time of onset, duration, and angular speed of the head movements were computed, and interindividual and intraindividual analyses were performed. Key Findings: All of the TLE seizures had both contralateral and ipsilateral head turning, whereas all FLE had contralateral head turning; only 6 of 22 seizures were associated with ipsilateral head turning. Ipsilateral head turning always preceded contralateral head turning in both TLE and FLE. The head turning occurred significantly sooner after clinical seizure onset in FLE than in TLE patients (ipsilateral 0.5 vs. 16.0 s, contralateral: 4.5 vs. 21.3 s; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the duration of head turning was shorter in FLE for contralateral head turning (4.1 s) than in TLE (contralateral 6.0 s, p < 0.01); the ipsilateral head turning in the two groups did not differ (3.0 vs. 2.9 s) in duration. The angular speed of head turning did not differ for ipsilateral and for contralateral head turning in FLE and TLE. Significance: Quantitative analysis of head turning demonstrates significant differences between patients with FLE and TLE. These differences likely represent differences in spread of epileptic activity. This information may be useful in the seizure evaluation of patients considered for resective epilepsy surgery.     

Diffusion tensor tractography indices in patients with frontal lobe injury and its correlation with neuropsychological tests

Objectives

Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) was performed to quantify diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in major white matter (WM) fiber bundles (FBs) of patients with frontal lobe injury and to correlate these changes with neuropsychological tests (NPT) at 6 month follow-up.

Patients and Methods

DTT was performed in 21 patients with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) within week and after 6 month follow-up, and in controls. DTI indices were calculated from the entire FBs in patients as well as controls. Bonferroni multiple comparisons Post hoc test was performed for determining the changes in DTI indices. Paired t-test was performed between DTI indices at baseline and follow-up. Pearson's correlation was performed between NPT scores and DTI indices.

Results

Significant changes in DTI indices were observed in some of the FBs as compared to controls which incompletely recovered at 6 month follow-up. DTI indices of different WM FBs correlated significantly with some of the NPT.

Conclusion

We conclude that DTT based quantification helps in assessment of DAI in patients with moderate frontal lobe injury. Some of the FBs recover partially at 6 month follow-up and correlate with NPT scores.     

额叶挫裂伤急性期救治特点的临床分析

目的 探讨额叶挫裂伤急性期的临床特点及其治疗方法 . 方法 对德阳市第二人民医院神经外科自2001年1月至2007年12月间收治的69例额叶脑挫裂伤患者进行资料总结,回顾性分析其临床症状、影像学特征及治疗方法 .结果 本组患者经手术或保守治疗后均痊愈出院,遗留记忆力、认知等功能缺陷6例,部分运动性失语3例.均在后期随访中得到改善或者恢复.治疗期间患者精神症状多见.尤其是双侧额叶脑挫裂伤患者中最为常见,易与病情变化相互混淆. 结论 额叶挫裂伤患者病情变化快,早期精神症状容易造成I临床误判,应加以重视.密切观察患者意识状况,动态复查CT,慎用镇静剂,提高对额叶挫裂伤的认识,均有助于临床诊治.     

The topographic distribution of brain atrophy in frontal lobe dementia

Summary The topographic distribution of brain atrophy was quantified by image analysis of fixed brain slices from ten patients dying with dementia of frontal type (DFT) and from six other patients dying with dementia of frontal type with motor neurone disease (DFT+MND). In both groups the atrophy was maximal within frontal, anterior temporal and anterior parietal regions of cortex, although other structures such as the amygdala, caudate nucleus, thalamus and hippocampus were also affected. The magnitude of the atrophy was much greater, in all affected regions, in DFT alone than in DFT+MND. Grey and white matter were affected equally in DFT alone although in DFT+MND a preferential white matter involvement was noted. No differences in the topographic distribution of the atrophy was observed in cases of DFT showing a spongiform degeneration of the cortex compared to those showing a gliotic degeneration with, or without, Pick cells and Pick bodies.Supported by a studentship (to PWS) from the Zochonis Foundation     

Unilateral spatial neglect due to a haemorrhagic contusion in the right frontal lobe

We report two cases of unilateral spatial neglect associated with an isolated right frontal lobe lesion. Case 1 was a 59-year-old, right-handed man, who developed a left hemiplegia, disorientation, and frontal lobe neglect associated with a haemorrhagic contusion following a head injury. Case 2 was a 55-year-old, right-handed man, who also developed disorientation and frontal lobe neglect secondary to a haemorrhagic contusion following a head injury.^99mTc HM-PAO SPECT revealed an isolated reduction in the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) around the haematoma in the frontal lobe; blood flow to remaining parts of the brain was normal. Damage to the right frontal lobes of these patients was confirmed as being the cause of the unilateral spatial neglect in accordance with the results of CBF studies.     

Widespread cortical thinning in children with frontal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: Spread of seizure activity outside the frontal lobe due to cortico‐cortical connections can result in alteration in the cortex beyond the frontal lobe in children with intractable frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The aim of this study was to identify regions of reduced cortical thickness in children with intractable FLE. Methods: High‐resolution volumetric T₁‐weighted imaging was performed on 17 children with FLE, who were being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, and 26 age‐matched healthy controls. The cortical thickness of 12 patients with left FLE and 5 patients with right FLE was compared to controls. The clusters of cortical thinning were regressed against age of seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, and number of medications. Key Findings: In children with left FLE, cortical thinning was present in the left superior frontal, paracentral, precuneus, cingulate, inferior parietal, supramarginal, postcentral, and superior temporal gyri, as well as in the right superior and middle frontal, medial orbitofrontal, supramarginal, postcentral, banks of superior temporal sulcus, and parahippocampal gyri. In children with right FLE, cortical thinning was present in the right precentral, postcentral, transverse temporal, parahippocampal, lingual, and lateral occipital gyri, as well as in the left superior frontal, inferior parietal, postcentral, superior temporal, posterior cingulate, and lingual gyri. In children with left FLE, following exclusion of one outlier, there was no significant association between age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency and number of medications with clusters of cortical thinning. In children with right FLE, age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, frequency of seizures, and number of medications were not associated with clusters of cortical thinning within the right and left hemispheres. Significance: Cortical changes were present in the frontal and extrafrontal cortex in children with intractable FLE. These changes may be related to spread of seizure activity, large epileptogenic zones involving both frontal and extrafrontal lobes, and development of secondary epileptogenic zones that over time lead to cortical abnormality. Further studies correlating cortical changes with neurocognitive measures are needed to determine if the cortical changes relate to cognitive function.     

Clinical seizure lateralization in frontal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: We systematically analyzed the lateralizing value of clinical seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). METHODS: We studied the incidence, positive predictive value (PPV), and the lateralizing significance of various clinical symptoms in 228 seizures (s) of 31 patients (p) with medically refractory FLE (17 with left-sided and 14 with right-sided seizure onset). Seizures recorded during prolonged video-EEG monitoring were assessed by two independent reviewers blinded for the patient's clinical data. Analysis was performed both for patients and seizures. RESULTS: Version [16 p (52%); PPV, 94%; p=0.001; 47 s (21%); PPV, 75%; p=0.001], unilateral clonic movements [16 p (52%); PPV, 81%; p=0.021; 32 s (14%); PPV, 81%; p=0.001], unilateral dystonic posturing [eight p (26%); PPV, 75%; p=0.289; 46 s (20%); PPV, 80%; p=0.001], unilateral tonic posturing [10 p (32%); PPV, 80%; p=0.109; 19 s (7.4%); PPV, 79%; p=0.019], and unilateral grimacing [10 p (32%); PPV, 100%; p=0.002; 19 s (8%); PPV, 100%; p=0.001] were of lateralizing significance, indicating a contralateral seizure onset. Asymmetric ending [five p (16%); PPV, 80%; p=0.375; nine s (4%); PPV, 89%; p=0.039] after secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures was significantly associated with an ipsilateral seizure onset. Pure ictal vocalizations occurred significantly more frequently in seizures of right hemispheric onset [13 p (42%); PPV, 62%; p=0.581; 63 s (28%); PPV, 73%; p=0. 001], whereas in individual patients, this symptom showed no lateralizing significance. The remaining clinical symptoms (figure 4 sign, unilateral hand automatisms, early head turning, postictal nose wiping, and unilateral eye blinking) were not of lateralizing significance in our patients. The results of clinical seizure lateralization corresponded with the final lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in 81% of our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical seizure semiology can provide correct information on the lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in >80% of patients with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsy.